Anatomy Test 2 Outline Question Set 3 PDF

**Digestive System Anatomy and Functions** 1. **What is the primary role of the alimentary canal?** - A. Nutrient absorption - B. Food storage - C. Food transport and digestion - D. Blood filtration - E. Hormone production\ *(Correct answer: C)* 2. **Ac...

**Digestive System Anatomy and Functions** 1. **What is the primary role of the alimentary canal?** - A. Nutrient absorption - B. Food storage - C. Food transport and digestion - D. Blood filtration - E. Hormone production\ *(Correct answer: C)* 2. **Accessory organs in the digestive system include all EXCEPT:** - A. Pancreas - B. Liver - C. Gallbladder - D. Large intestine - E. Salivary glands\ *(Correct answer: D)* 3. **The enteric nervous system primarily operates through:** - A. Chemical signaling only - B. Voluntary control - C. Local reflexes without central input - D. Cortical brain functions - E. Visual stimuli\ *(Correct answer: C)* 4. **The part of the peritoneum covering the abdominal organs is called the:** - A. Mesentery - B. Parietal peritoneum - C. Visceral peritoneum - D. Omentum - E. Serosa\ *(Correct answer: C)* 5. **Retroperitoneal organs are distinguished by:** - A. Total peritoneal coverage - B. Absence of smooth muscle - C. Partial coverage by the peritoneum - D. Intraperitoneal positioning - E. A unique blood supply\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Oral Cavity Structures** 6. **Which region of the oral cavity lies between the lips/cheeks and the teeth?** - A. Oral cavity proper - B. Vestibule - C. Fauces - D. Buccal cavity - E. Pharynx\ *(Correct answer: B)* 7. **The roof of the mouth, separating it from the nasal cavity, is known as the:** - A. Uvula - B. Palate - C. Fauces - D. Frenulum - E. Alveolus\ *(Correct answer: B)* 8. **The tongue is connected to the floor of the mouth by the:** - A. Labial frenulum - B. Buccinator muscle - C. Lingual frenulum - D. Alveolar ridge - E. Palatine tonsil\ *(Correct answer: C)* 9. **Which glands produce primarily serous, watery saliva?** - A. Parotid glands - B. Sublingual glands - C. Submandibular glands - D. Buccal glands - E. Labial glands\ *(Correct answer: A)* 10. **Which muscle is critical for moving food within the oral cavity during chewing?** - A. Buccinator - B. Temporalis - C. Masseter - D. Tongue - E. Orbicularis oris\ *(Correct answer: D)* **Salivary Glands and Secretions** 11. **Salivary amylase starts the breakdown of:** - A. Proteins - B. Fats - C. Sugars - D. Starches - E. Amino acids\ *(Correct answer: D)* 12. **Which component in saliva has antibacterial properties?** - A. Mucin - B. Bicarbonate - C. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) - D. Amylase - E. Lingual lipase\ *(Correct answer: C)* 13. **The main duct of the parotid gland enters the oral cavity near:** - A. The second upper molar - B. The front of the tongue - C. The frenulum - D. The hard palate - E. The uvula\ *(Correct answer: A)* **Pharynx and Swallowing** 14. **The nasopharynx primarily transports:** - A. Food - B. Water - C. Air - D. Digestive enzymes - E. Mucus\ *(Correct answer: C)* 15. **The part of the pharynx that serves as a pathway for both food and air is the:** - A. Nasopharynx - B. Oropharynx - C. Laryngopharynx - D. Trachea - E. Epiglottis\ *(Correct answer: B)* 16. **The epiglottis functions to:** - A. Push food toward the stomach - B. Open the esophagus - C. Prevent food from entering the trachea - D. Aid in saliva production - E. Release digestive enzymes\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Esophagus and Peristalsis** 17. **The function of the upper esophageal sphincter is to:** - A. Control stomach entry - B. Prevent acid reflux - C. Control food entry from the pharynx - D. Release digestive juices - E. Regulate esophageal secretions\ *(Correct answer: C)* 18. **Peristalsis in the esophagus is best described as:** - A. Circular muscle