All Labs (MEDHUB) Past Exam Notes PDF

AllLabs ( M E D H U B) Dr-Fares Sleem Dr- Ashraf Elyamany Dr-Maher Abbas ANATOMY Supination Pronation EXTENTION FLEXION ABDUCTION ADDUCTION  Appendicular Skeleton Low...

AllLabs ( M E D H U B) Dr-Fares Sleem Dr- Ashraf Elyamany Dr-Maher Abbas ANATOMY Supination Pronation EXTENTION FLEXION ABDUCTION ADDUCTION  Appendicular Skeleton Lower Limb Upper Limb  Cartilaginous Joints Fibrous Joints Fibrous Joints Cartilaginous Joints  Disc Labrum Synovial Joints Cruciate Ligament Meniscus Long head of biceps 1 2 Shoulder joint: Knee joint: Simple Complex Biaxial joint 1 2 3 Elbow joint: Uniaxial joint Compound Poly axial joint 1- Parallel 2- Fusiform 3- Convergent 4- Circular 5- Pennate (feather-like): ✓ Unipennate ✓ Bipennate ✓ Multipennate  rhomboid quadrilateral strap strap with fusiform two bellies two headed triangular tendinous intersections unipennate bipennate multipennate relaxed contracted C L I N I C A L N O T E S Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle MEDHUB  Cranial Nerves (12 Pairs) They arise from the brain and leave the skull by passing through its foramina. I: Olfactory nerve. Il: Optic nerve. III: Oculomotor nerve. IV: Trochlear nerve. V: Trigeminal nerve VI: Abducent nerve. VII: Facial nerve. VIII: Auditory nerve. IX: Glossopharyngeal nerve. X: Vigus nerve. XI: Accessory nerve. XII: Hypoglossal nerve. Meninges Layers: They are arranged from inside out: 1. Pia mater. 2. 2. Arachnoid mater. 3. 3. Dura mater. For descriptive purposes each hemisphere of the cerebrum is divided into lobes which take the names of the bones of the skull under which they lie: - Frontal lobe (contain motor gyri for the body) - Parietal lobe (contrains sensory areas) - Temporal lobe (auditory cortex) - Occipital lobe (contains visual cortex) The boundaries of the lobes are marked by deep sulci. These are: 1 Central sulcus 2 lateral sulcus 3 Parieto-occipital sulcus central sulcus parieto-occipital sulci Lateral sulcus Posterior fontanelle BIOCHEMISTRY (M E D H U B)  BIOSAFETY LEVELS BL-1 agents are not known to cause disease BL-2 agents are associated with human disease BL-3 agents are associated with human disease and are potentially transmitted as aerosols BL-4 agents of life-threatening nature Glassware Safety Chipped or cracked glassware should not be used. Show it to the teacher. Broken glassware should not be disposed of in a classroom trashcan. There is a special glass disposal container for it. When pouring liquids into glassware, make sure the container you are pouring into is resting on a table at least a hands breadth from the edge. If a piece of glassware gets broken, do not try to clean it up by yourself. Notify the teacher. Do not place hot glassware in water. Rapid cooling may make it shatter. MEDHUB  Chemical Safety 1. Wear protective goggles whenever heating or pouring hazardous chemicals. 2. Never mix chemicals together unless you are told to do so (and then only in the manner specified). 3. Never taste any chemicals (you should never taste anything in the lab) 4. If you need to smell the odor of a chemical, waft the fumes toward your nose with one hand. Do not put your nose over the container and inhale the fumes. 5. Follow the instructions of your teacher when disposing of all chemicals. 6. Wash your hands after handling hazardous chemicals. Heating Safety 1. Use tongs and/or protective gloves to handle hot objects. 2. Never reach across an open flame or burner. 3. Always point the top ends of test tubes that are being heated away from people. 4. When heating a test tube, move it around slowly over the flame to distribute the heat evenly. MEDHUB  General safety rules Safety Rules 2. Wear safety goggles to 1. Listen to or read protect your eyes from 3. Notify your teacher if 4. After handling chemicals, 5. During lab work, keep instructions carefully chemicals, heated any spills or accidents always wash your hands your hands away from your before attempting to do materials, or things that occur. with soap and water. face. anything. might be able to shatter. 8. Know the location of the 9. Keep your work area 10. It is suggested that you fire extinguisher, fire uncluttered. Take to the 6. Tie back long hair. 7. Roll up loose sleeves. wear glasses rather than blanket, eyewash station, lab station only what is contact lenses. and first aid kit. necessary. 