Digestive System Anatomy Test Outline Question Set 2 PDF

**Digestive System Anatomy** 1. **Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?** - A. Stomach - B. Small intestine - C. Pancreas - D. Large intestine - E. Esophagus\ *(Correct answer: C)* 2. **The primary function of the enteric nervous sy...

**Digestive System Anatomy** 1. **Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?** - A. Stomach - B. Small intestine - C. Pancreas - D. Large intestine - E. Esophagus\ *(Correct answer: C)* 2. **The primary function of the enteric nervous system is to:** - A. Regulate heartbeat - B. Control movements and secretions in the digestive tract - C. Regulate blood flow to organs - D. Control muscle movement in limbs - E. Stimulate hunger signals\ *(Correct answer: B)* 3. **The peritoneum that lines the organs of the abdominal cavity is called the:** - A. Meningeal peritoneum - B. Visceral peritoneum - C. Parietal peritoneum - D. Enteric peritoneum - E. Retroperitoneum\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Oral Cavity Structure and Function** 4. **The palatine tonsils are located in the:** - A. Nasal cavity - B. Esophagus - C. Oral cavity - D. Stomach - E. Liver\ *(Correct answer: C)* 5. **Saliva production is stimulated primarily by the:** - A. Enteric nervous system - B. Sympathetic nervous system - C. Somatic nervous system - D. Parasympathetic nervous system - E. Hypothalamus\ *(Correct answer: D)* 6. **The main digestive enzyme in saliva that begins carbohydrate digestion is:** - A. Lipase - B. Protease - C. Sucrase - D. Amylase - E. Pepsin\ *(Correct answer: D)* 7. **The type of teeth specialized for tearing food are:** - A. Incisors - B. Premolars - C. Molars - D. Canines - E. Bicuspids\ *(Correct answer: D)* 8. **Which muscle closes the jaw during mastication?** - A. Buccinator - B. Masseter - C. Deltoid - D. Trapezius - E. Orbicularis oculi\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Pharynx and Esophagus** 9. **The part of the pharynx that carries both food and air is the:** - A. Nasopharynx - B. Oropharynx - C. Hypopharynx - D. Epiglottis - E. Laryngopharynx\ *(Correct answer: B)* 10. **The main function of the lower esophageal sphincter is to:** - A. Control the entry of food into the esophagus - B. Prevent stomach acid from entering the esophagus - C. Increase food absorption - D. Initiate peristalsis - E. Release digestive enzymes\ *(Correct answer: B)* 11. **Peristalsis refers to:** - A. Chemical digestion of proteins - B. Muscle contractions that move food along the digestive tract - C. Absorption of nutrients - D. Production of digestive enzymes - E. Bile secretion\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Stomach Functions and Secretions** 12. **Which cells in the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid?** - A. Parietal cells - B. Chief cells - C. Mucous cells - D. Enteroendocrine cells - E. D cells\ *(Correct answer: A)* 13. **The primary function of pepsin is to:** - A. Break down carbohydrates - B. Digest proteins - C. Emulsify fats - D. Absorb nutrients - E. Regulate pH\ *(Correct answer: B)* 14. **Chyme is the result of:** - A. Bile mixing with fat - B. Food mixing with saliva - C. Food mixing with gastric secretions - D. Waste product from cellular metabolism - E. Digestion of proteins\ *(Correct answer: C)* 15. **The cephalic phase of gastric secretion is triggered by:** - A. The taste, smell, or thought of food - B. The entry of food into the stomach - C. Acid levels in the duodenum - D. Bile release - E. Presence of lipids in the stomach\ *(Correct answer: A)* 16. **Gastrin is released in response to:** - A. Low blood sugar - B. Presence of food in the stomach - C. Absorption of water - D. Low stomach pH - E. Contraction of stomach muscles\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Small Intestine Anatomy and Absorption** 17. **Which part of the small intestine is closest to the stomach?