contractions moving food downward - B. Gravity-assisted food movement - C. A process occurring only during eating - D. A secretion-controlled process - E. A movement by skeletal muscle only\ *(Correct answer: A)* 19. **The lower esophageal sphincter is located between the:** - A. Stomach and small intestine - B. Esophagus and pharynx - C. Esophagus and stomach - D. Mouth and esophagus - E. Liver and duodenum\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Stomach Anatomy and Functions** 20. **The innermost layer of the stomach lining is known as the:** - A. Submucosa - B. Muscularis - C. Serosa - D. Mucosa - E. Peritoneum\ *(Correct answer: D)* 21. **Which cells in the stomach secrete pepsinogen?** - A. Parietal cells - B. Chief cells - C. Mucous neck cells - D. Goblet cells - E. Enterocytes\ *(Correct answer: B)* 22. **The primary function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach is to:** - A. Emulsify fats - B. Begin protein digestion - C. Neutralize stomach contents - D. Activate pepsinogen to pepsin - E. Protect the stomach lining\ *(Correct answer: D)* 23. **The pyloric sphincter regulates movement between the:** - A. Stomach and esophagus - B. Small intestine and large intestine - C. Stomach and duodenum - D. Rectum and anus - E. Liver and stomach\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Small Intestine and Accessory Organs** 24. **Which part of the small intestine is responsible for the majority of nutrient absorption?** - A. Ileum - B. Jejunum - C. Duodenum - D. Cecum - E. Colon\ *(Correct answer: B)* 25. **Villi and microvilli in the small intestine increase:** - A. Blood flow - B. Acid production - C. Surface area for absorption - D. Peristaltic movement - E. Enzyme production\ *(Correct answer: C)* 26. **The liver produces bile, which is essential for:** - A. Digestion of carbohydrates - B. Protein synthesis - C. Emulsification of fats - D. Production of vitamins - E. Hormone storage\ *(Correct answer: C)* 27. **The pancreas contributes to digestion by releasing:** - A. Insulin only - B. Bile - C. Digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions - D. Hormones - E. Acidic fluids\ *(Correct answer: C)* 28. **Bicarbonate ions from the pancreas help to:** - A. Emulsify fats - B. Activate bile salts - C. Neutralize stomach acid in the duodenum - D. Activate trypsin - E. Store glucose\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Large Intestine and Bacterial Flora** 29. **The primary function of the large intestine is:** - A. Fat absorption - B. Protein digestion - C. Water and electrolyte absorption - D. Glucose storage - E. Production of bile\ *(Correct answer: C)* 30. **Mass movements in the colon are usually triggered by:** - A. Acid in the stomach - B. Fasting - C. The presence of food in the stomach - D. Blood sugar changes - E. Digestive enzymes\ *(Correct answer: C)* 31. **Bacteria in the large intestine are crucial for producing:** - A. Vitamin A - B. Vitamin C - C. Vitamin D - D. Vitamin K - E. Vitamin B12\ *(Correct answer: D)* **Phases of Digestion and Absorption** 32. **The intestinal phase of gastric secretion is primarily initiated by:** - A. Thoughts of food - B. Chewing - C. Presence of chyme in the duodenum - D. Acid in the stomach - E. Smell of food\ *(Correct answer: C)* 33. **Which hormone stimulates gallbladder contraction?** - A. Insulin - B. Secretin - C. Cholecystokinin (CCK) - D. Gastrin - E. Aldosterone\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat Digestion** 34. **The enzyme responsible for carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine is:** - A. Amylase - B. Lipase - C. Trypsin - D. Pepsin - E. Lactase\ *(Correct answer: A)* 35. **Proteins are initially broken down in the stomach by which enzyme?