Human Anatomy Self-Assessment Questions PDF

Human Anatomy About this Book This is an open textbook. That means that this book is freely available and you are welcome to use, adapt, and share it with attribution according to the Creative Commons Attribution International 4.0 license (CC BY 4.0). Instructors and students reviewing, adopting,...

Human Anatomy About this Book This is an open textbook. That means that this book is freely available and you are welcome to use, adapt, and share it with attribution according to the Creative Commons Attribution International 4.0 license (CC BY 4.0). Instructors and students reviewing, adopting, or adapting this textbook are encouraged to provide feedback (or report errors) online at: https://bit.ly/feedback-human-anatomy.  Human Anatomy Self-Assessment Review Questions Michael F. Nolan John P. McNamara Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine in association with Virginia Tech Publishing Blacksburg, VA A free version of this book can be downloaded from: https://doi.org/10.21061/human-anatomy-self-assessment Copyright © 2022 by Michael F. Nolan and John P. McNamara First published in 2022 by the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine in association with Virginia Tech Pub- lishing Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine 2 Riverside Circle Roanoke, VA 24016 USA Virginia Tech Publishing University Libraries at Virginia Tech 560 Drillfield Drive Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA, 94042, USA. Note to users: This work may contain components (e.g., photographs, illus- trations, or quotations) not covered by the license. Every effort has been made to identify these components but ultimately it is your responsibility to independently evaluate the copyright status of any work or component part of a work you use, in light of your intended use. Brand names, trademarks, and service marks in this book are legally protected and should not be used without prior authorization by their owners. Their inclusion in this book is for analytical, illustrative and pedagogical purposes only. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Nolan, Michael F., author | McNamara, John P., author. Title: Human Anatomy: Self-Assessment Review Questions / Michael F. Nolan and John P. McNamara. Description: Roanoke, VA : Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine in association with Virginia Tech Publish- ing, 2022. | Summary: “The anatomy questions included here are formatted in the short answer or fill in the blank style that requires the retrieval rather than the recognition of information; a format more closely aligned with that needed for everyday clinical practice. Each chapter includes a series of questions related to a partic- ular area of anatomy. Answers to those questions are included at the end of the book.” – Preface. Identifiers: ISBN: 978-1-957213-30-9 (PDF) | ISBN: 978-1-957213-97-2 (pbk) | DOI: https://doi.org/10.21061/human-anatomy-self-assessment Subjects: HUMAN ANATOMY / Laboratory manuals. | HUMAN ANATOMY / Problems and Exercises. Table of Contents Preface vii PART 1: Self-Assessment Questions 1 1 Back and Spine 3 2 Upper Limb 9 3 Lower Limb 21 4 Thoracic Wall 29 5 Pleura and Lungs 32 6 Mediastinum 35 7 Abdomen 41 8 Pelvis and Perineum 54 9 Head and Face 63 10 Mouth and Pharynx 76 11 Neck and Larynx 81 12 Orbit 95 13 Eye 99 14 Ear 103 PART 2: Answer Key 107 1 Back and Spine 108 2 Upper Limb 111 3 Lower Limb 117 4 Thoracic Wall 121 5 Pleura and Lungs 122 6 Mediastinum 124 7 Abdomen 127 8 Pelvis and Perineum 133 9 Head and Face 137 10 Mouth and Pharynx 143 11 Neck and Larynx 145 12 Orbit 152 13 Eye 154 14 Ear 156 v Preface Human anatomy is one of the foundational disciplines in the training of health care profes- sionals. Knowledge of human structure at both the macroscopic and microscopic levels serves as a framework for the study of normal function and dysfunction. Resources used by students in their efforts to learn about human anatomy are exceptionally diverse in terms of scope, depth and focus as well as in the modalities and pedagogical approaches used. Diversity also exists in how knowledge acquisition is measured and eval- uated. Many students are familiar with formative and summative tests structured in the multiple- choice format. Most high stakes exams utilize this format and not surprisingly, numerous self-assessment resources are available to help students prepare for these types of exam- inations. The self-assessment questions presented here are intended to help students in a different setting, a setting such as a ward, the clinic or the operating room where questions from teachers and preceptors are not likely to be presented as recognition exercises, that is, in the multiple-choice format, but rather as recall tasks. When information is obtained from patients in a teaching setting, it is not typical for a teacher to pose a question by asking “Which of the following five conditions does the patient have?” More likely the student will be asked to supply answer or explanation to an open-ended inquiry, such as, “What arteries do you think we will have to ligate in order to remove this inflamed appendix safely?” In this situation, the student will have to recall information or facts from previous experience or learning. Educators commonly describe this behavior as demonstrating knowledge by recall rather than recognition. The anatomy questions included here are formatted in the short answer or fill in the blank style that requires the retrieval rather than the recognition of information; a format more closely aligned with that needed for everyday clinical practice. Each chapter includes a series of questions related to a particular area of anatomy. Answers to those questions are included at the end of the book. It is our belief that this alternate approach to self-assessment in basic human anatomy will be helpful to students in preparing for clinical-based learning activities as well as for other types of knowledge assessment and evaluation. MFN JPM vii Part 1: Self-Assessment Questions 1 Back and Spine 1. Indicate the number of vertebrae that comprise each region of the vertebral column. a. cervical ____________________________________________ b. thoracic ____________________________________________ c. lumbar ____________________________________________ d. sacral ____________________________________________ 2. Which two (2) regions of the vertebral column are characterized by curvatures in the sagittal plane with a concavity directed posteriorly? a. ________________________________________________________ b. ________________________________________________________ 3. Name each of the ligaments of the vertebral column described below. a. courses vertically along the anterior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies ________________________________________________________ b. courses between adjacent laminae ________________________________________________________ c. courses between adjacent spinous processes ________________________________________________________ d. courses vertically along the posterior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies ________________________________________________________ 4. What is the name of the thickened supraspinous ligament of the cervical spine? _______________________________________________________________ 3 5. What is the name of the synovial joint formed by the superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae? _______________________________________________________________ 6. Which group of vertebrae is characterized by transverse foraminae? _______________________________________________________________ 7. The carotid tubercle is an osteological feature of which vertebra? _______________________________________________________________ 8. The dens is an osteological feature of which vertebra? _______________________________________________________________ 9. Which vertebra is commonly referred to a “vertebra prominens”? _______________________________________________________________ 10. Name the two (2) parts of the vertebral arch. a. ________________________________________________________ b. ________________________________________________________ 11. What are the names of the two (2) parts of the intervertebral disc? a. central fluid part _____________________________________ b. peripheral fibrous part _____________________________________ 12. What is the name of the ligamentous structure that extends from the posterior arch of C1 (atlas) to the base of the cranium? _______________________________________________________________ 4 13. What is the name of the venous plexus located within the vertebral canal? _______________________________________________________________ 14. What is the name of the thickened connective tissue origin of the latissimus dorsi? ______________________________________________________________ 15. Name the three (3) muscles that form the borders of the triangle of auscultation. a. _________________________________________________________ b. _________________________________________________________ c. _________________________________________________________ 16. What two (2) muscles form the superficial layer of intrinsic back muscles? a. _________________________________________________________ b. _________________________________________________________ 17. What muscle group forms the intermediate layer of intrinsic back muscles? _______________________________________________________________ 