Human Organism Anatomy & Physiology Notes PDF

Week #1 :The Human Organism Anatomy investigates body structure the term means to dissect Systemic ANATOMY is the study of the body by systems, such as the cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal, and musc...

Week #1 :The Human Organism Anatomy investigates body structure the term means to dissect Systemic ANATOMY is the study of the body by systems, such as the cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems. regional anatomy is the study of the organization of the body by areas Surface anatomy study of external features Anatomical Imaging to create pictures of internal structures ( x-ray, mri, ultrasound ) Physiology ' investigates processes and functions Systemic physiology studies body organ systems Cellular physiology studies body cells Importance of anatomy and physiology responds to stimuli environmental changes environmental cues diseases injury  Week #1 :The Human Organism Structural Organization cellular epithelial - refers to the sheets of cells (lines smallest level an organ) involves how atoms, such basic unit of life connective - binds the cells and organs of the as hydrogen and carbon, organelles - little organs body together and functions e.g tendon ligaments interact and combine into muscular - responding to stimulation and molecules. contracting to provide movement (e.g smooth cells Z muscles - lines internal organs), cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle nervous - allowing the propagation of electrochemical signals (neurons) is composed of two a group of organs that or more tissue types together perform a common all organ systems that together function or set of functions working together perform one or more common functions. Week #1 :The Human Organism major organs of the system body Week #1 :The Human Organism Week #1 :The Human Organism  Week #1 :The Human Organism characteristics of life 1. Organization refers to the specific interrelationships among the individual parts of an organism, and how those parts interact to perform specific functions. 2. Metabolism (meh-TAB-oh-lizm) is the ability to use energy to perform other vital functions, such as growth, movement, and reproduction. 3. Responsiveness is an organism’s ability to sense changes in the external or internal environment and adjust to those changes. 4. Growth refers to an increase in the size or number of cells, which produces an is the maintenance of a relatively constant environment overall enlargement in all or part of an within the body organism, cell size, or the amount of substance any self-regulating process by which biological systems surrounding cells. tend to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that 5. Development includes the changes are optimal for survival. an organism undergoes through time, beginning maintenance of constant internal environment despite with fertilization and ending at death. fluctuations in the external or internal environment 6. Reproduction is the formation of new cells or new organisms. examples variables measure of body properties that may change, their values are not constant normal range normal extent of increase or decrease around a set point body temperature heart rate blood presure (36-38) set point negative feedback normal , or average value of a is one of the mechanisms by which homeostasis variable (average point) is maintained.  Week #1 :The Human Organism components of feedback receptor control center stimulus detect changes in variable receives receptor signal changed variable monitor body temperature establishes set point it initiates a homeostatic sends signal to effector mechanism effector directly cause can adjust the value of the variable when directed by the control center negative feedback control of body temperature Most systems of the body are regulated by negative-feedback mechanisms which maintain homeostasis.  Week #1 :The Human Organism positive feedback system response causes progressive deviation away from set point, outside of normal range occur when a response to the not directly used for homeostasis original stimulus results in the some positive feedback occurs under normal conditions example: deviation from the set point childbirth becoming even greater. generally associated with injury, disease negative feedback mechanisms unable to maintain homeostasis terminology and the body plan Anatomical Position Supine Position refers to a person standing upright with the face directed forward, the when lying face upward and prone when upper limbs hanging to the lying face downward. sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward someone in the supine position is lying on someone in the prone his or her back. position is lying face down. directional terms SUPERIOR above INFERIOR below ANTERIOR front (also; ventral) POSTERIOR back (also; dorsal) note: in four legged- animals the terms VENTRAL (belly) and DORSAL (back) correspond to anterior and posterior in humans to MEDIAL close to midline LATERAL away from midline PROXIMAL close to the point of attachment DISTAL far from the point of Pr attachment SUPERFICIAL