** - A. Lipase - B. Pepsin - C. Trypsin - D. Amylase - E. Chymotrypsin\ *(Correct answer: B)* 36. **The digestion of fats is enhanced by the emulsifying action of:** - A. Pepsin - B. Saliva - C. Bile - D. Amylase - E. Chymotrypsin\ *(Correct answer: C)* 37. **The final breakdown of peptides into amino acids occurs through the action of:** - A. Amylase - B. Pepsin - C. Peptidases - D. Lipase - E. Maltase\ *(Correct answer: C)* 38. **Lactose is broken down in the small intestine by the enzyme:** - A. Maltase - B. Lactase - C. Sucrase - D. Amylase - E. Lipase\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Nutrient Absorption Mechanisms** 39. **Which monosaccharide is absorbed most directly into the bloodstream?** - A. Fructose - B. Sucrose - C. Glucose - D. Lactose - E. Cellulose\ *(Correct answer: C)* 40. **Amino acids are absorbed in the small intestine by:** - A. Active transport - B. Osmosis - C. Diffusion - D. Pinocytosis - E. Passive transport\ *(Correct answer: A)* 41. **Fatty acids and monoglycerides are absorbed in the small intestine through:** - A. Diffusion into blood capillaries - B. Active transport into lymphatic capillaries - C. Simple diffusion into lymphatic capillaries - D. Pinocytosis into blood capillaries - E. Osmosis into capillaries\ *(Correct answer: C)* 42. **The majority of nutrient absorption occurs in the:** - A. Stomach - B. Duodenum - C. Jejunum - D. Ileum - E. Large intestine\ *(Correct answer: C)* 43. **Chylomicrons transport absorbed lipids through the:** - A. Bloodstream - B. Lymphatic system - C. Liver - D. Pancreas - E. Gallbladder\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Nutrition and Macronutrients** 44. **The primary function of carbohydrates in the diet is to:** - A. Provide structure for cells - B. Produce enzymes - C. Provide energy - D. Facilitate mineral absorption - E. Form cell membranes\ *(Correct answer: C)* 45. **Which nutrient is essential for tissue repair and growth?** - A. Lipids - B. Carbohydrates - C. Proteins - D. Vitamins - E. Minerals\ *(Correct answer: C)* 46. **Excess glucose is primarily stored in the body as:** - A. Glycogen - B. Fatty acids - C. Amino acids - D. Nucleic acids - E. ATP\ *(Correct answer: A)* 47. **A balanced diet must include small amounts of essential fatty acids for:** - A. Protein synthesis - B. Glucose production - C. Hormone production and cell function - D. ATP synthesis - E. Electrolyte balance\ *(Correct answer: C)* 48. **Which vitamins are fat-soluble and stored in body fat?** - A. Vitamin C and folate - B. Vitamin B12 and B6 - C. Vitamins A, D, E, and K - D. Vitamin B1 and B2 - E. Vitamin C and E\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Metabolic Pathways** 49. **Glycolysis occurs in the:** - A. Cytoplasm - B. Mitochondria - C. Endoplasmic reticulum - D. Golgi apparatus - E. Nucleus\ *(Correct answer: A)* 50. **During aerobic respiration, the majority of ATP is produced in the:** - A. Cytoplasm - B. Mitochondria - C. Golgi apparatus - D. Ribosomes - E. Nucleus\ *(Correct answer: B)* 51. **Beta-oxidation is the process in which:** - A. Glucose is broken down - B. Fatty acids are converted to acetyl-CoA - C. Proteins are synthesized - D. Glycogen is stored - E. Amino acids are deaminated\ *(Correct answer: B)* 52. **Gluconeogenesis occurs when:** - A. Carbohydrate intake is high - B. Blood glucose is low and new glucose is synthesized - C. Glycogen stores are full - D. Protein intake is high - E. ATP levels are high\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism** 53. **Which hormone is released in response to high blood glucose levels?** - A. Glucagon - B. Epinephrine - C. Insulin - D. Thyroxine - E. Cortisol\ *(Correct answer: C)* 54. **The hormone glucagon helps to:** - A. Lower blood glucose - B. Raise blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown - C. Store glucose as glycogen - D. Increase fat storage - E. Decrease insulin production\ *(Correct answer: B)* 55. **Epinephrine has which effect on metabolism?