** - A. Jejunum - B. Ileum - C. Duodenum - D. Cecum - E. Rectum\ *(Correct answer: C)* 18. **The primary function of villi in the small intestine is to:** - A. Produce digestive enzymes - B. Increase surface area for absorption - C. Secrete mucus - D. Neutralize stomach acid - E. Store bile\ *(Correct answer: B)* 19. **Which enzyme is primarily responsible for carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine?** - A. Trypsin - B. Lipase - C. Amylase - D. Pepsin - E. Lactase\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas** 20. **The primary digestive function of the liver is to:** - A. Produce digestive enzymes - B. Produce bile - C. Store glycogen - D. Release insulin - E. Absorb water\ *(Correct answer: B)* 21. **Bile salts are crucial for:** - A. Protein digestion - B. Lipid digestion - C. Carbohydrate absorption - D. Enzyme production - E. Acid neutralization\ *(Correct answer: B)* 22. **The pancreas produces all of the following enzymes EXCEPT:** - A. Amylase - B. Lipase - C. Pepsin - D. Trypsin - E. Ribonuclease\ *(Correct answer: C)* 23. **Insulin is secreted by the:** - A. Liver - B. Pancreatic islets - C. Gallbladder - D. Small intestine - E. Spleen\ *(Correct answer: B)* 24. **Bicarbonate ions from the pancreas primarily function to:** - A. Break down proteins - B. Neutralize stomach acid in the duodenum - C. Emulsify fats - D. Stimulate bile production - E. Increase peristalsis\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Large Intestine Functions** 25. **The main function of the large intestine is to:** - A. Digest proteins - B. Absorb nutrients - C. Absorb water and electrolytes - D. Produce digestive enzymes - E. Emulsify fats\ *(Correct answer: C)* 26. **Which section of the large intestine is closest to the small intestine?** - A. Sigmoid colon - B. Transverse colon - C. Cecum - D. Rectum - E. Anal canal\ *(Correct answer: C)* 27. **Mass movements in the colon are typically initiated by:** - A. Presence of acid - B. Distension of the stomach - C. Absorption of water - D. Relaxation of the rectal sphincter - E. Secretion of bile\ *(Correct answer: B)* 28. **Bacteria in the large intestine are essential for producing:** - A. Vitamin C - B. Vitamin K - C. Vitamin D - D. Vitamin B12 - E. Vitamin A\ *(Correct answer: B)* 29. **The main function of the rectum is to:** - A. Absorb nutrients - B. Store and expel waste - C. Release enzymes - D. Produce mucus - E. Absorb water\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Nutrition and Metabolism** 30. **Which nutrient is the body's primary energy source?** - A. Proteins - B. Vitamins - C. Lipids - D. Carbohydrates - E. Water\ *(Correct answer: D)* 31. **A calorie is defined as:** - A. Energy needed to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius - B. Energy needed to produce 1 molecule of ATP - C. Energy needed to raise 1 kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius - D. The amount of energy burned during exercise - E. The energy stored in fat\ *(Correct answer: A)* 32. **Triglycerides are most commonly stored in the body as:** - A. Proteins - B. Glucose - C. Adipose tissue - D. Glycogen - E. Muscle tissue\ *(Correct answer: C)* 33. **Which mineral is crucial for muscle contraction and nerve function?** - A. Calcium - B. Iron - C. Phosphorus - D. Zinc - E. Iodine\ *(Correct answer: A)* **Nutrition and Metabolism (Continued)** 34. **Which vitamin is water-soluble and must be consumed daily?