Anatomy 2 Test 3 Outline Question Set 5 PDF

**Digestive System Overview** 1. **Which structure forms the boundary between the oral and nasal cavities?** - A. Epiglottis - B. Uvula - C. Hard palate - D. Tongue - E. Buccinator\ *(Correct answer: C)* 2. **The enteric nervous system is primarily...

**Digestive System Overview** 1. **Which structure forms the boundary between the oral and nasal cavities?** - A. Epiglottis - B. Uvula - C. Hard palate - D. Tongue - E. Buccinator\ *(Correct answer: C)* 2. **The enteric nervous system is primarily responsible for:** - A. Voluntary muscle control - B. Secretory control in glands outside the digestive tract - C. Local reflexes controlling digestive tract functions - D. Regulating external sphincters - E. Sensory functions in the oral cavity\ *(Correct answer: C)* 3. **Organs that are completely covered by visceral peritoneum are considered:** - A. Retroperitoneal - B. Parietal organs - C. Intraperitoneal - D. Subperitoneal - E. Extraperitoneal\ *(Correct answer: C)* 4. **Which layer of the digestive tract contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics?** - A. Mucosa - B. Submucosa - C. Muscularis - D. Serosa - E. Lamina propria\ *(Correct answer: B)* 5. **Which cells detect changes in the digestive tract\'s chemical environment?** - A. Enteric sensory neurons - B. Enteric motor neurons - C. Enteric interneurons - D. Submucosal neurons - E. Epithelial cells\ *(Correct answer: A)* **Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands** 6. **The labial frenulum connects the:** - A. Tongue to the floor of the mouth - B. Upper lip to the gingiva - C. Cheek to the gums - D. Uvula to the palate - E. Lower lip to the gingiva\ *(Correct answer: B)* 7. **The serous component of saliva contains which enzyme for carbohydrate digestion?** - A. Trypsin - B. Pepsin - C. Amylase - D. Lipase - E. Maltase\ *(Correct answer: C)* 8. **Saliva provides protection by containing:** - A. Bicarbonate and lysozyme - B. Hydrochloric acid and mucus - C. Bile and protease - D. Enzymes and platelets - E. Gastric juice\ *(Correct answer: A)* 9. **Which salivary gland produces the thickest mucous secretion?** - A. Parotid - B. Sublingual - C. Submandibular - D. Lingual - E. Buccal\ *(Correct answer: B)* 10. **The buccinator muscle primarily aids in:** - A. Movement of the mandible - B. Chewing and pushing food against the teeth - C. Swallowing - D. Elevating the tongue - E. Closing the lips\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Teeth and Mastication** 11. **The primary function of the canines is to:** - A. Crush food - B. Tear food - C. Grind food - D. Cut food - E. Store food\ *(Correct answer: B)* 12. **In the process of mastication, the masseter and temporalis muscles work to:** - A. Retract the tongue - B. Open the mouth - C. Close and elevate the jaw - D. Move the jaw laterally - E. Push food to the pharynx\ *(Correct answer: C)* 13. **Which part of the tooth is highly calcified and covers the crown?** - A. Dentin - B. Cementum - C. Enamel - D. Pulp - E. Periodontium\ *(Correct answer: C)* 14. **The mastication reflex is primarily integrated within the:** - A. Cerebrum - B. Cerebellum - C. Medulla oblongata - D. Pons - E. Spinal cord\ *(Correct answer: C)* 15. **The pulp cavity of a tooth contains:** - A. Enamel only - B. Nerves and blood vessels - C. Cementum - D. Hard tissues - E. Saliva\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Pharynx and Swallowing** 16. **The pharyngeal constrictors are responsible for:** - A. Opening the esophagus - B. Closing the nasal cavity during swallowing - C. Pushing food into the esophagus - D. Blocking food entry to the trachea - E. Moving the jaw\ *(Correct answer: C)* 17. **The main function of the epiglottis during swallowing is to:** - A. Open the trachea - B. Block the nasal cavity - C. Cover the larynx to prevent food entry - D. Propel food into the esophagus - E. Control salivation\ *(Correct answer: C)* 18. **The part of the pharynx that only transports air is the:** - A. Nasopharynx - B. Oropharynx - C. Laryngopharynx - D. Hypopharynx - E. Palatopharynx\ *(Correct answer: A)* **Esophagus and Peristalsis** 19. **The esophageal hiatus refers to the:** - A. Entry point of food into the stomach - B. Passage through the diaphragm for the esophagus - C. Junction between the pharynx and esophagus - D. Constriction in the middle of the esophagus - E. End of the esophagus at the small intestine\ *(Correct answer: B)* 20. **Which part of the esophagus contains only smooth muscle?