Hematology System Lec. 1 PDF

Hematology Asmaa Safwat Morsi Asmaa Safwat 1 CHAPTER CONTENT Blood Erythrocytes Physical properties & Functions. 1 2 Erythropoiesis...

Hematology Asmaa Safwat Morsi Asmaa Safwat 1 CHAPTER CONTENT Blood Erythrocytes Physical properties & Functions. 1 2 Erythropoiesis Fate of erythrocytes Platelets 5 Leukocytes 3 Clot formation Types & functions Immunity Plasma 4 Plasma proteins Asmaa Safwat 2 BLOOD 1) Volume 7 – 8 % of body weight PHYSICAL PROPORITES 2) PH Slightly alkaline (7.35) 3) Colour Bright red 4) Consistency Viscous & sticky 5) Taste Saltish 6) Specfic 1058 : 1060 Gravity BLOOD COMPOSITION Asmaa Safwat 3 THE MAIN BLOOD FUNCTION Blood: fluid pumped by the heart to all parts of the body to supply respiring cell with oxygen & nutrients and remove the waste Plasma Gases, Absorbed food, Enzymes & hormones, Transport function: Waste products Red blood cell Contain Hb Homeostatic function: (transport O2) Defensive function: Hemostatic function: White blood cells Platelet *Part of the immune system. involved in blood clotting *Targets pathogens. (prevent excess blood loss) *Help to fight off infections Homeostasis: Keep internal environment constant through: Regulation of body water, body temp. O.P & PH Asmaa Safwat 4  Stem Cells Stem Cells erythroblast erythrocytes HEMATOPOIESIS HEMATOPOIESIS Megakaryocytes Platelets Heme :: Heme Poiesis: Poiesis: Myeloid Progenitors: Blood to Make to Make Granulocytes Myeloblast Monocyte Lymphoid Progenitors: Lymphoblast Lymphocytes Mesoblastic stage: Blood Islands of Yolk Sac Embryonic Hepatic Stage: (6wks) Spleen, Thymus, Lymph Nodes Synthesis Synthesis Myeloid stage (5mo) Bone Marrow then Liver & Spleen Adult Lymphoid Lymph Nodes, Tonsils, Spleen, Thymus. Myeloid Bone marrow Asmaa Safwat 5 HEMATOPOIESIS HEMATOPOIESIS Asmaa Safwat 6  Glycoproteins released in response GM-CSF: Granulocytes Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factors to infection A) Glycoproteins: *Endothelium *Stimulates Myeliod Progenitor *Immune cells (Divide & Differentiate) *Speed up Maturation of: Monocytes, Neutrophils, Eosinophils & Basophils Growth Factors G-CSF: Granulocytes Factors Colony Stimulating *Induces Myeloblasts (Neutrophils) Thrombopoietin B) Hormones *glycoprotein produced in Liver *Stimulates Hematopoietic Stem Cells to differentiate into Megakaryocytes (maturation & fragmentation into Platelets Erythopoietin *Glycoprotein produced in kidney *Stimulates Hematopoietic Stem Cells & Myeloid Progenitors to differentiate into Erythrocytes Asmaa Safwat 7  01 Represent 45% of total blood Erythrocytes 02 Chch by: *A nucleate with no organelles cell *Filled with (Hb): 30 pg (Resp. Protein) 03 Biconcave discs with sceptrin protein which maintain its Shape 04 High phospholipid mem. which gives flexibility 05 Life span: 120 days 06 Count: 4-6 millions/mm3 07 Factors affecting RBCs counts 1. Diet: protein, Fe+, Trace minerals 2. Temp.& Altitude: Dissolving O2 3. Sex : Male > Female 4. Age: newborn> aged Asmaa Safwat 8  Hematopoietic Stem Cell Erythropoiesis Activate JANUS O2 in Blood KINASE-2 The process which produces (JAK-2) gene red blood cells (erythrocytes) under the effect of erythropoietin Kidney hormone secreted from kidney in hypoxia condition H tin ow poie Marr thro Bone Ery TissueHypoxia Tissue Hypoxia OtherFactors Other Factors 1) Anemia 1) Healthy bone marrow 2) High Altitudes 2) Healthy Kidney & Liver 3) Cardiac failure 3) Hormones: 4) Respiratory problem Specific: Erythropoietin 5) Hemorrhage Non-specific Thyroid H, Androgen) 6) Athletes 4) Dietary factors: Proteins, Fats & Minerals Asmaa Safwat 9  Hemoglobin (Hb) Respiratory red pigment occupy about 34% of RBC a tetrameric protein: in adult: 2 subunits Alpha-globin & Beta-globin in newly born: 2 alpha and 2 gamma chains, Every polypeptide connected to a heme group. States: T-State (tense): (Deoxyhemoglobin) -> Hb has less affinity to the Oxygen R-State (relaxed): (Oxyhemoglobin) -> Hb has a greater affinity Oxygen Functions : 1- Carries O2 and CO2 2- Acts as buffer system (high histidine -> as week acid Asmaa Safwat 10  One molecule of Hemoglobin can with 4 O2 atoms unstable Hemoglobin forms an unstable reversible bond with how hemoglobin works oxygen, cooperative binding: oxygen is more likely to bind to a hemoglobin bound to one oxygen than to an unbound hemoglobin Chloride shift Hb 2,3,Diphosphoglycerate phenomenon xy (2,3,DPG): nt of o to beb u ry H regulate loading from lung se amocapilladeoxy Unloading and release of O2 to tissue side and unloading to tissue rea sue to -> bind with deoxy Hb more stable -> side c s in in ti verted n decrease its affinity to O2 co Asmaa Safwat 11  TYPES OF HEMOGLOBIN Hb A or HbA1 HbA2 HbF (Fetal Hb) Normal Adult Hb Minor Adult Hb Main Fetal Hb 97% of Total Hb 3% of Total Hb 60% Newborn disappear 2 α & 2 β Chains. 2 α & 2 δ Chains gradually 2 α & 2 γ Chains. Asmaa Safwat 12  Oxy-Hemoglobin bind O2 Deoxy-Hemoglobin after unloading Carbamino-Hemoglobin bind CO2 Derivatives of Hemoglobin Glycosylated Hb (Hb AIC) Carboxy-Hemoglobin react with CO2 Non enzymatic Met-Hemoglobin react with O2 Asmaa Safwat 13 Asmaa Safwat 14 Asmaa Safwat 15  MUTATIONS IN HEMOGLOBIN (HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES) SICKLE CELL AN. HB C DISEASE THALASSEMIAEA (HB S DISEASE) Chain affect : β-chain Chain affect : β-chain absence of α or β glutamic acid replaced glutamic acid replaced chains by valine by lysine TYPE TYPE TYPE Heterozygotes (Hb AS) Heterozygotes β -thalassemia minor one chain one chain β –thalassemia major Homozygotes Homozygotes: (Hb SS): two chains two chains silent α-thalassemia α-thalassemia trait Asmaa Safwat 16 Thankyou Asmaa Safwat 17