18. What muscle group forms the deep layer of intrinsic back muscles? _______________________________________________________________ 19. What three (3) muscles form the suboccipital triangle? a. ________________________________________________________ b. ________________________________________________________ c. ________________________________________________________ 5 20. What two (2) structures lie in the floor of the suboccipital triangle? a. artery ___________________________________________ b. nerve ___________________________________________ 21. Which spinal nerve gives rise to the greater occipital nerve? ___________________________________________________________ 22. What vessel passes through the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane? ___________________________________________________________ 23. In the adult, what vertebral level marks the caudal extent of the spinal cord? ___________________________________________________________ 24. What is the name of the collection of dorsal and ventral roots that lie caudal to the tip of the spinal cord? ___________________________________________________________ 25. What is the name of the pia matter structure that lies caudal to the tip of the spinal cord? ___________________________________________________________ 26. What is the name of the CSF filled space located below the caudal tip of the spinal cord? ___________________________________________________________ 27. What is the name of the meningeal structure that attaches to the dorsum of the coccyx? ___________________________________________________________ 6 28. What is the name of the pia-derived structure that anchors the spinal cord to the lateral wall of the vertebral canal? ___________________________________________________________ 29. What are the three (3) borders of the lumbar (Petit’s) triangle? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ 30. What part of the intervertebral disc is a remnant of the embryological notochord? ____________________________________________________________ 31. What are the three (3) muscles that comprise the erector spinae (sacrospinalis) muscle group? a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________________ 32. What are the three (3) muscles that comprise the transversospinal group of the posterior spinal muscles? a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________________ 7 33. What are the four (4) components of the occipitoaxial ligament? a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________________ d. _____________________________________________________ 34. What nerve innervates the muscles of the suboccipital triangle? ____________________________________________________________ 35. What is the name of the lower sacral segments of the spinal cord? __________________________________________________________ 36. What vertebral segment marks the caudal extent of the spinal subarachnoid space? __________________________________________________________ 8 2 Upper Limb 1. Name the two (2) parts of the clavipectoral fascia. a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ 2. What vein lies in the deltopectoral groove? _____________________________________________________________ 3. What vein passes through the costocoracoid membrane? _____________________________________________________________ 4. What spinal segment (spinal nerve) provides sensory innervation to each of the following digits? a. palmar surface of the little finger _____________________ b. palmar surface of the thumb _____________________ c. palmar surface of the long finger _____________________ 5. What veins lie in the subcutaneous tissue of the medial surface of the forearm? _____________________________________________________________ 6. What vein serves as an anastomosis between the cephalic vein and the basilic vein? _____________________________________________________________ 9 7. What nerve continues into the forearm as the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve? _____________________________________________________________ 8. What anatomical landmark marks the point where the axillary artery becomes the brachial artery? _________________________________________________________________ 9. What landmarks are used to divide the axillary artery into three (3) parts? _________________________________________________________________ 10. Name the major branches of the axillary artery: a. first part ______________________________________ b. second part ______________________________________ ______________________________________ c. third part ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ 11. What is the insertion of the pectoralis minor? ________________________________________________________________ 12. What is the insertion of the pectoralis major? ________________________________________________________________ 13. What is the insertion of the serratus anterior? ________________________________________________________________ 10 14. What is the insertion of the trapezius? ________________________________________________________________ 15. What is the insertion of the latissimus dorsi? ________________________________________________________________ 16. What is the insertion of the subscapularis? _____________________________________________________________ 17. What is the insertion of the deltoid? _____________________________________________________________ 18. Which of the “rotator cuff” muscles is NOT an external rotator of the glenohumeral joint? _____________________________________________________________ 19. What muscle forms the medial wall of the axilla? _____________________________________________________________ 20. What anatomical feature marks the lateral wall of the axilla? _____________________________________________________________ 21. What anatomical landmark marks the point where the subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery? _____________________________________________________________ 11 22. What four (4) muscles form the borders of the quadrangular space? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ d. ______________________________________________________ 23. What two (2) structures pass through the quadrangular space? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ 24. What nerve lies in the intermuscular fascia separating the biceps brachii and the brachialis? _____________________________________________________________ 25. What nerve innervates the muscles of the posterior compartment of the arm? _____________________________________________________________ 26. What nerve crosses the elbow joint on the deep surface of the brachioradialis? ____________________________________________________________ 27. What are the two (2) terminal branches of the brachial artery? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ 28. What is the bony insertion of the biceps brachii? ____________________________________________________________ 12 29. What is the insertion of the brachialis? ____________________________________________________________ 30. What vein lies superficial to the bicipital aponeurosis? ____________________________________________________________ 31. What muscles form the medial and lateral borders of the cubital fossa? a. medial border ________________________________________ b. lateral border ________________________________________ 32. What two (2) muscles form the floor of the cubital fossa? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ 33. What nerve enters the forearm, passing posterior to the medial epicondyle? _____________________________________________________________ 34. What are the four (4) muscles that form the superficial layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ d. ______________________________________________________ 35. What muscle forms the intermediate layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm? ____________________________________________________________ 13 36. What three (3) muscles form the deep layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ 37. Which one (1) of the muscles of the anterior compartment is NOT innervated by the median nerve? _____________________________________________________________ 38. Which of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm has a tendon that passes superficial to the flexor retinaculum? _____________________________________________________________ 39. Which of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm receives motor innervation by way of two different peripheral nerves? _____________________________________________________________ 40. Which two (2) muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm do NOT have tendons that cross the wrist joint? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ 41. What nerve innervates muscles that extend the wrist? ____________________________________________________________ 14 42. What three (3) muscles form the hypothenar eminence? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ 43. What four (4) muscles form the thenar eminence? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ d. ______________________________________________________ 44. Which of the thenar muscles is innervated by both the median nerve and the ulnar nerves? _____________________________________________________________ 45. Which of the intrinsic muscles of the hand adduct the medial four fingers? _____________________________________________________________ 46. Which of the intrinsic muscles of the hand abduct the medial four fingers? _____________________________________________________________ 47. What nerve enters the hand by passing through Guyon’s canal? _____________________________________________________________ 48. What branch of the ulnar nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin over the palmar surface of the little finger? _____________________________________________________________ 15 49. What is the name of the fibrocartilaginous structure that “deepens” the glenohumeral joint? _____________________________________________________________ 50. What are the two (2) parts of the coracoclavicular ligament? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ 51. Which ligament of the shoulder does NOT cross the glenohumeral joint? _____________________________________________________________ 52. Name the bones that form the proximal row of carpal bones. a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ d. ______________________________________________________ 53. Name the bones that form the distal row of carpal bones. a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ d. ______________________________________________________ 54. What two (2) structures pass through the triangular interval? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ 16 55. What artery passes through the triangular space? ____________________________________________________________ 56. What muscle forms the medial border of the ‘anatomical snuff box”? ____________________________________________________________ 57. What arterial pulse can be palpated in the “anatomical snuff box”? ____________________________________________________________ 58. Which of the carpal bones can be palpated in the floor of the “anatomical snuff box”? ____________________________________________________________ 59. Which joint of the hand lies immediately deep to the extensor hood (extensor expansion)? ____________________________________________________________ 60. What is the action of the lumbrical muscle on each of the following joints of the finger? a. MP _______________________________________________ b. PIP _______________________________________________ c. DIP _______________________________________________ 61. Which two heads of the triceps brachii originate from the humerus? a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ 62. What artery gives rise to the common interosseous artery? ____________________________________________________________ 17 63. What artery supplies the deep muscles of the posterior forearm? ____________________________________________________________ 64. What two arteries form an anastomotic connection behind the medial epicondyle? a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ 65. What two arteries form an anastomotic connection in front of the medial ​ epicondyle? a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ 66. What two arteries form an anastomotic connection behind the lateral epicondyle? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ 67. What two arteries form an anastomotic connection in front of the lateral epicondyle? a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ 68. Describe the fiber orientation (direction) of the interosseous membrane. ___________________________________________________________ 69. What bone is found in the floor of the “anatomical snuff box”? ___________________________________________________________ 18 70. What are the branches of the brachial artery not including its terminal branches? a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________________ 71. What are the major terminal branches of the profunda brachial artery? a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________________ 72. What nerve passes through the scapular notch (beneath the transverse scapular ligament)? ____________________________________________________________ 73. What muscle inserts on the lesser tuberosity of the humerus? ____________________________________________________________ 74. On which bone of the forearm does the tendon of the biceps brachii insert? ___________________________________________________________ 75. On which bone of the forearm does the tendon of the brachialis insert? ___________________________________________________________ 76. Which two (2) carpal bones form the radiocarpal joint? a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ 19 77. What spinal nerve roots contribute to form the long thoracic nerve? ____________________________________________________________ 78. Excluding the terminal branches, what three (3) nerves are branches of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus? a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________________ 79. Which of the thenar muscles is NOT innervated by the median nerve? ____________________________________________________________ 80. The ulnar nerve passes into the forearm, passing between the two heads of origin of what muscle? ____________________________________________________________ 81. The median nerve passes into the forearm, passing between the two heads of origin of what muscle? ____________________________________________________________ 82. The radial nerve passes into the forearm, passing between the two heads of origin of what muscle? ____________________________________________________________ 20 3 Lower Limb 1. What two (2) bones form the pelvic girdle? a. _______________________________________________________ b. _______________________________________________________ 2. What three (3) bones form the hip bone (os coxae or innominate bone)? a. _______________________________________________________ b. _______________________________________________________ c. _______________________________________________________ 3. What are the two attachments of the inguinal ligament? a. lateral attachment ____________________________________ b. medial attachment ____________________________________ 4. What is the numerical value of the angle of inclination in the adult? ______________________________________________________________ 5. What is the numerical value of the angle of declination (torsion) in the adult? ______________________________________________________________ 6. What is the name of the deep fascia of the thigh? ______________________________________________________________ 21 7. What is the name of the thickened part of the deep fascia on the lateral surface of the thigh? ______________________________________________________________ 8. What is the name of the thin fascial layer that covers the saphenous opening of the fascia lata? ______________________________________________________________ 9. Into what vein does the great saphenous vein drain? ______________________________________________________________ 10. Into what vein does the small saphenous vein drain? ______________________________________________________________ 11. What spinal segments give rise to nerve fibers that form the femoral nerve? ______________________________________________________________ 12. What spinal segments give rise to nerve fibers that form the obturator nerve? ______________________________________________________________ 13. What peripheral nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin on the dorsal surface of the foot between the 1st and 2nd metatarsals? ______________________________________________________________ 14. What is the origin of the sartorius? ______________________________________________________________ 22 15. What is the origin of the rectus femoris? ______________________________________________________________ 16. What is the insertion of the psoas major? ______________________________________________________________ 17. The adductor hiatus is an opening in the aponeurotic attachment of what muscle? ______________________________________________________________ 18. What structure passes through the adductor hiatus? _____________________________________________________________ 19. What are the borders of the femoral triangle? a. superior _______________________________________________ b. medial _______________________________________________ c. lateral _______________________________________________ 20. List from lateral to medial, the three (3) neurovascular structures that course through the femoral triangle. a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ 21. Is the femoral canal located (medial / lateral) to the neurovascular structures of the femoral triangle? _____________________________________________________________ 22. What is located in the femoral canal? _____________________________________________________________ 23 23. Which of the structures passing deep to the inguinal ligament is NOT enclosed in the femoral sheath? ____________________________________________________________ 24. What is the terminal branch of the femoral nerve? ____________________________________________________________ 25. In addition to the femoral nerve, what other nerve passes deep to the inguinal ligament to reach the thigh? ____________________________________________________________ 26. What nerve provides motor innervation to the adductor muscles of the thigh? ____________________________________________________________ 27. What is the major artery that supplies the structures of the thigh? ____________________________________________________________ 28. What is the insertion of the gluteus medius? ____________________________________________________________ 29. What three (3) muscles insert as the pes anserinus? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ 30. Name the nerve that innervates each of the two heads of the biceps femoris. a. long head _________________________________________ b. short head _________________________________________ 24 31. The sciatic nerve passes through the gluteal region by passing either under, over, or through what muscle? ____________________________________________________________ 32. What nerve lies in the floor of the popliteal fossa? ____________________________________________________________ 33. Name the cutaneous nerve of the posterior surface of the leg. ____________________________________________________________ 34. What nerve lies immediately posterior to the head of the fibula? ____________________________________________________________ 35. Name the four (4) muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg. a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ d. ______________________________________________________ 36. What nerve provides motor innervation to the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg? ____________________________________________________________ 37. Name the three (3) muscles of the superficial layer of the posterior compartment of the leg. a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________________ 25 38. Name the four (4) muscles of the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the leg. a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________________ d. _____________________________________________________ 39. The pulse of what artery can be palpated on the dorsal surface of the foot? ____________________________________________________________ 40. What are the two (2) actions at the ankle of the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg? a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ 41. What nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin over the lateral surface of the 5th metatarsal? _____________________________________________________________ 42. Which two (2) muscles of the leg exert an action on the knee joint? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ 43. What is the insertion of the gastrocnemius? _____________________________________________________________ 44. What nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin over the anterior compartment of the leg? _____________________________________________________________ 26 45. What nerve of the leg terminates as the medial and lateral plantar nerves of the foot? _____________________________________________________________ 46. Name the three (3) ligaments that reinforce the stability of the hip joint. a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ 47. What artery gives rise to the artery of the head of the femur? _____________________________________________________________ 48. What artery is the usual origin of the anterior and posterior femoral circumflex arteries? _____________________________________________________________ 49. What ligament of the knee resists posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur? _____________________________________________________________ 50. What ligament of the ankle joint is commonly referred to as the deltoid ligament? _____________________________________________________________ 51. The pulse of what artery can be palpated on the posterior to the medial malleolus? _____________________________________________________________ 27 52. What are the six (6) main branches of the femoral artery in the femoral triangle? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ d. ______________________________________________________ e. ______________________________________________________ f. ______________________________________________________ 28 4 Thoracic Wall 1. Name the three (3) parts of the sternum. a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ 2. Which rib attaches anteriorly at the level of the sternal angle (angle of Louis)? ____________________________________________________________ 3. Which ribs are defined as vertebra-sternal ribs? ____________________________________________________________ 4. At rest, what vertebral body would be crossed by a horizontal line extending posteriorly from the xiphisternal joint? ____________________________________________________________ 5. Which spinal nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin of the nipple? ____________________________________________________________ 6. In the midaxillary line, the intercostal vessels and nerves are located between which two intercostal muscles? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ 29 7. Name the artery that is the origin of each of the arteries listed below. Artery Origin a. anterior intercostal art. ______________________ b. posterior intercostal art. ______________________ 8. Which set of posterior intercostal arteries (left or right) passes laterally, across the vertebral body to reach the intercostal space? _____________________________________________________________ 9. The intercostal vessels and nerve lie in the costal groove. What is the order of these structures from superior to inferior? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ 10. What is the action of each of the muscles listed below? Muscle Action a. serratus posterior inferior ___________________________ b. serratus posterior superior ___________________________ 11. The female breast receives its arterial blood supply by way of the medial and lateral mammary arteries. What is the origin of each of these two sets of vessels? Artery Origin a. lateral mammary art ___________________________ b. medial mammary art ___________________________ 30 12. What are the two (2) terminal branches of the internal thoracic artery? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ 13. At rest, what vertebral body would be crossed by a horizontal line extending posteriorly from the sternal angle? _____________________________________________________________ 14. Which costal cartilage marks the point where the internal thoracic artery divides into its two (2) terminal branches? _____________________________________________________________ 31 5 Pleura and Lungs 1. Name the four (4) parts of the parietal pleura. a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ d. ______________________________________________________ 2. What structure passes over the top of the hilum of the lung on the right side? ____________________________________________________________ 3. What structure passes over the top of the hilum of the lung on the left side? ____________________________________________________________ 4. What is the name of the pleural structure that extends inferiorly from the root of the lung to the diaphragm? ____________________________________________________________ 5. At what vertebral level does the trachea divide into main stem bronchi? ____________________________________________________________ 6. Into what vessel do each of the following veins drain into? Vein Receiving Vein a. left bronchial vein ___________________________ b. right bronchial vein ___________________________ 32 7. Which main stem bronchus is wider? ____________________________________________________________ 8. Indicate the rib overlying the pleural reflection in the: a. midclavicular line _____________________________________ b. midaxillary line _____________________________________ c. midscapular line _____________________________________ 9. Which costal cartilage marks the point where the pleural reflection moves laterally beneath the body of the sternum on the right side? _______________________________________________________________ 10. Which costal cartilage marks the point where the pleural reflection moves laterally beneath the body of the sternum on the right side? _______________________________________________________________ 11. Which rib overlies the lung boundary in the: a. midclavicular line _____________________________________ b. midaxillary line _____________________________________ c. midscapular line _____________________________________ 12. Which costal cartilage marks the point where the medial edge of the right lung moves laterally beneath the body of the sternum? _______________________________________________________________ 13. Which costal cartilage marks the point where the medial edge of the left lung moves laterally beneath the body of the sternum? _______________________________________________________________ 33 14. The oblique fissure lies parallel to a line connecting the: a. ___________________ spinous process posteriorly b. ___________________ rib in the midaxillary line c. ___________________ costal cartilage anteriorly 15. The horizontal fissure lies parallel to a line interconnecting the: a. __________________ in the midaxillary line laterally b. __________________ costal cartilage anteriorly 16. What spinal cord segments give rise to the phrenic nerve? ___________________________________________________________ 17. Which lobe of the lung is aerated by the eparterial bronchus? ___________________________________________________________ 18. In the root of the neck, the phrenic nerve lies on the anterior surface of what muscle? ___________________________________________________________ 19. The phrenic nerve lies (anterior / posterior) to the root of the lung as it descends toward the diaphragm? ___________________________________________________________ 20. What vessels accompany the phrenic nerve as it