structure close to the surface DEEP structure toward the interior of the body  Week #1 :The Human Organism Body Regions upper arm Upper fore arm limb wrist hand thigh lower lower leg limbs ankle foot Week #1 :The Human Organism central region head trunk neck thorax pelvis heart abdomen lungs bladder reproductive liver stomach organs intestines abdomen quadrants right left upper lower quadrant quadrant liver left right left ureter, stomach upper lower reproductiv gallbladder quadrant quarant e organs duodenum liver appendix, right kidney stomach reproductive pancreas pancreas organs NOTE: All four quadrants right adrenal gland left kidney right ureter contain portions of the small spleen and large intestines. left adrenal gland  Week #1 :The Human Organism 9 Regions of the Abdomen Right Hypochondriac Region liver gallbladder right kidney portions of the small and large intestine Epigastric Region: liver stomach pancreas duodenum spleen adrenal glands. Left Hypochondriac Region: spleen large/small intestines left kidney pancreas stomach Left Lumbar Region: Right Iliac Region: Hypogastric Region: appendix bladder tip of the liver descending colon Right Lumbar Region: small intestine cecum portions of the sigmoid portions of the ascending colon left kidney ascending colon colon small intestine small intestine. small intestine Left Iliac Region: right kidney reproductive organs in this sigmoid colon Umbilical Region: region duodenum descending colon small intestine in this region. small intestine transverse colon  Week #1 :The Human Organism a fluid-filled space inside the Body Cavities body that holds and protects internal organs ventral cavity dorsal cavity major human body cavity at the major human body cavity that anterior (front) of the trunk that includes the head and the posterior contains such organs as the lungs, (back) of the trunk and holds the brain heart, stomach, intestines, and and spinal cord. internal reproductive organs. thoracic cavity: abdominopelvic body cavity in the cavity: cranial cavity: spinal cavity: chest that holds the body cavity that fills A cavity that fills very long, narrow lungs and heart. the lower half of most of the cavity inside the mediastinum: the trunk and holds upper part of vertebral column. space between the kidneys and the the skull and It runs the length lungs it contains digestive and contains the of the trunk and the heart, thymus reproductive organs. brain. contains the spinal gland, esophagus, cord. trachea serous membranes line trunk cavities, cover organs cavity visceral serous parietal membrane serous — a fluid-filled — covers organs membrane space between the — the outer membranes membrane Week #1 :The Human Organism Pericdium and Pericdial Cavity Pericdium visceralpericardium — covers heart parietalpericardium — thick, fibrous pericardialcavity — reduces friction Pleura and Pleural Cavity Pleura visceralpleura — covers lungs parietalpleura — lines inner wall of thorax pleuralcavity — reduces friction and adheres lungs to thoracic wall Pleura and Pleural Cavity Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity Peritoneum visceralperitoneum — covers, anchors organs — double layers called mesenteries parietalperitoneum — lines inner wall of abdominopelvic cavity peritonealcavity — reduces friction  Week #1 :The Human Organism additional notes: largest endocrine — liver fever skin - for protection, production of vitamin D phyrexia — medical term outer layer — epidermis phyrogen — fever causing substance epithelium — protection, secretion, absorption, anti phyretic — medicine for fever excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory hemoglobin reception. oxygen stratified squamous — many layer of flat cells body temp. keratinized muscle contracting gives heat dermis (dense collagenous connective tissue) — connective tissue that contains collagen it is homeostasis feedbacks positive — (harmful) flexible but not elastic — it is a vicious cycle a type of feedback stretchmarks — ruptured collagen (cause: loop that describes a process in which a sudden growth spurt) particular behavior or characteristic vitamin d becomes worse over time. — it will be only activated by uv rays negative (main) — precursor molecules — most of our body system — activated by liver — vitamin d3 — active form receptor (hypothalamus) erythropoietin — receives stimulus control center (hypothalamus) vasodilation — a hormone that causes your body to make red — receives the signal sweating blood cells anterior for heat panthing homeostasis hypothalamus hypothalamus (hingal) — maintenance of balance posterior — “homeo” balance uhaw, gutom neurohypothesis vasoconstriction sympathetic nervous system shivering — best known for its role in responding to piloerection dangerous or stressful situations heart rate — 60 up to 90 to 100 beats per second tachycardia — more than 100 radicardia — below 69 blood pressure normal — 90/60mmHg and 120/80mmHg high — 140/90mmHg or higher low — 90/60mmHg respiratory rate normal — 12 to 18 breaths per minute tachypnea — more than 20 breaths per minute bradypnea — below 12 breaths per minute for more than 2 minutes