** - A. Vitamin A - B. Vitamin D - C. Vitamin E - D. Vitamin C - E. Vitamin K\ *(Correct answer: D)* 35. **The process by which glucose is converted into glycogen for storage is called:** - A. Glycolysis - B. Gluconeogenesis - C. Glycogenolysis - D. Lipogenesis - E. Glycogenesis\ *(Correct answer: E)* 36. **Excess glucose is stored in the body primarily as:** - A. Proteins - B. Triglycerides - C. Glycogen - D. Lipids - E. Nucleic acids\ *(Correct answer: C)* 37. **Which process involves the breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol?** - A. Glycogenesis - B. Gluconeogenesis - C. Lipolysis - D. Oxidation - E. Ketogenesis\ *(Correct answer: C)* 38. **The process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources is called:** - A. Glycolysis - B. Gluconeogenesis - C. Lipogenesis - D. Glycogenolysis - E. Fermentation\ *(Correct answer: B)* 39. **Which of the following hormones is essential for regulating blood glucose levels?** - A. Glucagon - B. Insulin - C. Cortisol - D. Adrenaline - E. Thyroxine\ *(Correct answers: A, B)* 40. **Which mineral is critical for the formation of hemoglobin in red blood cells?** - A. Calcium - B. Iron - C. Potassium - D. Phosphorus - E. Magnesium\ *(Correct answer: B)* 41. **The metabolic process that occurs in the cytoplasm and breaks down glucose into pyruvate is called:** - A. Citric acid cycle - B. Glycolysis - C. Electron transport chain - D. Lipolysis - E. Gluconeogenesis\ *(Correct answer: B)* 42. **How many ATP molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration?** - A. 2 - B. 4 - C. 18 - D. 28 - E. 32\ *(Correct answer: E)* 43. **Beta-oxidation is the process by which:** - A. Proteins are broken down - B. Glycogen is stored - C. Fatty acids are broken down into acetyl-CoA - D. ATP is produced in muscle cells - E. Glucose is synthesized\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Body Temperature Regulation** 44. **The primary role of the hypothalamus in temperature regulation is to:** - A. Produce heat - B. Act as the body's thermostat - C. Control sweating only - D. Prevent dehydration - E. Increase oxygen delivery to muscles\ *(Correct answer: B)* 45. **Which mechanism involves the loss of heat through infrared rays?** - A. Convection - B. Conduction - C. Evaporation - D. Radiation - E. Metabolism\ *(Correct answer: D)* 46. **Sweating cools the body by which method of heat loss?** - A. Radiation - B. Convection - C. Conduction - D. Evaporation - E. Reabsorption\ *(Correct answer: D)* 47. **Shivering helps to increase body temperature by:** - A. Increasing metabolic heat production - B. Reducing heat loss - C. Expanding blood vessels - D. Reducing sweat production - E. Producing cold-resistant enzymes\ *(Correct answer: A)* 48. **A fever results when the hypothalamus:** - A. Lowers the body's set point - B. Raises the body's set point - C. Stops sweating - D. Activates shivering - E. Initiates vasodilation\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption** 49. **Which enzyme is primarily responsible for starch digestion in the mouth?** - A. Lipase - B. Trypsin - C. Pepsin - D. Amylase - E. Sucrase\ *(Correct answer: D)* 50. **Carbohydrate digestion continues in the small intestine with the action of:** - A. Pepsin - B. Lipase - C. Amylase - D. Trypsin - E. Lactase\ *(Correct answer: C)* 51. **In the small intestine, maltose is broken down by maltase into:** - A. Fructose and glucose - B. Glucose and galactose - C. Two molecules of glucose - D. Glucose and sucrose - E. Sucrose and fructose\ *(Correct answer: C)* 52. **The main monosaccharide absorbed by the intestines is:** - A. Fructose - B. Lactose - C. Glucose - D. Sucrose - E. Galactose\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Protein Digestion and Absorption** 53. **The enzyme pepsin initiates protein digestion in the:** - A. Mouth - B. Small intestine - C. Large intestine - D. Stomach - E. Pancreas\ *(Correct answer: D)* 54. **Protein-digesting enzymes released from the pancreas include:** - A. Amylase and maltase - B. Lipase