passes the root of the lung? ___________________________________________________________ 34 6 Mediastinum 1. The boundary between the superior mediastinum and the inferior mediastinum can be described as a horizontal line extending from the: a. ______________________________________ anteriorly b. ______________________________________ posteriorly 2. Name the four (4) major branches of the left coronary artery. a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ d. ______________________________________________________ 3. Name the four (4) major branches of the right coronary artery. a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ d. ______________________________________________________ 4. Which cardiac valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle? ____________________________________________________________ 35 5. Indicate the location of the nerve cells that provide autonomic innervation to the heart. a. preganglionic sympathetic ___________________________ b. postganglionic sympathetic ___________________________ c. preganglionic parasympathetic ___________________________ d. postganglionic parasympathetic ___________________________ 6. Name in order from proximal to distal, the three (3) arteries that arise from the arch of the aorta. a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ 7. The azygos vein drains into what vein? ____________________________________________________________ 8. Pectinate muscles are a feature of which chamber of the heart? ____________________________________________________________ 9. Which artery passes horizontally, immediately posterior to the ascending aorta (be specific)? ____________________________________________________________ 10. Which cardiac veins do NOT drain into the coronary sinus? ____________________________________________________________ 11. In the superior mediastinum, what structure lies immediately posterior to the trachea? ____________________________________________________________ 36 12. The thoracic duct drains into the angle formed by which two vessels? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ 13. In the superior mediastinum, the left phrenic nerve lies (anterior / posterior) to the left pulmonary artery. _____________________________________________________________ 14. In the superior mediastinum, the left brachiocephalic vein lies (anterior / posterior) to the left common carotid artery. _____________________________________________________________ 15. In the superior mediastinum, the ascending aorta lies (anterior / posterior) to the trachea. _____________________________________________________________ 16. In the superior mediastinum, the esophagus lies (anterior / posterior) to the trachea. _____________________________________________________________ 17. In the superior mediastinum, the thoracic duct lies (anterior / posterior) to the superior vena cava. _____________________________________________________________ 18. In the superior mediastinum, the descending aorta lies (anterior / posterior) to the left main stem bronchus. _____________________________________________________________ 37 19. In the superior mediastinum, the descending aorta lies (anterior / posterior) to the left pulmonary artery. _____________________________________________________________ 20. In the posterior mediastinum, the thoracic duct lies (to the right / to the left) of the thoracic aorta. ___________________________________________________________ 21. In the posterior mediastinum, the esophagus lies (anterior / posterior) to the descending aorta. ___________________________________________________________ 22. What is the origin of the internal thoracic artery? ___________________________________________________________ 23. Name the opening in the respiratory diaphragm does NOT open into the posterior mediastinum? ___________________________________________________________ 24. The phrenic nerve courses inferiorly through the mediastinum, passing ______________________ (anterior or posterior) to the root of the lung. 25. The vagus nerve courses inferiorly through the mediastinum, passing ______________________ (anterior or posterior) to the root of the lung. 38 26. What vertebral level marks each of the following openings in the diaphragm? Opening Vertebral level a. aortic hiatus __________________________ b. vena caval hiatus __________________________ c. esophageal hiatus __________________________ 27. Where is the best place on the chest to auscultate the aortic valve? ___________________________________________________________ 28. Where is the best place on the chest to auscultate the tricuspid valve? ___________________________________________________________ 29. Where is the best place on the chest to auscultate the pulmonary valve? ___________________________________________________________ 30. Where is the best place on the chest to auscultate the mitral valve? ___________________________________________________________ 31. Which covering of the heart is also known as the epicardium? ___________________________________________________________ 32. Which chamber forms the right border of the heart? ___________________________________________________________ 33. Which coronary artery gives rise to a branch that supplies the SA node? ___________________________________________________________ 39 34. What structure lies immediately behind the esophagus at the T10 vertebral level? ___________________________________________________________ 35. What structure lies on the anterior surface of the left main stem bronchus? ___________________________________________________________ 40 7 Abdomen 1. Name the layer of fascia located immediately deep to the transversus abdominus muscle. _____________________________________________________________ 2. What structure forms the posterior wall of the rectus sheath above the arcuate line? _____________________________________________________________ 3. Name two (2) arteries that perfuse the anterior abdominal wall, that originate from the external iliac artery? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ 4. Name two (2) arteries that perfuse the anterior abdominal wall that originate from the femoral artery? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ 5. What artery forms an anastomotic connection with the inferior epigastric artery? _____________________________________________________________ 6. What spinal nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin of the umbilicus? _____________________________________________________________ 41 7. What artery supplies the rectus abdominus muscle at the level of the arcuate line? _______________________________________________________________ 8. Name the attachments of the inguinal ligament. a. superolateral ____________________________________ b. inferomedial ____________________________________ 9. What structure forms the deep inguinal ring? _______________________________________________________________ 10. What structure forms the superficial inguinal ring? _______________________________________________________________ 11. The femoral nerve, artery and vein enter the thigh by coursing deep to the inguinal ligament. What is the anatomical relationship of these three structures, from medial to lateral? a. ________________________________________________________ b. ________________________________________________________ c. ________________________________________________________ 12. What structure contributes to each of the three (3) layers of the spermatic cord? a. external spermatic fascia _____________________________ b. cremaster fascia _____________________________ c. internal spermatic fascia _____________________________ 13. Which of the abdominal muscles gives rise to the cremaster muscle? ______________________________________________________________ 42 14. What nerve provides motor innervation to the cremaster muscle? ______________________________________________________________ 15. Name the tubular structure associated with the testes where sperm cells are stored until ejaculation. ____________________________________________________________ 16. What structure of the abdomen gives rise to the tunica vaginalis of the testes? ____________________________________________________________ 17. Into what veins do the right and left testicular veins drain? a. right testicular vein _________________________________ b. left testicular vein _________________________________ 18. Name the three (3) parts of the greater omentum. a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________________ 19. Name the two (2) parts of the lesser omentum. a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ 20. What three (3) structures are located within the hepatoduodenal ligament? a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________________ 43 21. The muscular wall of the esophagus is formed by both smooth and striated muscle. Indicate the type of muscle that is found in each of the three (3) regions of the esophagus listed below. a. proximal 1/3 ___________________________________ b. middle 1/3 ___________________________________ c. distal 1/3 ___________________________________ 22. What nerve provides motor innervation to each of the three (3) regions of the esophagus? a. proximal 1/3 ___________________________________ b. middle 1/3 ___________________________________ c. distal 1/3 ___________________________________ 23. Name the four (4) parts (regions) of the stomach. a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ d. ______________________________________________________ 24. What arterial branch of the aorta gives rise to branches that supply the stomach? _____________________________________________________________ 25. What arteries form the anastomotic network located on the lesser curvature of the stomach AND what is the origin of each of these arteries? Artery Origin a. _______________________ _____________________ b. _______________________ _____________________ 44 26. What arteries form the anastomotic network located on the greater curvature of the stomach AND what is the origin of each of these arteries? Artery Origin a. _______________________ _____________________ b. _______________________ _____________________ 27. Name the three (3) major branches of the celiac trunk. a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ 28. Name the three (3) branches of the common hepatic artery. a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ 29. Name the two (2) branches of the gastroduodenal artery. a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ 30. Name the two (2) veins that drain into the portal vein. a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ 31. What two (2) structures form the common bile duct? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ 45 32. What two (2) structures drain into the hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater)? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ 33. Into which part of the duodenum does the hepatopancreatic ampulla drain? ____________________________________________________________ 34. What structure marks the point where the hepatoduodenal papilla enters the duodenum? ____________________________________________________________ 35. What structure drains into the duodenum by way of the minor duodenal papilla? ____________________________________________________________ 36. At what level of the vertebral column does the horizontal part (3rd part) of the duodenum cross the vertebral column? ____________________________________________________________ 37. What artery lies immediately anterior to the horizontal part of the duodenum? ____________________________________________________________ 38. What structure “supports/suspends” the small intestine at the level of the duodenal-jejunal junction? ____________________________________________________________ 46 39. Which parts of the duodenum are considered to be retroperitoneal? ____________________________________________________________ 40. Which parts of the duodenum are supplied by branches of the celiac artery? ____________________________________________________________ 41. The superior mesenteric artery supplies arterial blood to the intestine. Indicate the proximal most part and the distal most part of the intestine that receives arterial blood supply by way of branches of the superior mesenteric artery. a. proximal most part __________________________________ b. distal most part __________________________________ 42. What part(s) of the intestine receive arterial blood supply by way of branches of the inferior mesenteric artery? ____________________________________________________________ 43. What part(s) of the intestine are drained by branches of the inferior mesenteric vein? ____________________________________________________________ 44. Which parts of the colon are retroperitoneal? ____________________________________________________________ 45. What three (3) structures form the portal triad? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ 47 46. What structure divides the liver into left and right lobes? ____________________________________________________________ 47. Which two (2) lobes of the liver lie on either side of the porta hepatis? a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ 48. The round ligament (ligamentum teres) of the liver is a remnant of what embryological structure? ____________________________________________________________ 49. The ligamentum venosum of the liver is the remnant of what embryological structure? ____________________________________________________________ 50. In its course to the right kidney, the right renal artery passes (anterior / posterior) to the inferior vena cava. ____________________________________________________________ 51. In its course from the left kidney to the inferior vena cava, the left renal vein passes (anterior / posterior) to the aorta. ____________________________________________________________ 52. Indicate the origin of each of the suprarenal arteries listed below. Suprarenal art. Origin a. superior suprarenal art. ___________________________ b. middle suprarenal art. ___________________________ c. inferior suprarenal art. ___________________________ 48 53. Which spinal cord segments are the origin of the greater splanchnic nerve? ____________________________________________________________ 54. Which spinal cord segments are the origin of the lesser splanchnic nerve? ____________________________________________________________ 55. Name the structure that forms the lateral umbilical fold. ____________________________________________________________ 56. Name the structure that forms the medial umbilical fold. ____________________________________________________________ 57. At what vertebral level does the aorta bifurcate to form the common iliac arteries? ____________________________________________________________ 58. At what vertebral level do the common iliac veins join to form the inferior vena cava? ____________________________________________________________ 59. What are the five (5) branches of the superior mesenteric artery? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ d. ______________________________________________________ e. ______________________________________________________ 49 60. What are the three (3) branches of the inferior mesenteric artery? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ 61. What paired lymphatic structures drain into the cisterna chyli? ____________________________________________________________ 62. What two (2) nerves lie in the inguinal canal? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ 63. Are the tendinous intersections of the abdominal wall located above or below the arcuate line? ____________________________________________________________ 64. Name the plexus of nerves that lies on the anterior surface of the bifurcation of the aorta. ____________________________________________________________ 65. What section of the small intestine is associated with Meckel’s diverticulum? ____________________________________________________________ 66. What are the three (3) parts of the teniae coli? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ 50 67. What nerve lies on the anterior surface of the psoas major muscle? ____________________________________________________________ 68. What are the two (2) components of the superficial layer of abdominal fascia? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ 69. What component of the spermatic cord is formed by the deep fascia of the abdomen? ____________________________________________________________ 70. What component of the penis is formed by the deep fascia of the abdomen? ____________________________________________________________ 71. What are the eight (8) branches of the lumbar plexus? a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________________ d. _____________________________________________________ e. _____________________________________________________ f. _____________________________________________________ g. _____________________________________________________ h. _____________________________________________________ 51 72. Name the tributaries of the inferior vena cava. a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________________ d. _____________________________________________________ e. _____________________________________________________ f. _____________________________________________________ 73. Name the origin of each of the arteries listed below that perfuse the stomach. Gastric Vessel Origin a. short gastric artery ____________________ b. left gastric artery ____________________ c. right gastric artery ____________________ d. left gastroepiploic artery ____________________ e. right gastroepiploic artery ____________________ 74. Name the muscles hat pass beneath the medial and lateral arcuate ligaments of the respiratory diaphragm. a. medial arcuate ligament ____________________ b. lateral arcuate ligament ____________________ 75. Name the three (3) abdominal organs with veins that drain into the splenic vein. a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________________ 52 76. Name the three (3) borders of the lumbar triangle. a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________________ 77. Name the three (3) borders of the inguinal triangle. a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________________ 78. What embryonic structure is located in the free margin of the falciform ligament? ____________________________________________________________ 53 8 Pelvis and Perineum 1. Name the three (3) bones that form the “hip” bone (coxal bone). a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ 2. Which part of the pelvis is located above (superior to) the pelvic brim? _____________________________________________________________ 3. What ligament converts the sciatic notch into the sciatic foramen? _____________________________________________________________ 4. What ligament subdivides the sciatic foramen into the greater and lesser sciatic foraminae? _____________________________________________________________ 5. What two (2) muscles form the pelvic diaphragm? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ 6. What three (3) muscles form the levator ani? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ 54 7. What muscle lies in (passes through) the greater sciatic foramen? _____________________________________________________________ 8. What muscle forms the lateral border of the urogenital hiatus? ___________________________________________________________ 9. Name the peritoneal fold that, in the female, extends from the uterus to the lateral wall of the pelvis. ___________________________________________________________ 10. What muscle lies between the superior and inferior pelvic fascia? ___________________________________________________________ 11. What is the origin of the obturator artery? ___________________________________________________________ 12. What is the origin of the internal pudendal artery? ___________________________________________________________ 13. Into what vein does the internal iliac vein drain? ___________________________________________________________ 14. What nerve is the main nerve of the perineum and the main sensory nerve of the external genitalia? ___________________________________________________________ 15. What spinal segments give rise to parasympathetic fibers that innervate the structures of the pelvis? ___________________________________________________________ 55 16. What spinal segments contribute to the formation of the pudendal nerve? ___________________________________________________________ 17. What nervous system structure interconnects the superior hypogastric plexus with the inferior hypogastric plexus? _____________________________________________________________ 18. Do the ureters course (anterior or posterior) to the common iliac artery as they enter the pelvis? _____________________________________________________________ 19. What is the name of the muscle that forms the wall of the urinary bladder? _____________________________________________________________ 20. What type of muscle forms the internal urethral sphincter? _____________________________________________________________ 21. What type of muscle forms the external urethral sphincter? _____________________________________________________________ 22. Name the nerves formed by parasympathetic fibers that provide motor innervation to the urinary bladder. _____________________________________________________________ 23. What structures mark the superior and inferior angles of the trigone of the urinary bladder? a. superior angles ___________________________________ b. inferior angle ___________________________________ 56 24. Indicate the origin of the three (3) arteries that supply the rectum a. superior rectal art. ___________________________________ b. middle rectal art. ___________________________________ c. inferior rectal art. ___________________________________ 25. What two (2) structures drain into the ejaculatory duct? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ 26. What glands are embedded in the external urethral sphincter? _____________________________________________________________ 27. Name the four (4) parts of the uterine tube in order from distal to proximal a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ d. ______________________________________________________ 28. What is the name of the large mesentery that extends from the sides of the uterus to the lateral wall and floor of the pelvis? ____________________________________________________________ 29. What are the two (2) main parts of the uterus? a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ 57 30. Into what veins do the right and left ovarian veins commonly drain? a. right ovarian vein __________________________________ b. left ovarian vein __________________________________ 31. Into what veins do the right and left testicular veins drain? a. right testicular vein __________________________________ b. left testicular vein __________________________________ 32. Name the three (3) layers of the uterine wall from deep to superficial. a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ 33. Name the space formed where the peritoneum “folds” from the urinary bladder to the uterus. ______________________________________________________________ 34. Name the space formed where the peritoneum “folds” from the rectum to the uterus. ______________________________________________________________ 35. The perineum is divided into two (2) triangles by a line passing between the right and left ischial tuberosities. What are the names of the two triangles formed by this line? a. anterior triangle ____________________________________ b. posterior triangle ____________________________________ 58 36. What are the boundaries of the deep perineal pouch (space)? a. superior boundary ____________________________________ b. inferior boundary ____________________________________ 37. In the male, what muscle is located in the deep perineal pouch (space)? ______________________________________________________________ 38. In the male, what three (3) muscles are located in the superficial perineal pouch (space)? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ 39. The pudendal canal (Alcock’s canal) is a small neurovascular passageway through which pass the pudendal vessels and nerve. This canal lies on the medial surface of what muscle of the pelvis? ___________________________________________________________ 40. What type of muscle forms the internal anal sphincter? ___________________________________________________________ 41. What type of muscle forms the external anal sphincter? ___________________________________________________________ 42. What anatomical landmark marks the point of anastomosis between blood supply to the anus delivered by the superior rectal artery and the inferior rectal artery? ___________________________________________________________ 59 43. What anatomical landmark marks point of transition between the part of the anus with epithelium derived from endoderm (hindgut) and the part with epithelium derived from ectoderm (proctodeum)? ___________________________________________________________ 44. What is the name of the single (unpaired) cylindrical structure forming part of the shaft of the penis? ___________________________________________________________ 45. What is the name of the paired cylindrical structures forming part of the shaft of the penis? ___________________________________________________________ 46. The skin of the scrotum is innervated by two nerves: the anterior and posterior scrotal nerves. What two (2) nerves contribute to each of these scrotal nerves? anterior scrotal nerve a. ____________________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________________ posterior scrotal nerve c. ____________________________________________________ d. ____________________________________________________ 47. What artery is the origin of branches that supply corpora of the penis? __________________________________________________________ 48. What glands are located on either side of the vestibule of the vagina? __________________________________________________________ 60 49. Name the peritoneal fold that, in the female, extends from the ovary to the fallopian tube. ___________________________________________________________ 50. Not including the femoral artery, what are the two (2) main branches of the external iliac artery? a. ____________________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________________ 51. What are the eleven (11) branches of the internal iliac artery? a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________________ d. _____________________________________________________ e. _____________________________________________________ f. _____________________________________________________ g. _____________________________________________________ h. _____________________________________________________ i. _____________________________________________________ j. (female) ________________________________________ k. (female) ________________________________________ 52. Into what vein do each of the three (3) rectal veins drain? a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________________ 61 53. What are the three (4) parts of the male urethra? a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________________ d. _____________________________________________________ 54. What is the thick external covering of the testes? ___________________________________________________________ 55. What is the dense plexus of veins on the surface of the testes that drains into the testicular vein? ___________________________________________________________ 56. What structure connects the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct? ___________________________________________________________ 57. Wat two (2) muscles lie in the deep perineal space in the male? a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ 58. What nerve innervates the muscles in the deep perineal space? ___________________________________________________________ 59. What structure in the female is the homologue of the male bulbourethral glands? ___________________________________________________________ 60. What nerve provides motor innervation to the external anal sphincter? ___________________________________________________________ 62 9 Head and Face 1. What bones are joined to form the lambda? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ 2. What bones are joined to form the bregma? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ 3. What two (2) bones contribute to the zygomatic arch? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ 4. What four (4) bones contribute to the formation of the pterion? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ d. ______________________________________________________ 5. At approximately what age does the anterior fontanelle become no longer palpable? ____________________________________________________________ 6. What structure divides the intracranial compartment into right and left halves? ____________________________________________________________ 63 7. What structure divides the intracranial compartment into supratentorial and infratentorial compartments? ____________________________________________________________ 8. What are the five (5) layers of the scalp? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ d. ______________________________________________________ e. ______________________________________________________ 9. What branch of the external carotid artery: a. is palpable along the inferior border of the mandible? ______________________________________________________ b. supplies the structure of the tongue? ______________________________________________________ c. is palpable in the temporal fossa? ______________________________________________________ d. supplies part of the thyroid gland? ______________________________________________________ e. enters the pterygopalatine fossa? ______________________________________________________ 10. What artery anastomoses from the front with the intraorbital branches of the ophthalmic artery? ____________________________________________________________ 64 11. What dural venous sinus: a. lies in the superior margin of the falx cerebri? ______________________________________________________ b. lies in the inferior margin of the falx cerebri? ______________________________________________________ c. lies along the petrous ridge? ______________________________________________________ d. lies immediately lateral to the sella turcica? ______________________________________________________ e. at the junction of the falx cerebri and the tentorium cerebelli? ______________________________________________________ 12. Which two (2) dural venous sinuses drain directly into the jugular vein? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ 13. What artery enters the cranial cavity by passing through the foramen magnum? _____________________________________________________________ 14. What artery enters the cranial cavity by passing through the foramen spinosum? _____________________________________________________________ 15. What two (2) arteries are connected by way of the anterior communication artery? a. _______________________________________________________ b. _______________________________________________________ 65 16. What two (2) arteries are connected by way of the posterior communication artery? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ 17. What are the five (5) major intracranial branches of the internal carotid artery? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ d. ______________________________________________________ e. ______________________________________________________ 18. What cranial nerve passes through the parotid gland? ____________________________________________________________ 19. What are the four (4) muscles of mastication? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ d. ______________________________________________________ 66 20. What cranial nerve mediates sensation from the: a. forehead over the eyebrows ______________________________________________________ b. skin over the maxilla ______________________________________________________ c. skin over the mental tubercle ______________________________________________________ 21. What cranial nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland? ____________________________________________________________ a. What is the location of the postganglionic cell body? ______________________________________________________ 22. What cranial nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and submaxillary glands? _____________________________________________________________ a. What is the location of the postganglionic cell body? ______________________________________________________ 23. What cranial nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the lacrimal gland? _____________________________________________________________ a. What is the location of the postganglionic cell body? ______________________________________________________ 67 24. What cranial nerve provides motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression? _____________________________________________________________ 25. What cranial nerve provides motor innervation to the muscles of mastication? _____________________________________________________________ 26. What cranial nerve provides sensory innervation to the face? _____________________________________________________________ a. What branch of this nerve innervates the skin over the eyebrow? ______________________________________________________ 1) Which opening in the middle cranial fossa contains the axons of this nerve branch? ________________________________________________ b. What branch of this nerve innervates the skin over the maxilla? _______________________________________________________ 1) Which opening in the middle cranial fossa contains the axons of this nerve branch? _________________________________________________ c. What branch of this nerve innervates the skin over the mental protuberance? ________________________________________________________ 68  1) Which opening in the middle cranial fossa contains the axons of this nerve branch? _________________________________________________ 27. What foramen transmits the axons of the glossopharyngeal nerve? ______________________________________________________________ 28. What striated (skeletal) muscle is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve? ______________________________________________________________ 29. What special sensory functions are mediated by the glossopharyngeal nerve? a. _______________________________________________________ b. _______________________________________________________ 30. What foramen transmits the axons of the vagus nerve? ______________________________________________________________ 31. What striated muscles are innervated by the vagus nerve? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ 32. What is the effect of the vagus nerve on heart rate? _____________________________________________________________ 33. What is the effect of the vagus nerve on gastric and intestinal motility? _____________________________________________________________ 69 34. What special sensory functions are mediated by the vagus nerve? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ 35. What two foramina transmit the axons of the spinal accessory nerve? a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ 36. What muscles are innervated by the spinal accessory nerve? a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ 37. What foramen transmits the axons of the hypoglossal nerve? ___________________________________________________________ 38. What muscle innervated by the hypoglossal nerve is primarily involved in protrusion of the tongue? ___________________________________________________________ 39. What cranial nerve exits the skull via the stylomastoid foramen? ___________________________________________________________ 40. Through what foramen does the facial nerve enter the skull (exit the posterior cranial fossa)? ___________________________________________________________ 41. Through what foramen does the facial nerve exit the skull? ___________________________________________________________ 70 42. What are the five terminal branches of the facial nerve that emerge from the substance of the parotid gland? a. ____________________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________________ c. ____________________________________________________ d. ____________________________________________________ e. ____________________________________________________ 43. What two (2) nerves form the nerve of the pterygoid canal (Vidian nerve)? a. _____________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________ 44. What cranial nerve gives rise to the chorda tympani? ____________________________________________________________ 45. What cranial nerve gives rise to the greater superficial petrosal nerve? ____________________________________________________________ 46. What cranial nerve gives rise to the tympanic nerve? ____________________________________________________________ 47. What two (2) nerves provide sensory innervation to the meninges surrounding the brain? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ 71 48. Other than the muscles of mastication and the muscles of the scalp, what four (4) skeletal muscles are innervated by the trigeminal nerve? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ d. ______________________________________________________ 49. Other than the muscles of facial expression and the auricular muscles, what three (3) skeletal muscles are innervated by the facial nerve? a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. _______________