** - A. Upper third - B. Middle third - C. Lower third - D. Entire esophagus - E. None of the esophagus\ *(Correct answer: C)* 21. **Peristalsis in the esophagus begins with:** - A. Voluntary contraction - B. A wave of relaxation followed by contraction - C. Constriction of the lower sphincter - D. Sequential muscle relaxation only - E. A reflex initiated by acid presence\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Stomach Anatomy and Digestion** 22. **The stomach's muscularis layer is unique because it has:** - A. An additional oblique layer - B. Only one layer - C. No smooth muscle - D. A single longitudinal muscle layer - E. Dense connective tissue\ *(Correct answer: A)* 23. **Parietal cells in the stomach produce:** - A. Pepsinogen - B. Bile - C. Hydrochloric acid - D. Amylase - E. Mucin\ *(Correct answer: C)* 24. **Pepsinogen, secreted by chief cells, is activated by:** - A. Bicarbonate - B. Hydrochloric acid - C. Bile salts - D. Insulin - E. Cholecystokinin\ *(Correct answer: B)* 25. **Gastrin primarily functions to:** - A. Inhibit acid production - B. Stimulate hydrochloric acid secretion - C. Slow down gastric emptying - D. Decrease enzyme release - E. Increase saliva production\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Small Intestine Functions and Structure** 26. **The majority of digestion and absorption in the small intestine occurs in the:** - A. Ileum - B. Duodenum and jejunum - C. Cecum - D. Rectum - E. Pylorus\ *(Correct answer: B)* 27. **Which structure in the small intestine significantly increases surface area for absorption?** - A. Goblet cells - B. Rugae - C. Villi and microvilli - D. Peyer\'s patches - E. Circular folds\ *(Correct answer: C)* 28. **Brunner\'s glands, located in the duodenum, secrete:** - A. Acid - B. Bicarbonate-rich mucus - C. Enzymes - D. Hormones - E. Lipase\ *(Correct answer: B)* 29. **The small intestine absorbs fats into:** - A. Blood capillaries - B. The liver directly - C. Lacteals within the villi - D. The stomach wall - E. Muscularis layer\ *(Correct answer: C)* 30. **The terminal portion of the small intestine is the:** - A. Duodenum - B. Ileum - C. Jejunum - D. Cecum - E. Rectum\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Accessory Organs: Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas** 31. **The main function of bile is to:** - A. Digest proteins - B. Emulsify fats - C. Break down carbohydrates - D. Stimulate saliva production - E. Absorb water\ *(Correct answer: B)* 32. **Pancreatic juice neutralizes stomach acid in the small intestine with:** - A. Bile salts - B. Hydrochloric acid - C. Bicarbonate ions - D. Pepsin - E. Lipase\ *(Correct answer: C)* 33. **The hormone that stimulates bile release from the gallbladder is:** - A. Gastrin - B. Secretin - C. Cholecystokinin (CCK) - D. Glucagon - E. Insulin\ *(Correct answer: C)* 34. **The primary liver function is to:** - A. Store proteins - B. Produce and secrete bile - C. Absorb nutrients - D. Release insulin - E. Produce stomach acid\ *(Correct answer: B)* 35. **In the liver, bile is produced by:** - A. Pancreatic cells - B. Hepatocytes - C. Chief cells - D. Goblet cells - E. Parietal cells\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Large Intestine and Absorption** 36. **The primary function of the large intestine is to:** - A. Digest proteins - B. Emulsify fats - C. Absorb water and electrolytes - D. Break down carbohydrates - E. Neutralize acid\ *(Correct answer: C)* 37. **The first section of the large intestine is the:** - A. Sigmoid colon - B. Cecum - C. Transverse colon - D. Rectum - E. Ascending colon\ *(Correct answer: B)* 38. **The large intestine produces vitamin K with the help of:** - A. Bile salts - B. Hepatocytes - C. Bacteria in the colon - D. Enzymes from the pancreas - E. Mucosal cells\ *(Correct answer: C)* 39. **Mass movements in the large intestine are often triggered by:** - A. Eating and distension of the stomach - B. Low blood sugar - C. The release of bile - D. Digestive enzymes - E. Increased saliva production\ *(Correct answer: A)* 40. **Which structure regulates the passage of feces from the large intestine to the rectum?** - A. Cecum - B. Appendix - C. Internal anal sphincter - D. Pyloric sphincter - E. Ileocecal valve\ *(Correct answer: E)* **Defecation and Rectal Function** 41. **The defecation reflex is primarily initiated by:** - A. Distension of the rectum - B. Release of bile - C. Increased enzyme secretion - D. Absorption of water - E. Elevated blood glucose\ *(Correct answer: A)* 42. **The internal anal sphincter is controlled by:** - A. Voluntary muscle action - B. Involuntary smooth muscle - C. Skeletal muscle only - D. Hormonal signals - E. Bile concentration\ *(Correct answer: B)* 43. **The purpose of the external anal sphincter is to:** - A. Regulate bile release - B. Release digestive enzymes - C. Control voluntary defecation - D. Absorb water - E. Secrete mucus\ *(Correct answer: C)* 44. **The final portion of the large intestine where waste is stored before defecation is the:** - A. Cecum - B. Rectum - C. Ileocecal valve - D. Ascending colon - E. Sigmoid colon\ *(Correct answer: B)* 45. **A key factor that triggers the defecation reflex includes:** - A. The release of pepsin - B. Muscle contraction in the small intestine - C. Peristalsis in the rectum - D. Increased blood pressure - E. Excess bile salts\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Digestion** 46. **Which enzyme begins carbohydrate digestion in the mouth?** - A. Lipase - B. Pepsin - C. Amylase - D. Lactase - E. Maltase\ *(Correct answer: C)* 47. **Which enzyme, secreted by the stomach, is essential for protein digestion?** - A. Amylase - B. Pepsin - C. Lipase - D. Maltase - E. Sucrase\ *(Correct answer: B)* 48. **The pancreas produces which enzyme to digest fats in the small intestine?** - A. Pepsin - B. Lipase - C. Trypsin - D. Lactase - E. Amylase\ *(Correct answer: B)* 49. **Proteins are broken down into amino acids in the small intestine by:** - A. Amylase and sucrase - B. Trypsin and chymotrypsin - C. Bile salts - D. Lipase and amylase - E. Lactase and maltase\ *(Correct answer: B)* 50. **Lactose intolerance occurs due to a deficiency in the enzyme:** - A. Maltase - B. Sucrase - C. Lactase - D. Amylase - E. Pepsin\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Absorption of Nutrients** 51. **Monosaccharides such as glucose are absorbed in the small intestine through:** - A. Diffusion only - B. Osmosis - C. Active transport - D. Pinocytosis - E. Endocytosis\ *(Correct answer: C)* 52. **Amino acids are transported across the intestinal mucosa via:** - A. Diffusion only - B. Active transport mechanisms - C. Endocytosis - D. Passive diffusion - E. Pinocytosis\ *(Correct answer: B)* 53. **Triglycerides are absorbed into the bloodstream after forming:** - A. Fat droplets - B. Carbohydrate molecules - C. Chylomicrons - D. Amino acid chains - E. Protein complexes\ *(Correct answer: C)* 54. **Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed:** - A. Directly into capillaries - B. Through lymphatic vessels with lipids - C. Via diffusion in the colon - D. Only in the liver - E. By facilitated diffusion in the stomach\ *(Correct answer: B)* 55. **The primary site of nutrient absorption in the digestive system is the:** - A. Stomach - B. Small intestine - C. Large intestine - D. Liver - E. Rectum\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Metabolism and Cellular Respiration** 56. **The process of glycolysis occurs in the:** - A. Mitochondria - B. Cytoplasm - C. Nucleus - D. Ribosomes - E. Golgi apparatus\ *(Correct answer: B)* 57. **The end products of aerobic respiration are:** - A. Lactic acid and water - B. Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP - C. Oxygen and glucose - D. Glycogen and ATP - E. Pyruvate and NADH\ *(Correct answer: B)* 58. **Beta-oxidation is the metabolic process that breaks down:** - A. Amino acids - B. Fatty acids into acetyl-CoA - C. Glucose into pyruvate - D. Glycogen into glucose - E. Nucleotides into amino acids\ *(Correct answer: B)* 59. **In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to:** - A. Carbon dioxide - B. Glucose - C. Lactic acid - D. Acetyl-CoA - E. Citric acid\ *(Correct answer: C)* 60. **Which metabolic process involves the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources?** - A. Glycolysis - B. Gluconeogenesis - C. Lipolysis - D. Beta-oxidation - E. Glycogenesis\ *(Correct answer: B)* ### **Energy Balance and Nutrient Use** 61. **Carbohydrates primarily provide the body with:** - A. Structural components for muscles - B. Essential fatty acids - C. Quick energy through ATP production - D. Proteins for tissue repair - E. Bile production\ *(Correct answer: C)* 62. **Excess glucose in the body is stored as:** - A. Fatty acids - B. Glycogen - C. Amino acids - D. Nucleic acids - E. Proteins\ *(Correct answer: B)* 63. **Essential amino acids:** - A. Can be synthesized by the body - B. Must be obtained from the diet - C. Are stored in the liver - D. Are non-protein molecules - E. Are converted to glucose directly\ *(Correct answer: B)* 64. **The primary role of lipids in the body includes:** - A. Building cell membranes and providing long-term energy storage - B. Synthesizing DNA - C. Forming hemoglobin - D. Providing immediate energy - E. Acting as a primary protein source\ *(Correct answer: A)* 65. **During prolonged exercise, the body primarily uses energy from:** - A. Carbohydrate stores only - B. Proteins - C. Lipids and glycogen stores - D. Minerals - E. Nucleic acids\ *(Correct answer: C)* This completes questions 36 to 65. I\'ll continue with more questions covering additional details on metabolic regulation, thermoregulation, and nutrition to reach the full set of 90 questions. 4o ##### You said: finish ###### ChatGPT said: ChatGPT Here are the final questions to complete the set of 90. ### **Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism** 66. **Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, primarily functions to:** - A. Break down glycogen - B. Increase blood glucose levels - C. Lower blood glucose by promoting glucose uptake in cells - D. Release bile from the gallbladder - E. Stimulate lipolysis\ *(Correct answer: C)* 67. **The hormone glucagon primarily:** - A. Lowers blood glucose - B. Stimulates glycogen breakdown to increase blood glucose - C. Stimulates bile production - D. Aids in fat storage - E. Inhibits protein synthesis\ *(Correct answer: B)* 68. **Epinephrine has a metabolic effect by:** - A. Reducing blood pressure - B. Increasing glucose availability for energy - C. Stimulating glycogen synthesis - D. Increasing digestion - E. Lowering metabolic rate\ *(Correct answer: B)* 69. **Cortisol, a hormone released during stress, primarily affects metabolism by:** - A. Decreasing blood glucose - B. Stimulating gluconeogenesis to increase blood glucose - C. Reducing fatty acid levels - D. Increasing muscle mass - E. Lowering blood pressure\ *(Correct answer: B)* 70. **During fasting, the body relies on which hormone to maintain blood glucose levels?** - A. Insulin - B. Epinephrine - C. Glucagon - D. Thyroxine - E. Cortisol\ *(Correct answer: C)* ### **Thermoregulation and Heat Production** 71. **The primary center for thermoregulation in the body is located in the:** - A. Medulla oblongata - B. Cerebellum - C. Hypothalamus - D. Hippocampus - E. Pons\ *(Correct answer: C)* 72. **Heat loss through direct contact, like touching a cold object, is known as:** - A. Convection - B. Conduction - C. Radiation - D. Evaporation - E. Metabolism\ *(Correct answer: B)* 73. **Sweating is a mechanism for cooling the body by:** - A. Convection - B. Conduction - C. Radiation - D. Evaporation - E. Filtration\ *(Correct answer: D)* 74. **Shivering increases body temperature through:** - A. Increasing cellular respiration in muscles - B. Blocking sweat production - C. Slowing down blood flow - D. Reducing metabolic rate - E. Increasing vasodilation\ *(Correct answer: A)* 75. **In response to cold, the body conserves heat by:** - A. Sweating - B. Vasodilation - C. Vasoconstriction - D. Increasing bile production - E. Releasing insulin\ *(Correct answer: C)* ### **Vitamin and Mineral Absorption** 76. **Vitamin C is important for:** - A. Bone health - B. Vision - C. Collagen synthesis and immune function - D. Blood clotting - E. Calcium absorption\ *(Correct answer: C)* 77. **A deficiency in vitamin B12 may lead to:** - A. Rickets - B. Anemia - C. Night blindness - D. Scurvy - E. Muscle atrophy\ *(Correct answer: B)* 78. **Which vitamin is essential for calcium absorption in the intestines?** - A. Vitamin A - B. Vitamin B6 - C. Vitamin C - D. Vitamin D - E. Vitamin K\ *(Correct answer: D)* 79. **The mineral iron is crucial for:** - A. Bone density - B. Collagen formation - C. Hemoglobin synthesis and oxygen transport - D. Nerve transmission - E. ATP production\ *(Correct answer: C)* 80. **Vitamin K is necessary for:** - A. Muscle contraction - B. Vision - C. Blood clotting - D. Immune response - E. Thyroid function\ *(Correct answer: C)* ### **Macronutrient Functions and Energy Balance** 81. **The main function of carbohydrates in the diet is to:** - A. Build muscle tissue - B. Provide energy for cellular processes - C. Form antibodies - D. Maintain electrolyte balance - E. Aid in fat storage\ *(Correct answer: B)* 82. **The body's long-term energy reserves are primarily stored as:** - A. Glycogen in the liver - B. Amino acids in muscle - C. Triglycerides in adipose tissue - D. Glucose in blood - E. Fatty acids in the pancreas\ *(Correct answer: C)* 83. **Proteins are essential in the body for:** - A. Immediate energy production - B. Building and repairing tissues - C. Vitamin synthesis - D. Glycogen storage - E. Calcium absorption\ *(Correct answer: B)* 84. **Lipids are essential in the body because they:** - A. Are the main source of dietary fiber - B. Form cell membranes and provide insulation - C. Facilitate oxygen transport in blood - D. Absorb water in the large intestine - E. Convert to amino acids in the stomach\ *(Correct answer: B)* 85. **During a prolonged fast, the body relies primarily on which process for energy?** - A. Glycolysis of dietary glucose - B. Lipolysis of stored fat - C. Protein synthesis - D. Carbohydrate storage - E. Immediate glucose oxidation\ *(Correct answer: B)* ### **Absorptive and Postabsorptive States** 86. **In the absorptive state, the body primarily:** - A. Breaks down glycogen - B. Stores excess nutrients as glycogen and fat - C. Depletes fat stores - D. Reduces nutrient absorption - E. Stimulates glucagon release\ *(Correct answer: B)* 87. **During the postabsorptive state, the body's main source of glucose is:** - A. Dietary carbohydrates - B. Muscle protein - C. Liver glycogen - D. Fatty acids - E. Pancreatic enzymes\ *(Correct answer: C)* 88. **Gluconeogenesis occurs mainly in the:** - A. Muscle tissue - B. Pancreas - C. Liver - D. Small intestine - E. Kidneys\ *(Correct answer: C)* 89. **Which process allows the liver to produce glucose from non-carbohydrate sources?** - A. Glycogenesis - B. Lipolysis - C. Gluconeogenesis - D. Glycolysis - E. Protein synthesis\ *(Correct answer: C)* 90. **In the postabsorptive state, which hormone is primarily active to mobilize stored nutrients?** - A. Insulin - B. Glucagon - C. Epinephrine - D. Aldosterone - E. Thyroxine\ *(Correct answer: B)*