** - A. Decreases glucose levels - B. Stimulates protein synthesis - C. Increases glucose levels for energy - D. Promotes fat storage - E. Reduces metabolic rate\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Energy Production and Heat Regulation** 56. **ATP is primarily used for:** - A. Storing energy in cells - B. Providing immediate energy for cellular activities - C. Oxygen transport - D. Glucose synthesis - E. Insulation\ *(Correct answer: B)* 57. **The energy released from ATP is stored in:** - A. Glycogen - B. Fatty acid bonds - C. High-energy phosphate bonds - D. Amino acids - E. Carbohydrates\ *(Correct answer: C)* 58. **Which of the following is a result of increased metabolic activity?** - A. Reduced oxygen usage - B. Increased body temperature - C. Decreased ATP production - D. Decreased carbon dioxide output - E. Reduced nutrient absorption\ *(Correct answer: B)* 59. **Thermoregulation involves balancing heat production through:** - A. Eating only warm food - B. Fat intake - C. Basal metabolic rate and external environment - D. Respiratory rate alone - E. Vitamin storage\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Thermoregulatory Responses** 60. **Vasodilation in the skin occurs as a response to:** - A. Cold temperatures - B. Increased sweating - C. Elevated body temperature to increase heat loss - D. Decreased heart rate - E. Digestion\ *(Correct answer: C)* 61. **Shivering produces heat through:** - A. Increased metabolic reactions in muscle tissue - B. Increased blood flow to the skin - C. Reduced respiratory rate - D. Decreased cellular metabolism - E. Reduced ATP use\ *(Correct answer: A)* 62. **Heat is primarily lost through the skin by:** - A. Digestion - B. Vasoconstriction - C. Radiation, conduction, and evaporation - D. Blood pooling - E. Reduced breathing rate\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Fever and Body Temperature** 63. **A fever is caused when the hypothalamus raises the body's set temperature in response to:** - A. High external temperatures - B. Dehydration - C. Infection and immune response - D. Sweating - E. High carbohydrate intake\ *(Correct answer: C)* 64. **During fever, the body tries to achieve the new temperature set by:** - A. Increasing metabolism and shivering - B. Lowering metabolic rate - C. Dilating skin vessels - D. Increasing water loss - E. Activating sweat glands immediately\ *(Correct answer: A)* 65. **The process of heat conservation is regulated by:** - A. Increased sweating - B. Vasoconstriction and behavioral changes - C. Digestive enzymes - D. Slowing down heart rate - E. Increased nutrient intake\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Electrolyte and Fluid Balance** 66. **Which electrolyte is most important for nerve impulse conduction?** - A. Calcium - B. Magnesium - C. Sodium - D. Iron - E. Chloride\ *(Correct answer: C)* 67. **Potassium is essential in the body primarily for:** - A. Protein synthesis - B. Muscle contraction and nerve function - C. DNA replication - D. Hemoglobin formation - E. Calcium absorption\ *(Correct answer: B)* 68. **Water balance in the body is mainly regulated by the hormone:** - A. Insulin - B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - C. Glucagon - D. Estrogen - E. Cortisol\ *(Correct answer: B)* 69. **Sodium is reabsorbed in the kidneys in response to the hormone:** - A. Aldosterone - B. Insulin - C. Thyroxine - D. Adrenaline - E. Glucagon\ *(Correct answer: A)* 70. **Edema can occur when:** - A. Electrolyte levels are balanced - B. Blood pressure drops significantly - C. Excessive fluid accumulates in the body's tissues - D. Fluid is lost from the body - E. Blood volume is too low\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Vitamins and Minerals** 71. **Vitamin D is essential for:** - A. Blood clotting - B. Vision - C. Bone health and calcium absorption - D. Protein synthesis - E. Hemoglobin formation\ *(Correct answer: C)* 72. **A deficiency in Vitamin B12 can lead to:** - A. Rickets - B. Scurvy - C. Anemia - D. Night blindness - E. Muscle weakness\ *(Correct answer: C)* 73. **Vitamin C is critical for:** - A. Collagen synthesis and immune function - B. Blood clotting - C. Vision - D. Muscle contraction - E. Energy production\ *(Correct answer: A)* 74. **Which mineral is a major component of hemoglobin?** - A. Magnesium - B. Potassium - C. Iron - D. Calcium - E. Phosphorus\ *(Correct answer: C)* 75. **Excess intake of which fat-soluble vitamin can lead to toxicity?** - A. Vitamin C - B. Vitamin B6 - C. Vitamin D - D. Vitamin B12 - E. Folate\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Energy Metabolism and ATP** 76. **The first stage of cellular respiration is:** - A. The citric acid cycle - B. Glycolysis - C. Oxidative phosphorylation - D. Beta-oxidation - E. Gluconeogenesis\ *(Correct answer: B)* 77. **In aerobic respiration, oxygen serves as the final:** - A. Electron donor - B. Energy source - C. Electron acceptor - D. ATP molecule - E. Carbon dioxide producer\ *(Correct answer: C)* 78. **The end products of anaerobic glycolysis in muscle cells include:** - A. Water and ATP - B. Glucose and oxygen - C. Lactic acid and ATP - D. Carbon dioxide and water - E. Urea and glucose\ *(Correct answer: C)* 79. **ATP synthase produces ATP through the process of:** - A. Glycolysis - B. Photophosphorylation - C. Chemiosmosis - D. Glycogenesis - E. Transamination\ *(Correct answer: C)* 80. **The main purpose of the citric acid cycle is to produce:** - A. Glucose - B. NADH and FADH2 - C. Pyruvate - D. Lactic acid - E. Oxygen\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Thermoregulation and Body Heat** 81. **Heat loss through direct contact, such as sitting on a cold surface, is an example of:** - A. Convection - B. Radiation - C. Evaporation - D. Conduction - E. Metabolism\ *(Correct answer: D)* 82. **The process of heat loss through circulating air or water around the body is known as:** - A. Radiation - B. Convection - C. Conduction - D. Evaporation - E. Reabsorption\ *(Correct answer: B)* 83. **Sweating helps cool the body by removing heat through:** - A. Radiation - B. Convection - C. Conduction - D. Evaporation - E. Absorption\ *(Correct answer: D)* 84. **In cold conditions, the body conserves heat by:** - A. Sweating more - B. Vasodilation - C. Vasoconstriction - D. Releasing adrenaline - E. Reducing metabolism\ *(Correct answer: C)* 85. **Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating body temperature?** - A. Cerebellum - B. Medulla oblongata - C. Hypothalamus - D. Hippocampus - E. Pons\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Absorptive and Postabsorptive States** 86. **During the absorptive state, the body:** - A. Breaks down glycogen - B. Synthesizes fat and glycogen - C. Increases gluconeogenesis - D. Decreases insulin secretion - E. Releases cortisol\ *(Correct answer: B)* 87. **In the postabsorptive state, the primary source of blood glucose is:** - A. Dietary intake - B. Glycogenolysis in the liver - C. Lipolysis in adipose tissue - D. Protein synthesis - E. Carbohydrate storage in muscle\ *(Correct answer: B)* 88. **Which of the following occurs during fasting or starvation?** - A. Increased fat synthesis - B. Decreased cortisol release - C. Ketone body production from fatty acids - D. Decreased glucagon secretion - E. Increased insulin activity\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Role of the Liver in Metabolism** 89. **The liver detoxifies harmful substances by converting ammonia to:** - A. Lactic acid - B. Glucose - C. Bile - D. Urea - E. Pyruvate\ *(Correct answer: D)* 90. **The liver is responsible for producing which of the following digestive substances?** - A. Enzymes for carbohydrate digestion - B. Digestive acids - C. Bile - D. Insulin - E. Lactic acid\ *(Correct answer: C)*