03Basic Anatomical Terminology.pdf

BASIC ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY The Language of Anatomy  A Goals for Learning N A...

BASIC ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY The Language of Anatomy  A Goals for Learning N A T Describe a person in the anatomical position. O Define the directional terms for the human body and use them to M Y locate specific body structures. Know the terms for the parts and regions of the body. a n Name and describe the three major planes of the body. d Name and describe the three major ways to cut an organ. P H Describe the major trunk cavities and their divisions. Y Locate organs in their specific cavity, abdominal quadrant, or S I region. O Describe the serous membranes, their locations, and their L O functions. G Y Prepared by: NELLY JR. C. FREYRA-OMBAO, RN, MAN  The Language of Anatomy A N A T Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding O M Y Exact terms are used for a n  Position d  Direction P  Regions H Y  Structures S I O L O G Y Prepared by: NELLY JR. C. FREYRA-OMBAO, RN, MAN Anatomical position 4  A ANATOMICAL POSITION N A T O M The subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head Y level and the eyes facing directly forward. a n d The lower limbs are parallel and the feet are flat on the floor P H and directed forward Y S I O The upper limbs are at the sides with the palms turned forward. L O G Y Prepared by: NELLY JR. C. FREYRA-OMBAO, RN, MAN 5 7 NOTE: Descriptions of any region or part of the human body assume that it is in a standard position of reference called the ANATOMICAL POSITION 7 Description of a Reclining Body DIRECTIONAL TERMS 10  Directional Terms A N A T Superior: above (also: cranial O M or cephalad) Y a superior n Inferior: below (also: caudal) inferior d P H Y S I O L O G Y Prepared by: NELLY JR. C. FREYRA-OMBAO, RN, MAN  Directional Terms 1 A N A T Anterior: front (also: ventral) O M posterior belly anterior Y Posterior: back (also: dorsal) a n That which follows d P Note: In four-legged animals, H the terms ventral (belly) and Y S dorsal (back) correspond to I O anterior and posterior in L O humans G Y Prepared by: NELLY JR. C. FREYRA-OMBAO, RN, MAN  Directional Terms A N A T Medial: close to midline O mediaal M intermediate Y Lateral: away from midline a lateral n d P Intermediate: in between H Y S I O L O G Y Prepared by: NELLY JR. C. FREYRA-OMBAO, RN, MAN A N A T O M Y a n d P H Y S I O L O G Y  Directional Terms A N A T Ipsilateral  on the same side of the body a O M Y as another structure. a n ipsilateral d Contralateral P  on the opposite side of the H body from another structure. contralateral Y S I O d L O G Y Prepared by: NELLY JR. C. FREYRA-OMBAO, RN, MAN  Directional Terms A N A T O proximal M Proximal Y  close to point of attachment a n d proximal Distal P H  far from point of attachment distal Y S I O L O G distal Y Prepared by: NELLY JR. C. FREYRA-OMBAO, RN, MAN  Directional Terms A N A T O M Superficial: structure close to superficial Y the surface a n d Deep: structure toward the P H interior of the body deep Y S I O L O G Y Prepared by: NELLY JR. C. FREYRA-OMBAO, RN, MAN Prepared by: NELLY JR. C. FREYRA-OMBAO, RN, MAN ©Eric Wise REGIONAL LANDMARKS 19  Body Regions A N A T Extremities O M  Upper limbs: Y oupper arm, forearm, wrist, hand a  Lower limbs: n othigh, lower leg, ankle, foot d P H Axial or central region: Y S  Head I O  Neck L  Trunk O G Y Prepared by: NELLY JR. C. FREYRA-OMBAO, RN, MAN ANTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS 21  Prepared by: NELLY JR. C. FREYRA-OMBAO, RN, MAN ©Eric Wise  A Anterior HEAD AND NECK N A T Frontal - forehead O M Y Orbital – eye area a n d P Nasal - nose H Y S I Oral - mouth O L O G Y Prepared by: NELLY JR. C. FREYRA-OMBAO, RN, MAN  A Anterior HEAD AND NECK N A T Otic - ear O M Y Buccal- cheek a n d P Mental - chin H Y S I Cervical - neck O L O G Y Prepared by: NELLY JR. C. FREYRA-OMBAO, RN, MAN  A N A T O frontal M Y orbital a otic nasal n d buccal oral P H cervical mental Y S I O L O G Y  A Anterior Trunk N A T Clavicular – collarbone O M Y Thoracic - area between the neck and abdomen, supported by the a ribs, sternum and costal cartilages; chest n d P Pectoral - relating to, or occurring in or on, the chest H Y S I Sternal – breastbone O L O Mammary - breasts G Y Prepared by: NELLY JR. C. FREYRA-OMBAO, RN, MAN  A clavicular N A thoracic T O M pectoral Y sternal a n d mammary P H Y S I O L O G Y  A Anterior Trunk N A T Abdomen O M Abdominal Y Umbilical - navel a n d Pelvis P H Pelvic – area overlying the pelvis Y Inguinal - groin S I Pubic – genital region O L O G Y Prepared by: NELLY JR. C. FREYRA-OMBAO, RN, MAN  A N A T O M Y abdominal a n d umbilical P H Y S I O L O G Y  A N A T O M Y a n d P pelvic H Y inguinal S I O pubic L O G Y  A Anterior Upper Limb N A T Axillary – armpit O M Acromial – point of shoulder* Y Deltoid – curve of shoulder* a n Brachial – upper arm d Antecubital – front of elbow P H Antebrachial – forearm Y S Carpal – wrist I O Palmar – palm L O Digital – fingers G Y Prepared by: NELLY JR. C. FREYRA-OMBAO, RN, MAN 31  A acromial N A deltoid T O brachial M Y axillary antecubital a n d antebrachial P H carpal Y S palmar manus I O digital L O G Y  A Anterior Lower Limb N A T Coxal – hip O M Femoral – thigh Y Patellar – knee a n Tibial/crural – anterior surface of leg d P Fibular – lateral surface of leg H Y Tarsal – ankle S I Dorsum – top of foot O pedal (foot) L Digital - toes O G Y Prepared by: NELLY JR. C. FREYRA-OMBAO, RN, MAN 33  coxal A N A T femoral O M Y a patellar n d fibular P H crural Y S tarsal I O dorsum L O digital G Y  Cephalic Frontal Orbital Upper limb A Acromial Nasal N Buccal Deltoid Oral Brachial (arm) A Mental Antecubital T Cervical O Thoracic Sternal Antebrachial M (forearm) Axillary Y Carpal (wrist) Abdominal Umbilical Pelvic Manus (hand) a Inguinal Digital n (groin) d Lower limb Coxal (hip) P Pubic (genital) Femoral (thigh) H Patellar Y Crural (leg) S I KEY: Fibular O Thorax Pedal (foot) L Abdomen Tarsal (ankle) O Back (Dorsum) G Digital Y POSTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS 36 A N A T O M Y a n d P H Y S I O L O G Y A N A T O M Y a n d P H Y S I O L O G Y  A Posterior Head and Neck N A T Cranial (skull) O M Y Occipital (base of skull) a n d P Nuchal (back of neck) H Y S I O L O G Y Prepared by: NELLY JR. C. FREYRA-OMBAO, RN, MAN 39  A N A T O M Y cranial a occipital n d nuchal P H Y S I O L O G Y  A Posterior trunk N A T Dorsal - back O Scapular – shoulder blade M Y Vertebral - spine a Lumbar – loin n d Sacral – area between hips at the base of the spine P H Y S Gluteal - buttocks I O L O Perineal – area between anus and scrotum/vagina G Y Prepared by: NELLY JR. C. FREYRA-OMBAO, RN, MAN 41  A scapular N A T O M vertebral Y a n sacral d P lumbar H Y gluteal S I O L O perineal G Y  A N A T O M Y a n vestibule d perineum P H Y S I O L O G Y  A Posterior Upper Limb N A T O M Acromial – point of shoulder Y a n Deltoid – curve of shoulder d P H Y Olecranal – posterior surface of elbow S I O L O G Y Prepared by: NELLY JR. C. FREYRA-OMBAO, RN, MAN 44  A acromial N A T O M Y deltoid a n d olecranal P H Y S I O L O G Y  A Posterior Lower Limb N A T Popliteal – hollow behind the knee O M Y Sural – calf a n d Tarsal – ankle P H Y S Calcaneal – heel I O L O Plantar – sole of the foot G Y Prepared by: NELLY JR. C. FREYRA-OMBAO, RN, MAN 