ANA101 Lecture Finals (Lymphatic System) PDF

ANA101 | LECTURE | FINALS health and the body's defense mechanisms against INTRODUCTION (LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) diseases and infections. LYMPHATIC...

ANA101 | LECTURE | FINALS health and the body's defense mechanisms against INTRODUCTION (LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) diseases and infections. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM The lymphatic system is a vital and often overlooked component of the human body, serving as a critical part Through Lymphatic vessels and Capillaries: of the immune system and essential for maintaining - The lymphatic system carries a fluid called overall health. lymph. Comprising a network of lymphatic vessels, lymph Both systems use a network of lymphatic capillaries and nodes, and various lymphoid organs, this system plays lymphatics, which transport essential fluids throughout a crucial role in filtering harmful substances, fighting the body. infections, and facilitating fluid balance within the body. Eventually, this lymph returns to the blood from where it OTHER FUNCTIONS came. Our lymphatic system is crucial to our ability to control - Lymphatic vessels transport lymph, a clear fluid and eradicate a vast number of bacteria that can infect containing immune cells, throughout the body. our bodies and lead to sickness and even death in - collecting excess fluid and waste products from tissues addition to fluid regulation. - and returning them to the bloodstream. - Lymph nodes, small bean-shaped structures distributed The lymphatic system consists of organs: along the lymphatic vessels, - lymph channels, - act as filters, trapping and removing pathogens, bacteria, - and lymph nodes. and other foreign particles to activate the body's immune - The spleen, response. - thymus gland, - vermiform appendix, and OTHER ORGANS - Peyer's patches are the organs. Two Distinct Components: - The lymphatic system also includes key organs such as 1. Lymphatic vessel network that is rambling. the spleen, thymus gland, tonsils, and adenoids, each 2. There are several lymphoid organs and contributing to specific immune functions. tissues dispersed throughout the body. The spleen - Fluids that have escaped from the blood vascular filters blood , system are returned to the blood by the removes damaged blood cells, and lymphatic vessels. stores platelets, - Phagocytic cells and lymphocytes The Thymus gland Lymphoid Organs: - plays a crucial role in the development and - The immune system includes it. Additionally, it maturation of T-cells, essential immune cells helps the body absorb fats and nutrients with a that help protect against infections. high fat content. - Involves a vast network of vessels that traverses NOTE nearly all of our tissues in order to permit the circulation of a fluid known as lymph. - This intricate network of lymphatic vessels and organs works tirelessly. Example : Person AA - to defend the body from harmful invaders, - Anyone with swollen glands ought to visit a - maintaining a delicate balance between immunity and physician. fluid regulation. - if the swelling persists, - Understanding the lymphatic system's functions and - if nodes are stiff, rubbery, or challenging to importance can provide valuable insights into human move. - If you have a fever, ANA101 | LECTURE | FINALS - Visit a doctor if your lymph nodes continue to - Unaccounted-for weight loss, or swell, if your skin feels hard and rubbery, or if - Problems with breathing or swallowing. you have other symptoms. Major Functions: Lymph Nodes ANATOMY OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM - Guards the body from foreign objects. - Aids in blood flow between cells and the body's Lymphatic System fluid balance, or homeostasis - Is made up of tissues such as lymph nodes, ducts, - Aids in the digestive system's ability to absorb and vessels. fats and nutrients that are fat-soluble. - Every day, the cardiovascular system leaks about - The system has unique, tiny vessels known as 2 liters of fluid into bodily tissues. lacteals. These allow it to absorb fats and - These fluids, or lymph, are collected by a nutrients from the intestines that are fat-soluble. network of vessels. - They work with the capillaries in the small - Blood plasma is the source of lymph, a intestine's folded surface membrane. transparent fluid. THE TWO SEMI-INDEPENDENT PARTS OF The Lymph Vessels THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM - Create a branching network that reaches the majority of the body's tissues. - They function in a manner similar to that of Lymphatic Vessels blood vessels. - Return fluids to the blood that have escaped - In order to return fluid from the tissues, the from the blood vascular system. lymph vessels collaborate with the veins. - Its job is to collect extra tissue fluid, also known - When we utilize our muscles, unlike blood, the as lymph, which is clear water, and transfer it lymphatic fluid is squeezed through the vessels back