11. Never put anything into 12. Clean up your lab area 13. Never “horse around” your mouth during a lab at the conclusion of the or play practical jokes in experiment. laboratory period. the laboratory. MEDHUB Hazards signs in biochemistry lab MEDHUB  TYPES OF SAMPLES Samples naturally eliminated from the body: semen, sputum, stool, urine, saliva, sweet. Samples from within: Blood, CSF, bone marrow Samples that are easily obtained: Secretions from female reproductive system, secretions from nose or throat, hair, fingernail clipping. MEDHUB TYPES OF TUBES USED IN BLOOD SAMPLE COLLECTION AND ADDITIVE ADDED Red Light blue: Additive: None or contains silica The blue bottle is used for hematology tests particles which act as clot activators. Additive: Sodium Citrate What additive does PARTICLES : Clot activator promotes blood clotting What additive does: Binds and remove with glass or silica calcium to prevent blood from clotting LAPRATORY USES : Serum testing Laboratory uses: PT Prothrombin Time and such as cholesterol , blood bank and PTT Partial Thromboplastin serology YELLOW Green: This less commonly used bottle is for Additive: anticoagulant SPS (Sodium biochemistry tests Polyanetholsulfonate) & A C D (acid citrate which require heparinized plasma or whole dextrose) blood for analysis. What additive does: Prevents the blood Additive : heparin from clotting and stabilizes bacterial growth What additive does :inhibit thrombin formation to prevent clotting Laboratory Uses: Blood and bodily fluid Laboratory uses: Chemistry Testing: ammonia, cultures electrolytes, chromosome screening, insulin, renin and aldosterone MEDHUB  Lavender Additive: EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid) Royal Blue What additive does: Removes calcium Additive: Sodium Heparin also Sodium EDTA preventing clotting of blood What additive does: Inhibits Thrombin Laboratory uses: Hematology testing (ESR, CBC,) formation to prevent Laboratory uses: Chemistry trace elements (such as Zinc, Copper, Lead and Mercury), Grey toxicology, and nutritional chemistry testing Additive: Potassium oxalate and Sodium fluoride What additive does: Black Sodium fluoride acts as an antiglycolytic agent to Additive: Sodium Citrate ensure that no further glucose breakdown occurs within the sample after it is taken. Potassium oxalate removes What additive does: calcium and acts as an anticoagulant. Forms calcium salts to remove calcium Laboratory uses: Chemistry testing, especially glucose(sugar) and lactate, Glucose tolerance test Laboratory uses: pediatric ESR (GTT) MEDHUB  Lab equipment's Flask glass pipette Test tube Beaker Pack micropipette Eppendorf Tip Hot plate with Vortex mixer Water bath Digital balance stirrer Centrifuge Spectrophotometer MEDHUB  BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Aqua blue green yellow orange Yellow (IKI) white (starch) black ++++  Benedict test : reducing sugars  Testing for starch → IKI (iodine in  Left to right: potassium iodide) Benedict's reagent  Left to right: Degrees of reducing sugars ①IKI only ② starch ③ starch solution +IKI.  RESULTS: solution  RESULTS: Aqua-blue = negative. Yellow-orange = negative. Green to Yellow to orange = positive. Purple-black = positive. MEDHUB  Testing for polypeptides (protein) → Biuret reagent  Detection of enzyme (catalase) catalase  Left to right: 2H2O2 O2+2H2O ①Biuret's reagent (BrR) ②water + BrR,  RESULTS: ③Protein( egg albumin) ④Protein (egg albumin +  RESULTS: BrR). ❶Left= evolution of oxygen bubbles ❷Right= without evolution of gas Denim-blue = negative. Violet color = positive. MEDHUB  PHYSIOLOGY (M E D H U B)  homeostasis Definition: to maintain the internal environment of our The internal environment? bodies constant. the extracellular fluid (ECF). 1. Stimulus: change in internal environment Types of homeostatic mechanisms: 2. A (sensor) receptor: detects a change in the variable (temperature, blood pressure) 1- feed forward control system 3. Afferent pathway. 4. An integrating center: processes the information and determines the appropriate 2- positive feedback control system response. 3- negative feedback control system 5. Efferent pathway. 