المحاضرة الاولي.pdf

Lecture 1 Hematology Dr. abdulfvatah albakkosh Hematology • is a science that study of blood and blood forming tissues their formation (bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes and spleen) ,function , and disease associated with it. Normal characteristics of blood • blood is composed of a liquid calle...

Lecture 1 Hematology Dr. abdulfvatah albakkosh Hematology • is a science that study of blood and blood forming tissues their formation (bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes and spleen) ,function , and disease associated with it. Normal characteristics of blood • blood is composed of a liquid called plasma And cellular elements, including leukocyte, Platelets, and erythrocytes. • Plasma makes up approximately 55% of the Blood volume, whereas 45% of the volume is Is composed of erythrocyte, and 1% of the Volume is composed of leukocyte and Platelets. Normal Characteristics Of Blood • the principal component of plasma is water, which contains dissolved ions, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, hormones, vitamins and enzymes. • the principal ions necessary for normal cell function include calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, and hydrogen. • the main protein constituent of plasma is albumin, which is Normal Characteristics Of Blood • albumin also acts as a carrier molecule, carrying compounds such as bilirubin and heme., other blood proteins carry vitamins, minerals and lipids. • Immunoglobulins and complements are specialized blood proteins involved in immune defense. • the coagulation proteins, responsible for maintaining normal hemostasis. Normal characteristics of blood Each of the three cellular constituents of blood has specialized functions. • erythrocytes contain the vital protein hemoglobin, which is responsible for transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and body tissues. • Leukocytes are responsible for defending the body against foreign antigens such as bacteria and viruses. • Platelets are necessary for maintaining hemostasis. General Properties Of Whole Blood ➢ Color …. bright dark red ➢ Fraction of body weight ….. 8% ➢ Volume …. Female = 4 – 5 L …. Male = 5 – 6 L ➢ Temperature …. 37 - 38 C ➢ pH …. 7.35 - 7.45 (naturally slightly alkaline or basic.) ➢ Viscosity (relative to water) …. Whole blood: 4.5-5.5 …. plasma: 2.0 Composition of Blood : 1. Cellular part ( formed element ) from 45 % of blood Blood cells – Red blood cell , RBC , erythrocytes – White blood cell , WBC , leukocyte – platelets , thrombocyte 2. Liquid part is - Plasma - form 55 % of blood Composition of Blood : Composition of the Blood 1) Plasma 2) The Formed Elements (blood cells/cell fragments) Composition Of Plasma Plasma • Liquid part of blood • Pale yellow made up of 90% water, 10 % other • Colloid: Liquid containing suspended substances , 1. ( organic substance ) , Plasma Protein • Albumin: Important in regulation of water movement between tissues and blood • Globulins: Immune system , Immunoglobulins , which are  globulin antibody. • Fibrinogen: Responsible for formation of blood clots , PO4 2. In-organic substance : Na , K , HCO3 , Ca Plasma Protein Concentration PROTEIN CONCENTRATION ( g / dL ) 1. Albumin 3.5 – 5 2. Globulin 2.5 3. Fibrinogen 0.4 4. Prothrombin 0.01 Function Of Blood 1. Transport : function of : • ( RBC ) transport O2 from the lung to the tissue & CO2 from tissue to lung . • Transport nutrient, hormones, waste product • ( Plasma protein ) albumin, α and β globulin bind to hormones , vitamins , lipid for transport and prevent rapid loos in urine . ☺ Transferrin transport iron Function of blood 2. Homoeostasis : function of ( Plasma , plasma protein ) • Maintenance of normal acid –base balance in body , • Normal pH of blood = 7.35-7.45 • Regulation of body temperature = 37 - 38 ℃ • Regulation of water balance , Plasma proteins produce osmotic pressure which important in regulation & maintain a normal blood volume and a normal water content in body . • Albumin content is most important in regulation osmotic pressure. Function of blood cont.: 3- To deliver specialized cells to tissues for protection against the external environment. 4- To prevent leakage by closing holes in blood vessels (coagulation). What is the difference between serum and plasma? Plasma Serum Obtained by centrifugation of blood sample after adding of anticoagulant. Obtained by centrifugation of clotted blood sample Contains plasma proteins and clotting factors Contains plasma proteins but no clotting factors I, II, V & VIII (consumed in bl. clotting) Normal serotonin level high Serotonin from broken platelets with blood coagulation