to the bloodstream. rather than pumped. - Referred to as lymphatics, this system only - The characteristics of the valves and the wall of allows lymph to travel in one direction—toward the lymph vessel aid in regulating the flow of the heart. lymph. However, lymphatic tubes have valves inside them, just like veins, to prevent fluid from Lymphoid Tissues and Organs going backward. - Phagocytic cells and lymphocytes, which are - Lymph crucial for the body's defense and disease Drained progressively towards larger vessels until resistance, are housed in the lymphoid organs. it reaches the two main channels, like the - It also has a significant impact on the lymphatic ducts in our trunk. immunological system, fluid balance, and fat and fat-soluble nutrition absorption. The Lymph Nodes - As lymph veins remove fluid from body tissues, - Lymph nodes are a juncture where vessels foreign substances can be transported to lymph branch. nodes where immune system cells can analyze - Despite frequently being called "glands," these them. structures are not real glands because they are not a member of the endocrine system. FACTS ABOUT LYMPHATIC SYSTEM - Immune cells scan the body for alien substances like bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Swollen Nodes - The body's tissues include more than only - In reaction to infection, the lymph nodes lymphatic tissues. Including: expand as a result of an accumulation of lymph The tonsils fluid, bacteria, or other organisms, as well as Spleen immune system cells. Thymus glands are also lymphatic tissues. - Lymphadenitis, a condition in which lymph nodes get infected, is another possibility. ANA101 | LECTURE | FINALS - MALT guards against foreign invaders' relentless The Tonsils assault on the upper respiratory and digestive - Situated in the mouth's rear. systems. - Create antibodies and lymphocytes, a subset of white blood cells. MAJOR FUNCTIONS - They are in an advantageous position, dangling from a ring that forms the intersection of the Fluid Balance mouth and throat. - Preserves fluid equilibrium. - Allows them to defend against swallowed and - It returns extra fluid and proteins from the inhaled foreign objects. tissues that the blood vessels are unable to return. - Tonsillitis affects the tissues in the tonsils. - The fluid, often referred to as interstitial fluid, is - Inflammation of the tonsils found in cavities and tissue gaps around cells. - The tiniest blood and lymph capillaries can The Spleen access these. - Although it is a lymphoid tissue, it is not - The venous capillaries and veins return around similarly related to the lymphatic system as 90% of the plasma from arterial blood capillaries lymph nodes are. that enter tissues. - This contributes to the creation of white blood - The lymphatics empty the final 10% back into cells, which are a component of the immune the body. system. - About 2 to 3 liters are returned daily. Large - Its primary function is to filter the blood, proteins in this fluid prevent them from traveling removing bacteria as well as old, damaged red through blood arteries. blood cells and platelets. Absorption The Thymus Gland - The lymphatic system has specially modified a - An endocrine gland and lymphatic organ located portion of the gut membrane in the small behind the sternum. intestine to receive the majority of the fats - It secretes hormones and plays a key role in absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. immunological T cell development, maturation, - The microscopic lacteal cells that are a and differentiation. component of the villi in this area of the - It participates in the immune system's intestine. development from conception through - The microscopic folds in the gut's absorbent childhood. surface, known as the villi, produce these projecting projections that resemble fingers. The Bone Marrow - By absorbing lipids and fat-soluble vitamins, - Because the B cell lymphocytes of the immune lacteals create chyle, a milky-white fluid. system develop here, it is thought to be a - Emulsified fats, or free fatty acids, and lymph are component of the lymphatic system. both present in this fluid. When it enters the venous blood circulation, it indirectly distributes Liver of a Fetus nutrients. - Because it aids in the formation of lymphocytes, - Blood capillaries directly absorb other nutrients. a fetus' liver is viewed as a component of the lymphatic system throughout gestation. Immune System - Protect the body from harmful organisms; Peyer’s Patches without this, an illness would kill us very quickly. - Look like tonsils present in the small intestine's - Our bodies are continually exposed to microbes wall. that could be dangerous, - Peyer's patches' macrophages are perfectly - including diseases. situated to seize and eliminate germs. - The initial line of defense for the body consists - The Peyer's patches and tonsils are a subset of the of: Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue Natural barriers like the skin. (MALT), a group of the tiny lymphoid