Anatomical terminology .pdf

27/09/23 Introduction to anatomy: anatomical terminology Learning objective: de ne and demonstrate the major terms of anatomical terminology as it relates to the body. These are split into 5 different sections: Anatomical position Anatomical planes Body regions Directions and movements Descriptive t...

27/09/23 Introduction to anatomy: anatomical terminology Learning objective: de ne and demonstrate the major terms of anatomical terminology as it relates to the body. These are split into 5 different sections: Anatomical position Anatomical planes Body regions Directions and movements Descriptive terms always assume this position Anatomical position: The standard reference position of the body. Main features include: neutral face, arms by side, palms facing out, Feet close together, ngers extended and toes facing for ward. Anatomical planes: There are 3 anatomical planes. They are Sagittal, coronal and axial. Sagittal divides the body into left and right. Coronal divides the body into front and back. Axial divides it into top and bottom. Axial is also known as transverse plane. We have many of these planes. For example, we can have an axial plane at the trunk of the body or at the head. Both are axial but at different positions. The median/ midsagittal plane goes through the centre of the body and divides it into equal right and left sides. There is only one median plane. Sagittal plane is any plane that runs through the body parallel to the median plane. Body positions: and head neck thorax trunk Arm Forearm upper pelvis limb Hand thigh Leg root lower Abdomen limb Body regions: Cranial cavity includes Brain. Vertebral cavity includes spinal cord. Directional terms: Anterior is front. Posterior is back. d these d Ventral is front. Dorsal is back. used interchangably Example of when these terms would be used. The nose is anterior/ventral to the ear. Superior is top. Inferior is bottom. these d N Cranial/rostral is top. Caudal is bottom. used interchangably Example, head is superior to the neck. Medial is closer to the median plane. Lateral is further away from this plane. Proximal is closer to the trunk or origin. Distal is further away from trunk or origin. Example when proximal and distal used. Shoulder joint is proximal to the elbow and hand is distal to the forearm. Superficial if skin muscle Deep Other positions. The palm is known as the palmar and the back of the hand is called the dorsum. The plantar is the surface on the foot that will touch the oor and other side is called the dorsum. Quiz question: A coronal plane separates the front and back. Quiz question: The skull is deep to the scalp, and super cial to the brain. Quiz question: The lips are inferior to the nose. Movements: Shoulder Bringing arm up in front is exion and bringing it up behind is extension. Abduction is moving arm away from the median plane/ midline. Adduction is bringing arm in towards the midline. Lateral rotation is bringing bent arm away from midline. Medial rotation is brining it towards the midline. Circumduction is exion, abduction, extension and then adduction. FA Ad Elbow and forearm Flexion brings arm up (bending up). Extension straightens arm down. Radius vina R R L pronation Palm anterior R L L supination Palmposterior Distal part of the radius overlaps with the distal part of the ulna. Wrist Flexion is moving palm towards wrist inner wrist Extension is moving palm away from wrist inner wrist Abduction is moving thumb away from midline in anatomical position. Adduction is moving it towards the midline is anatomical position. radial deviation una deviation Digits Flexion is bending ngers down. Extension is bringing them back up/ straightening them. Abduction is moving ngers away from centre of hand (spreading ngers) Adduction is bringing them back in. Opposition is touching thumb to other digits. Adduction Abduction Hips Flexion kicking leg up. Medial rotation bringing foot in. Extension is bringing leg behind. Lateral rotation bringing foot out. Abduction bringing leg out to the side. Adduction bringing leg back in. Knee and foot Flexion bringing heel towards bum. Extension brining back down. Dorsi exion brings dorsum up and plantar exion brings plantar down. Inversion is moving soul of foot towards midline. Eversion moves soul away from midline, so moves it laterally. Jaw Elevation of mandible. Basically brings the jaw up and depression of mandible brings the jaw down. Protraction of the mandible brings the jaw out and retraction, brings the jaw back in. Descriptive terms: Latin and Greek origins. Eponyms are objects that are named after people. I.e, bundle of his.