6. The effector: produces the response that counteract the change or stimulus. Positive feedback 2 loops ; response and feedback The action taken reinforces or amplifies the change in the variable. It does not help homeostasis Feed-forward control system reached It leads to progressive change in one direction until a target point is is when the body reacts before the actual change affects the variable (response which terminates the feedback loop in anticipation). Examples: Examples: 1) Uterine contraction during labor 1) we wears heavy clothes when it is rainy before our body temperature changes. 2) Blood coagulation 2) Heart rate and breathing increase even before a person has begun the exercise. 3) Lactation 3) we get thirsty while eating salty food, before the blood concentration of NaCl has time 4) Action potential (Na transport) to change. 5) LH surge MEDHUB 6) Digestive enzymes activation.  Examples of negative f b Negative feedback control system Arterial blood pressure regulation. It is the primary control mechanism in the body. The action taken opposes the change in the variable. Oxygen and carbon dioxide regulation. tends to correct deviations from the set point. Extracellular fluid volume and ionic composition regulation. Occurs when feedback (from sensor to integrator) results in a reversal of the direction of the variable. PH ( [ H+ ] concentration ) regulation. This is a response that corrects the change happened to the variable Blood glucose regulation. (body temperature, blood gases, blood pressure, etc...) to maintain stable internal environment. Blood pressure regulation Gravitational effects in cardiovascular system Negative feedback control of arterial blood pressure 1. Stimulus: decrease blood pressure (due to pooling of blood in leg veins Immediately on standing lead to pooling of blood in leg veins due to sudden standing) Blood pressure will decrease 2. Receptors: baroreceptors, found in carotid sinus and aortic arch Heart rate will increase 3. Afferent pathway 4. Centre : vasomotor centre in medulla oblongata in brain Arterial blood pressure equals: 5. Efferent pathway = cardiac output x peripheral resistance 6. Effectors : Heart, arterioles and veins The falling blood pressure at the baroreceptors elicits an immediate reflex, resulting Equations: in strong sympathetic discharge throughout the body:  MABP= diastolic BP + 1/3 (systolic BP – diastolic BP) 1. Heart Rate MABP (Mean Arterial Blood Pressure) 2. Venoconstriction If above the level of the heart= the mean arterial 3. Arteriolar constriction blood pressure (MABP)- Δ BP at certain distance. Δ BP = 0.78 mmHg for every cm change from the heart If below the level of the heart= the mean arterial ( ↓ below the heart, ↑ above the heart ) blood pressure (MABP)+ Δ BP at certain distance. AMFM GENATICS (M E D H U B)  Gene structure &expression DNA→DNA DNA→RNA Central dogma RNA→RNA A→T A→U A→U In nucleus C→G C→G C→G T→A 5ʹ 3ʹ In cytoplasm 5ʹ Transcription Translation DNA DNA RNA 3ʹ 5ʹ 3ʹ 3ʹ 5ʹ 5ʹ Transcription Translation DNA DNA RNA 5ʹ 3ʹ 3ʹ MEDHUB MEDHUB MEDHUB MEDHUB HISTOLOGY (M E D H U B) Type of Microscope LM EM 1-Source of light Day or electric light Electrical beam 2-lenses Glass Magnetic 3-Magnification Up to 1500 From 1000 to 1000000 4-Resolution power 0.2 µm 0.2 nm 5-Embedding paraffin plastic 6-Staining Any stain Lead citrate and osmium tetroxide 7-Thickness of 5-9 Microns 50-90 nm section 8-Microphotographs colored Black and White  MEDHUB 2 6 4 2 1 2 3 1 3 1 Mitochondrial 5 3 membrane Heterochromatin Mitochondria Nucleus 1. Chromatin island 1:cristae 1:nucleolus 2. Perinuclear chromatin 2: matrix 2:nuclear membrane 3. Peripheral chromatin 3:granules 3:cromatin 4:nucleor pores 5:nucleor membrane Lipid droplets Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Cell membrane  1 2 Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Glycogen granules 1:cisternab 2:ribosomes microvilli Cell coat and microvilli Lysosome contain multiple vesicle Cilia MEDHUB  MEDHUB ‫ناح ما يا لاؤسلا‬ ‫نكلبيالمعللا‬ Identify Yellow elastic C.T Adipose C.T Identify labels Loose areolar C.T White fibrous C.T  Transitional epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium Pseudostratified columnar epithelium (keratinized) (ciliated with goblet cells) Stratified squamous epithelium Simple squamous epithelium (non keratinized) Simple cubical epithelium Rticular C.T (silver stain) Mucoid C.T Simple columnar epithelium All rights Reserved to M E D H U B CHANNEL (MEDHUB) Dr-FaresSleem Dr-Ashraf Elyamany Our channels FOMNINU 2023/2028