tissues. Toxic defenses, such as the stomach's acidic contents. "Friendly" microorganisms in the body. ANA101 | LECTURE | FINALS The Alimentary Canal - Nevertheless, despite these protections, viruses frequently manage to infiltrate the body. Performs the whole menu of digestive functions: - In this instance, our immune system can react Ingestion appropriately thanks to the lymphatic system. Digestion - These microorganisms, or pathogens, can be Absorption dangerous and even lethal if the immune system Defecation is unable to combat them. The Accessory Organs assist the process of digestive Waste Removal breakdown in various ways: - Lymph nodes filter lymph to remove foreign Teeth particles, pathogens, and cellular debris. This Tongue, and process helps to cleanse the lymph before it is Several large digestive glands returned to the bloodstream. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: AN OVERVIEW SUMMARY What is Digestion? The lymphatic system is a crucial part of the body's Food and drink must be changed into smaller molecules circulatory and immune systems, working to maintain of nutrients to be absorbed into the blood and carried to fluid balance, transport immune cells, and remove waste cells throughout the body. and toxins from tissues. Here's a summary of the key It is the process by which food and liquid are broken points about the lymphatic system: down into smaller parts. The body can then use them to build and nourish cells The lymphatic system consists of lymphatic vessels, and to make energy. lymph nodes, lymphatic organs (spleen, thymus, and tonsils), and lymphatic tissue scattered throughout the How does the digestive process work? body. Lymphatic vessels are similar to blood vessels but Digestion involves: carry a clear fluid called lymph. The mixing of food The movement of food through the digestive tract The following functions such as: A chemical breakdown of large molecules of food into smaller molecules Fluid Balance: Lymphatic vessels collect excess tissue Digestion begins in the mouth, where food and liquids fluid (interstitial fluid) that leaks out from blood are taken in. It is completed in the small intestine. capillaries. This fluid, now called lymph, is returned to the bloodstream, preventing tissue swelling (edema). What is included in the Digestive System? The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract Immune Response: The lymphatic system transports and other organs that aid in digestion. immune cells, such as lymphocytes and macrophages, which play a crucial role in defending the body against The digestive tract is a series of hollow organs joined in a infections and diseases. long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus. It consist of the following: Waste Removal: Lymph nodes filter lymph to remove Mouth foreign particles, pathogens, and cellular debris. This Esophagus process helps to cleanse the lymph before it is returned to Stomach the bloodstream. Small intestine Large intestine (Colon and rectum) INTRODUCTION (DIGESTIVE SYSTEM) Anus The Organs of the Digestive System can be Organs that help with digestion, but are not part of separated into two main groups: the digestive tract: Forming the Alimentary canal Tongue Accessory Organs Glands in the mouth that make saliva Pancreas ANA101 | LECTURE | FINALS Liver 6. Last, the digested nutrients are absorbed through Gallbladder the intestinal walls. Parts of other organ systems, such as nerves and blood, The waste products, including undigested parts of the also play a major role in the digestive process. food (fiber) and older cells that have been shed from the lining of the intestine (mucosa), move into the colon. How does food move through the digestive system? Waste products in the colon often remain for a day or Muscles propel food and liquid along the digestive tract two until the feces are expelled by a bowel movement. in a wave-like movement. This movement is called peristalsis. OVERVIEW OF GASTROINTESTINAL PROCESS In general there are 6 steps in the process of moving AND CONTROL food and liquid through the digestive system: The Digestive System 1. The first step in the digestive process in the mouth. The major functions of the digestive tract are This is where food is chewed and broken down into a usually summarized in two words : size that can be safely swallowed. Digestion, and The start of swallowing food or liquid is voluntary. Absorption But once it begins, the process becomes involuntary and continues under the control of the nerves. The essential activities of the GI tracts include the following Processes: 2. The esophagus connects the throat above with the Ingestion stomach below. Propulsion It is the first organ into which the swallowed food goes. Food breakdown: chemical digestion Absorption 3. The esophagus and stomach join, there is a Defecation ring-like valve that closes the passage between two (2) organs. MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM When food nears the closed ring, the surrounding muscles relax and allow the food to pass into the stomach. Then closes again. 