and sucrase - C. Trypsin and chymotrypsin - D. Pepsin and protease - E. Nuclease and lactase\ *(Correct answer: C)* 55. **Peptidases in the small intestine complete protein digestion by breaking down peptides into:** - A. Monosaccharides - B. Fatty acids - C. Glycerol - D. Amino acids - E. Nucleotides\ *(Correct answer: D)* **Lipid Digestion and Absorption** 56. **The process of breaking down large fat droplets into smaller ones is called:** - A. Digestion - B. Hydrolysis - C. Emulsification - D. Condensation - E. Absorption\ *(Correct answer: C)* 57. **Bile salts play a role in fat digestion by:** - A. Breaking peptide bonds - B. Emulsifying lipids - C. Producing lipase - D. Transporting amino acids - E. Neutralizing acid\ *(Correct answer: B)* 58. **After lipids are absorbed, they are transported in the lymphatic system as:** - A. Fatty acids - B. Monoglycerides - C. Bile salts - D. Chylomicrons - E. Micelles\ *(Correct answer: D)* **Vitamins and Minerals** 59. **Vitamin A is essential for:** - A. Bone health - B. Immune function - C. Vision - D. Blood clotting - E. Muscle contraction\ *(Correct answer: C)* 60. **Which of the following vitamins is fat-soluble?** - A. Vitamin B6 - B. Vitamin C - C. Vitamin D - D. Biotin - E. Folate\ *(Correct answer: C)* 61. **The mineral calcium is necessary for:** - A. Energy production - B. Hemoglobin formation - C. Nerve transmission - D. Protein synthesis - E. DNA synthesis\ *(Correct answer: C)* 62. **Vitamin C deficiency can lead to:** - A. Rickets - B. Anemia - C. Scurvy - D. Pellagra - E. Night blindness\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Energy Production and ATP** 63. **The primary function of ATP in cells is to:** - A. Store fat - B. Provide energy for cellular processes - C. Absorb nutrients - D. Regulate body temperature - E. Transport waste\ *(Correct answer: B)* 64. **Aerobic respiration primarily occurs in the:** - A. Cytoplasm - B. Ribosomes - C. Nucleus - D. Mitochondria - E. Golgi apparatus\ *(Correct answer: D)* 65. **Glycolysis, the first stage of cellular respiration, occurs in the:** - A. Mitochondria - B. Cytoplasm - C. Endoplasmic reticulum - D. Nucleus - E. Golgi apparatus\ *(Correct answer: B)* 66. **The end products of aerobic respiration are:** - A. Water and oxygen - B. Carbon dioxide and oxygen - C. Water and carbon dioxide - D. Lactic acid and glucose - E. Glucose and oxygen\ *(Correct answer: C)* 67. **The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) produces:** - A. NADH and FADH2 - B. Oxygen and water - C. Lactic acid and pyruvate - D. Glycogen and ATP - E. Amino acids and lipids\ *(Correct answer: A)* **Absorptive and Postabsorptive States** 68. **The absorptive state occurs:** - A. Immediately after a meal - B. During fasting - C. While sleeping - D. During exercise - E. During dehydration\ *(Correct answer: A)* 69. **During the postabsorptive state, the body:** - A. Stores excess nutrients - B. Relies on stored nutrients for energy - C. Increases insulin secretion - D. Reduces glucagon secretion - E. Increases digestion\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Liver and Detoxification** 70. **The liver detoxifies ammonia by converting it to:** - A. Urea - B. Uric acid - C. Glucose - D. Acetone - E. Bilirubin\ *(Correct answer: A)* **Hormones and Metabolic Regulation** 71. **Which hormone is released in response to low blood glucose levels?** - A. Insulin - B. Glucagon - C. Epinephrine - D. Cortisol - E. Thyroxine\ *(Correct answer: B)* 72. **Insulin primarily promotes:** - A. Glycogenolysis - B. Lipolysis - C. Glucose uptake by cells - D. Gluconeogenesis - E. Ketone production\ *(Correct answer: C)* 73. **The "fight or flight" response involves the release of:** - A. Insulin - B. Glucagon - C. Epinephrine - D. Thyroxine - E. Melatonin\ *(Correct answer: C)* 74. **Cortisol, a hormone released during stress, helps to:** - A. Increase glycogen storage - B. Suppress gluconeogenesis - C. Decrease blood glucose levels - D. Increase blood glucose levels - E. Promote muscle growth\ *(Correct answer: D)* **Digestive Enzymes and Functions** 75. **Which enzyme breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose?** - A. Sucrase - B. Maltase - C. Lactase - D. Amylase - E. Lipase\ *(Correct answer: C)* 76. **The primary enzyme responsible for fat digestion is:** - A. Amylase - B. Pepsin - C. Trypsin - D. Lipase - E. Lactase\ *(Correct answer: D)* 77. **The role of cholecystokinin (CCK) in digestion includes:** - A. Inhibiting gastric acid - B. Stimulating bile release from the gallbladder - C. Breaking down proteins - D. Neutralizing stomach acid - E. Increasing water absorption\ *(Correct answer: B)* 78. **Secretin, a hormone from the duodenum, primarily stimulates:** - A. Bile secretion - B. Gastric emptying - C. Insulin release - D. HCl production - E. Pancreatic bicarbonate secretion\ *(Correct answer: E)* **Macromolecule Absorption and Transport** 79. **Amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream through:** - A. Lacteals in the villi - B. Capillaries in the villi - C. The lymphatic system - D. The liver directly - E. The pancreas\ *(Correct answer: B)* 80. **After absorption, monosaccharides are transported to the liver via the:** - A. Hepatic artery - B. Inferior vena cava - C. Hepatic portal vein - D. Common bile duct - E. Lymphatic capillaries\ *(Correct answer: C)* 81. **Lipids are transported in the lymphatic system as:** - A. Bile salts - B. Amino acids - C. Chylomicrons - D. Glucose molecules - E. Fatty acids\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Large Intestine and Water Absorption** 82. **The primary role of the large intestine is to:** - A. Digest proteins - B. Absorb nutrients - C. Absorb water and electrolytes - D. Produce bile - E. Emulsify fats\ *(Correct answer: C)* 83. **Vitamin K, which is absorbed in the large intestine, is produced by:** - A. Liver cells - B. Bacteria in the intestine - C. Epithelial cells of the small intestine - D. Pancreatic enzymes - E. Bile salts\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Energy Storage and Utilization** 84. **Excess amino acids not used for protein synthesis are primarily:** - A. Stored as proteins - B. Converted to urea - C. Used in the formation of glycogen - D. Stored as triglycerides - E. Converted to nucleic acids\ *(Correct answers: B, D)* 85. **The main storage form of lipids in adipose tissue is:** - A. Glycogen - B. Triglycerides - C. Fatty acids - D. Cholesterol - E. Phospholipids\ *(Correct answer: B)* 86. **Ketone bodies are produced when:** - A. Blood glucose is high - B. Blood glucose is low and fat is broken down - C. There is an excess of insulin - D. Proteins are being synthesized - E. The liver has low glycogen stores\ *(Correct answer: B)* 87. **During intense exercise, muscle cells primarily produce ATP through:** - A. Aerobic respiration - B. Beta-oxidation - C. Glycolysis - D. Glycogenesis - E. Lipolysis\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Additional Concepts in Thermoregulation** 88. **Which process cools the body through heat loss due to water vaporization?** - A. Conduction - B. Convection - C. Evaporation - D. Radiation - E. Reabsorption\ *(Correct answer: C)* 89. **When body temperature decreases, which of the following occurs?** - A. Vasodilation - B. Increased sweating - C. Shivering - D. Reduced metabolic rate - E. Dehydration\ *(Correct answer: C)* 90. **The primary mechanism for heat loss when the body is warmer than the environment is:** - A. Radiation - B. Conduction - C. Convection - D. Evaporation - E. Heat conservation\ *(Correct answer: A)*