46  A N A T O popliteal M Y a tarsal n d P H Y sural S I O L calcaneal O G Y  A N A T O M Y a n d P H Y plantar S I O L O G Y Table 1.1  Cephalic Upper limb Occipital (back Acromial of head) A Cervical N Brachial (arm) A T Olecranal Back (dorsal) Antebrachial Scapular O (forearm) M Vertebral Y Lumbar Sacral Manus (hand) a Digital Gluteal n d Femoral (thigh) P H Popliteal Y S Sural (calf) Fibular I O Pedal (foot) L Calcaneal O G Plantar (b) Posterior/Dorsal Y Figure 1.5b BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS 50  Body Planes A N A T Sagittal plane O  separates the body into right and left parts M Y Median plane  a sagittal plane along the midline that a divides body into equal left and right n halves (midsagittal section) d Transverse plane P  a horizontal plane that separates the body H into superior and inferior parts. (cross- Y S section) I Frontal plane O L  a vertical plane that separates the body O into anterior and posterior parts. (coronal G section) Y Prepared by: NELLY JR. C. FREYRA-OMBAO, RN, MAN  A Planes of Section Through an Organ N A T O M Y a n d P H Y S I O L O G Y Figure 1.12 Prepared by: NELLY JR. C. FREYRA-OMBAO, RN, MAN A N A T O M Y a n d P H Y S I O L O G Y A N A T O M Y a n d P H Y S I O L O G Y A N A T O M Y a n d P H Y S I O L O G Y (a) Median (midsagittal) (b) Frontal (coronal) plane (c) Transverse plane Vertebral Right Left Spinal column lung Heart lung Liver Aorta cord Spleen Rectum Intestines Liver Stomach Spleen Subcutaneous Stomach fat layer BODY CAVITIES 60  A Body Cavities N A T Dorsal body cavity O M Cranial cavity houses the brain Y Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord a n d Ventral body cavity P Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs, and others H Y Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive system and most urinary S system organs I O L O G Y Prepared by: NELLY JR. C. FREYRA-OMBAO, RN, MAN  Cranial cavity A N A T O M Y Thoracic cavity a Diaphragm n d Spinal cavity P Abdominal H cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Y S I Pelvic O cavity L KEY: O G Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Y  Ventral Body Cavities A N A T Thoracic cavity: O M  space within chest wall and Y diaphragm a  contains heart, lungs, thymus gland, n esophagus, trachea d  Mediastinum: P ospace between lungs H Y ocontains heart, thymus gland, esophagus, S trachea I O L O G Y Prepared by: NELLY JR. C. FREYRA-OMBAO, RN, MAN  Ventral Body Cavities A N A T Abdominal cavity O  space between diaphragm and M Y pelvis  contains stomach, intestines, liver, a n spleen, pancreas, kidneys d P Pelvic cavity H Y  space within pelvis S  contains urinary bladder, I O reproductive organs, part of large L intestine O G Y Prepared by: NELLY JR. C. FREYRA-OMBAO, RN, MAN SUBDIVISIONS OF THE ABDOMEN 65  Subdivisions of the Abdomen A N A T O M Y a n d P H Y S I O L O G Y Prepared by: NELLY JR. C. FREYRA-OMBAO, RN, MAN  ABDOMINAL QUADRANTS A N A T O M Y a n d Right upper P Left upper H quadrant quadrant Y (RUQ) (LUQ) S I O Right lower Left lower L quadrant quadrant O (RLQ) (LLQ) G Y Prepared by: NELLY JR. C. FREYRA-OMBAO, RN, MAN ABDOMINAL REGIONS Diaphragm Liver Stomach Right Left Transverse hypo- hypo- Gallbladder Epigastric colon of large chondriac chondriac intestine region region region Ascending colon of large Descending Right Left intestine colon of large lumbar Umbilical lumbar intestine region region region Small intestine Initial part of Cecum sigmoid colon Right iliac Hypogastric Left iliac (inguinal) (pubic) (inguinal) Appendix region region region Urinary bladder (a) Nine regions delineated by four planes (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs