Health Administration Course - University of Jeddah PDF

Course Title Health Administration Program: Intermediate Diploma in Medical Secretary Course Code: APMS113 Institution: University of Jeddah College: Applied College Dr. Sama Attiyah Associate Profess...

Course Title Health Administration Program: Intermediate Diploma in Medical Secretary Course Code: APMS113 Institution: University of Jeddah College: Applied College Dr. Sama Attiyah Associate Professor in Immunology and diseases  Overview 1. Health care system 2. Strategic planning in the health organization (importance, concept and characteristics) 3. Organization theories and design of health institution structure Health care system  Introduction to International Healthcare Systems Healthcare systems around the world are structured in various ways, reflecting the unique cultural, economic, and political contexts of each nation. The organization, governance, and financing of these systems can significantly impact the quality of care provided to citizens. Understanding international healthcare systems is essential issue  What is health care system? A health care system refers to the organized network of institutions, people, and resources that deliver health care services to meet the health needs of a population. In 2007 World Health Organization defined it as All organizations, people and actions whose primary intent to promote,restore or maintain healthcare.  The components of healthcare system 1.Organizations: include hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, and other entities that provide healthcare services. 2.People: refers to healthcare professionals such as doctors, nurses, therapists, and administrative staff. 3. Resources: These are the financial resources required for healthcare delivery including funding mechanisms. 4. Actions: Activities aimed at improving health outcomes such as vaccinations. 5. Determinants of Health: The system also influences social factors like education and economic stability. 6. Patients: all ages and all diseases.  Characteristics of Healthcare Systems By analyzing the component of healthcare system across different countries, stakeholders can be identified successfuly and strategies may be adapted or adopted elsewhere to improve health outcomes globally. 1. Universal Coverage: is to ensure that all individuals have access to necessary free health services. This goal is recognized as a fundamental human right by the United Nations. 2. Quality of Care: Quality is assessed through various indicators such as patient outcomes, safety measures, and patient satisfaction. 3. Equity in Access: Huge efforts occur to reduce disparities to healthcare access (e.g geographic location) especially for vulnerable populations. 4. Innovations in Healthcare Delivery: Countries are increasingly adopting innovative practices such as telemedicine, integrated care models, and electronic health records (EHRs) to enhance service delivery and efficiency. 5. Health Financing Mechanisms: The way healthcare is financed varies widely across countries (Public funding through taxes, Private insurance schemes, Out-of-pocket payments) 6. Challenges Facing Healthcare Systems: Common challenges include rising costs, aging populations, workforce shortages, and managing chronic diseases effectively. 7. Global Health Initiatives: International organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO) play a crucial role in promoting global health standards and supporting countries in improving their healthcare systems.  8. Models of healthcare delivery An important issue for the Characteristics of health system v Primary models. v Beveridge Model: This model provides healthcare as a public service. Countries like the United Kingdom utilize this system v Bismarck Model: This model uses an insurance system funded by employers and employees (in Germany and France).National Health Insurance Model: :‫ﻧﻣوذج اﻟﺗﺄﻣﯾن اﻟﺻﺣﻲ اﻟوطﻧﻲ‬ A hybrid approach where the government provides insurance to all citizens while private providers deliver care. v Out-of-Pocket Model: In many developing nations, individuals pay directly for services without any insurance coverage. Example for healthcare system in Saudi Arabia The healthcare system in Saudi Arabia is a comprehensive framework combining government-provided universal coverage with growing participation from the private sector, aimed at improving overall public health outcomes while addressing contemporary challenges through strategic initiatives like Vision 2030. Several factors involved in Saudi Primary care: consulting with your primary care healthcare system provider. Ministry of Health (MOH), Private Sector, Secondary care: visit a specialist (e.g. for cancer or for diabetes). Health Insurance, Budget Allocation and Tertiary care: specialized care in a hospital (e.g. Vision 2030 Initiatives renal dialysis or heart surgery).  Factors Play Roles in Healthcare System 1. Social 2. Technological Determinants of Advancements 3. Economic 4. Government Health The rapid Factors Influence Social determinants evolution of It includes The healthcare of health are medical funding for system is conditions in which technology healthcare significantly individuals are born, influences how services, influenced by grow, live, work, and care is delivered. insurance government age. Addressing Innovations in coverage policies at these factors is treatment availability and various levels. crucial for improving methods, and costs. health outcomes and diagnostic tools. reducing disparities.  5. Workforce 6. Patient 7. Cultural Dynamics 8. Insurance Behavior and Factors Changes in Coverage Models Health Literacy Understanding workforce roles Different models Health literacy cultural due to evolving of insurance affects patients’ differences is healthcare coverage (public engagement with essential for needs can vs private) dictate preventive providing impact how how care is measures and effective effectively care accessed and adherence to patient- is provided. financed. treatment plans. centered care.  Healthcare Information System What is a Healthcare Information System? A healthcare information system (HIS) is a comprehensive system designed to manage healthcare data effectively. It contain many technologies and processes that collect, store, manage, and transmit health-related information. Why using HIS? HIS plays a crucial role in the healthcare sector by enabling and organizing the accessibility of patient records and supporting healthcare policy decisions.  Healthcare information systems components 1. Electronic Medical Record (EMR) and Electronic Health Record (EHR). 2. Practice Management Software. 3. Master Patient Index (MPI): An MPI connects separate patient records across databases to reducing duplicate records. 4. Patient Portals: Online platforms allow patients to access their personal health information. 5. Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM): It allow to send patient data to healthcare professionals for monitoring chronic conditions. 6. Clinical Decision Support (CDS): CDS systems analyze data from various sources to assist healthcare providers in making informed clinical decisions. Strategic planning in the health organization Importance Concept & Characteristics  What is Healthcare Strategic Planning? It is a systematic process that healthcare organizations use to define their direction and make decisions to achieve their goals. The concept of Healthcare Strategic Planning Healthcare Strategic Planning Applied to set priorities, focus on energy and resources, ensure that the team work toward common goals, assess outcomes, and adjust the organization's  Importance of Healthcare Strategic Planning 1.Adaptation to Change: The healthcare landscape is constantly changing due to new technologies and the shifting of patient demographics. It enables organizations to adapt with that. 2. Resource Allocation: It allows health organization to identify critical needs and allocate resources effectively to maximize impact. 3. Setting Priorities: It helps the assessment of organization system and aid to add new long-term goals. 4. Stakeholder Engagement: Involving various stakeholders such as patients, staff, and community members—in the planning process. 5. Performance Improvement: By identifying problems to solve it.  Characteristics of healthcare strategic planning 1. Comprehensive Analysis 2. Stakeholder Engagement 3. Clear Vision and Mission 4. Goal Setting 5. Resource Allocation 6. Continuous Monitoring and Evaluation 7. Adaptability to Change 8. Focus on Quality Improvement Organization theories and design of health institution structure  Health Organization Theories Understanding health organization theories is important. It aiming to enhance healthcare system outcomes. By applying these theoretical frameworks, health leaders can control challenges more effectively and promote improvement. Theories in Health Organizations 1.Organizational Theory 2.Resource Dependence Theory 3.Structural Contingency Theory 4.Cultural Theory 5.Network Theory 6.Sociotechnical Systems Theory 7.Institutional Theory 8.Change Management Theories  Design of the organizational structure Large hospitals and healthcare systems use a hierarchical design, which is characterized by a clear hierarchy with multiple levels of management. A flat design has fewer management levels and greater employee autonomy to support a culture of innovation. Types of Healthcare Organizational structure Healthcare organizations can take various forms: including primary care clinics, specialized clinics, community health centers, acute hospitals, academic medical centers and more. Each type has its own organizational structure.  Example for the healthcare organizational structure Primary Care Clinics: have a simpler hierarchical structure with a focus on patient-centered care. Acute Hospitals: Often utilize a more complex hierarchical model due to the variety of services provided. Academic Medical Centers: Combine clinical care with education and research structure. Common Organizational Structures 1.Hierarchical Structure: This traditional model with multiple levels of management. 2.Flat Structure: It has flat structures with fewer management levels and promote greater employee autonomy, its difficult to expand. 3.Functional Structure: This design organizes departments based on specialized functions (e.g., surgery, pediatrics) 4. Divisional Structure: divided into semi-autonomous units or divisions based on products or services offered. Each division operates independently but aligns with overall organizational goals. 5.Matrix Structure: Combining elements from both functional and divisional structures but can create confusion regarding reporting relationships. Creating healthcare Organizational structure Chart When creating an organizational flowcharts or Gantt charts for a healthcare facility, it is essential to identify the current organizational design and gather data about roles and responsibilities across departments. Examples for factors influencing the design: The way of change in healthcare delivery, external environments, and Decision-making processes. Examples For Healthcare Organizational Structure Chart