Chapter 1 - Anatomy and Physiology PDF

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY PARA 1000 K. LOYNACHAN  Anatomy: the study of normal structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology: the study of normal function of the body and its parts Structure determines Function GROSS ANATOMY Large struct...

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY PARA 1000 K. LOYNACHAN  Anatomy: the study of normal structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology: the study of normal function of the body and its parts Structure determines Function GROSS ANATOMY Large structures Easily observable i.e., bones, muscles, heart MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY Body structures too small to see with the naked eye Microscope required i.e. cells, tissue features BODY SYSTEMS Integumentary Lymphatic Skeletal Respiratory Muscular Digestive Nervous Urinary Endocrine Reproductive Cardiovascular  ANATOMICAL POSITION Regional terms and landmarks THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY Medical Terminology ANATOMY SPEAK Superior (cranial) Inferior (caudal) Anterior (ventral) Posterior (dorsal) ANATOMY SPEAK Medial Lateral Proximal Distal: ANATOMY SPEAK Intermediate Superficial (external) Deep (internal)  PLANES AND SECTIONS PLANE: imaginary flat plate or line SECTION: slice or cut When made through an organ or wall is called Plane (imaginary line that divides the Structure) When do we use and see these with respect to the human body? PLANES Horizontal (Transverse) : cross section Superior and inferior portions Sagittal (Mid-sagittal, Median) Left and Right Sections Coronal (Frontal) Anterior and posterior planes  BODY CAVITIES Body Cavities Dorsal Ventral Cavity Cavity  Body Cavities Figure 1.7 SLIDE 1.27  Dorsal Cavity Cranial Spinal Cavity Cavity  Ventral Thoracic Abdominopelvic Abdominal Pelvic  Cavities Dorsal Ventral Cranial Spinal Thoracic Abdominopelvic Pericardial Abdominal Pleural Pelvic OTHER SMALLER BODY CAVITIES: Oral Mediastinum Digestive Nasal Orbital Middle Ear Abdominopelvic Quadrants Figure 1.8a SLIDE 1.28  Peritoneal A double layered membrane that stretches across the STRUCTURES abdomen and pelvis and WITHIN covers many organs for EACH support and Protection QUADRANT Retroperitoneal Area (potential space) behind the peritoneum. STRUCTURES WITHIN EACH QUADRANT Right Upper Left Upper Liver, Gall bladder, Part Stomach, spleen, part of of pancreas & stomach, liver, upper colon upper colon Right Lower Left Lower Small Intestine, Small intestine, Appendix, Ascending descending & sigmoid colon, Part bladder, colon, part bladder, reproductive organs reproductive organs Abdominopelvic Regions Figure 1.8b SLIDE 1.29  Major Organs Figure 1.8c SLIDE 1.30 LET’S BEGIN…  Water 60–80% of body weight Provides medium for metabolic reactions, secretions and excretions WHAT 5 Stable body temperature Ideal metabolic reaction rates THINGS Appropriate atmospheric pressure DO WE Oxygen and gas exchange relies on it NEED TO Nutrients (food) SURVIVE? Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen Required for chemical reactions (fuel)  8 Necessary Life Functions Maintain Boundaries Keep items in correct location (blood) Movement Locomotion Movement of substances Responsiveness Ability to sense changes and react SLIDE 1.15  8 Necessary Life Functions Digestion Break-down and delivery of nutrients Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body Production of energy Making body structures Excretion Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions SLIDE 1.16A  8 Necessary Life Functions Reproduction Production of future generation Growth Increasing of cell size and number Repair SLIDE 1.16B  HOMEOSTASIS An ideal internal state the body aims to achieve The body’s effort and ability to maintain optimal functional level in a dynamic system “the body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions…” (p18, Marieb, E.) Examples of when homeostasis is not being met? MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS Communication within the body, between structures is vital for survival The body communicates primarily through neural and hormonal control systems MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS Receptor Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) Sends information to control center Control center Determines set point Analyzes information Determines appropriate response Effector Provides a means for response to the stimulus  “CYBERNETICS” the study of control of communication feedback Input Output (stressor) (reaction) Control Center  There are two possible results from the feedback sent from the Control Center: Depress (decrease) the stimulus/reaction Negative Feedback Enhance (increase) the stimulus/reaction Positive Feedback  NEGATIVE FEEDBACK Most common regulation method Brings about a response opposite to the initial input (stress) thereby reducing the stress i.e. Temperature regulation Winter Cold SHIVER Warmer body body  FuseSchool video – Homeostasis Cognito video – Homeostasis Dr Mike video - Homeostasis 1 Dr Mike video - Homeostasis 2  POSITIVE FEEDBACK Response is in the same direction as the initial input – response is maximized Less common More difficult to control Goes to completion i.e. Birthing Process  STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION Chemical Level Building blocks ( DNA, carbs, proteins) Cellular Level The basic unit of life Tissue Level Organized group of cells performing the same function Organ Level Groups of tissues working for the same outcome System Level ? Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1