1. Ingestion Food must be placed into the mouth before it can be 4. The food then enters the stomach. acted on. The stomach completes three (3) mechanical tasks: This is an active, voluntary process It stores, mixes and , 2. Propulsion empties. If foods are to be processed by more than one digestive First, the stomach stores the swallowed food and organ, they must be propelled from one organ to the liquid. This needs the muscle of the upper part of the next. stomach to relax and accept large volumes of swallowed Swallowing is an example of food movement that material. depends largely on the propulsive process called Second, the lower part of the stomach mixes up the peristalsis. food, liquid, and digestive juices made by the stomach Peristalsis is involuntary movement and involves through muscle action. alternating waves of contraction and relaxation of the Third, the stomach empties the contents into the small muscles in the organ wall. The net effect is to squeeze intestines. the food along the tract. Segmentation may help to propel foodstuffs through 5. The food is digested in the small intestine. the small intestine, it normally moves back and It is dissolved by the juices from the pancreas, liver, and forth across the internal wall of the organ, serving to mix intestines. it with the digestive juices. The contents of the intestine are mixed and pushed One of the examples of mechanical digestion forward to allow further digestion. ANA101 | LECTURE | FINALS 3. Food breakdown: Mechanical digestion 2. Energy Production The body requires a constant supply of energy to Physical Process perform its functions. Proper digestion ensures that Mixing of food in the mouth by the tongue, carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, which churning of food in the stomach, and can be absorbed into the bloodstream and used for segmentation in the small intestine a energy by cells throughout the body. Mechanical digestion prepares food for further 3. Cellular Repair and Growth degradation by enzymes Proteins are essential for the repair and growth of cells, tissues, and organs. Digestion breaks down dietary The sequence of steps in which large food molecules are proteins into amino acids, which are then used to build broken down to their building blocks by enzymes and repair various structures in the body. (protein molecules that act as catalysts). 4. Immune System Support Carbohydrates: The digestive system plays a crucial role in supporting the Monosaccharide immune system. A significant portion of the immune Disaccharide system is located in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue Polysaccharide (GALT). Proper digestion helps prevent the entry of Proteins are broken down to amino acids harmful pathogens through the digestive tract and supports the production of antibodies 5. Absorption Transport of digested end products from the lumen of 5. Metabolic Regulation the GI tract to the blood or lymph is absorbed. The digestive process influences metabolic activities in For absorption to occur, the digested foods must first the body. For example, the absorption of nutrients enter the mucosal cells by active or passive transport regulates blood sugar levels, and proper digestion is processes. important for maintaining a balanced metabolism. The small intestine is the major absorptive site. 6. Elimination of Waste 6. Defecation The digestive system not only absorbs nutrients but also Is the elimination of the indigestible substances from eliminates waste products from the body. The proper the body via the anus in the form of feces. functioning of the digestive system ensures the efficient removal of indigestible substances and metabolic IMPORTANCE OF PROPER PROCESS OF byproducts. DIGESTION 7. Maintaining Gut Microbiota The proper process of digestion is crucial for The gut is home to a diverse community of maintaining overall health and well-being. Digestion microorganisms known as the gut microbiota. These is the process by which the body breaks down food into microorganisms play a crucial role in digestion, nutrients that can be absorbed and used for energy, nutrient absorption, and immune system function. growth, and repair. Proper digestion helps maintain a healthy balance of gut microbiota. 1. Nutrient Absorption Digestion is necessary for breaking down complex food In summary, the proper process of digestion is essential molecules into smaller, absorbable nutrients such as for nutrient absorption, energy production, cellular carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and repair, immune system support, metabolic regulation, minerals. These nutrients are essential for various waste elimination, and the prevention of digestive physiological functions in the body, including energy disorders. A healthy digestive system contributes to production, tissue repair, and the maintenance of overall overall physical well-being and helps maintain a balanced health. and functional body