AHSS*1130 - Test #1 PDF

- Entertainment and passing time are the most common reasons why adults use Tinder in the US - Matches on tinder = neurochemical awards for users, people get hooked, gives some confidence boosts - Some put out their best self on tinder and worry they won't look as good in-person “Excessive use of da...

- Entertainment and passing time are the most common reasons why adults use Tinder in the US - Matches on tinder = neurochemical awards for users, people get hooked, gives some confidence boosts - Some put out their best self on tinder and worry they won't look as good in-person “Excessive use of dating apps is weakening ties between individuals rather than fostering connections” - Dark side of interpersonal communication → less face-to-face interaction and losing the potential to meet matches off-screen Sociological imagination - an awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society - View one’s own society as an outsider would rather than only from the perspective of personal experiences and cultural biases - Look beyond personal experiences/opinions to understand a broader social issue Sociology - study of social behaviour and human groups - Influence of social relationships on people's attitudes and behaviour - How society is influenced and changed Science - body of knowledge obtained by methods of research based on systematic observations Natural science - study of physical features of nature and the ways in which they interact and change Social science - study of various aspects of human society Theory - template containing definitions & relationships organizing a way to view/understand the world Emilie Durkheim - suicide data scientifically, suicide rates and social factors that cause it - Higher rates at times of peace rather than times of war and revolution - Higher rates in times of economic instability rather than economic prosperity - Rates reflect which people were or were not integrated into the group life of the society - Behaviour must be understood within a larger social context, not just individual terms - Religion reinforces a group’s solidarity, defining what we consider religious - Dangers alienation, loneliness, and isolation could pose for modern society - Unions (creation of new social groups providing sense of belonging) - Consequences of work in modern societies conc:.growing division of labour in industrial societies.workers assigned more specialized tasks.made tern anomie (loss of direction felt in society when social control of individual behaviour becomes ineffective) People have lost sense of purpose or direction during a time of significant social change Comte → most influential philosopher (early 19th century) - Invented the term sociology (Called sociology the queen and its practitioners scientist-priests) - A theoretical science of society and systematic investigation were needed to improve society - feared that French Revolution had permanently impaired France’s stability - Hoped systematic study of social behaviour would eventually would eventually lead to more rational human connections Martineau - Observations of customs and social practices of britain and north america - Examines religion, politics, child-rearing, immigration in the US (book Society in America) - Discrimination (race, gender) - Women's rights, end to slavery, and religious tolerance - Impact economy, law, trade and population could have on social problems of modern society - Says scholars shouldn't just offer observations but act on their beliefs in a way that will benefit society Spencer Improve society understand it better - Compared evolution of species to society - Explained how societies change/evolve overtime, Charles Darwin - Societies bound to change eventually - No need to be critical of present society or actively work for social change Weber Vershten → understanding/insight, need for sociologists to take into account ppls emotions, thoughts, beliefs, attitude Ex. school social hierarchy - To comprehend behaviour, necessary to learn subjective meanings ppl attach to their actions - how they view themselves and explain behaviour - Ideal type → construct/model serving as measuring rod against which actual cases can be evaluated (the desired norm) Karl Marx - Marx & Engels: groups of ppl that had no resources other than their labour (proletareit) should unite to fight the owners of their production (bourgeoise) - entire system of economical, social, political relationships maintain power & dominance of the owners over the workers (group identifications and associations that influence an individual’s place in society) - society divided between classes, clash in pursuit of their own class interests Web DuBois - Influenced by Karl Marx - racially egalitarian society - knowledge essential for combating prejudice and achieving tolerance and justice - religion at community level and its r=importance to its members Double consciousness → division of one’s identity into 2 or more social realities Ex. being black in white America Cooley sociological perspective → viewing smaller more intimate units (ex. families, gangs, friends) groups shape ppls ideals, beliefs, values, social nature Jane Addams - chicago settlement hull house - where female sociologists combined intellectual inquiry, social service work, and political activism Goal: to assist underprivileged, create a more egalitarian society - prevented a racial segregation policy in chicago public schools - established juvenile court system and women's trade union 20th century → sociologists only theorizing & gathering info, transforming society left to social workers Accompanied with more scientific methods of research & value free interpretations of data Merton - combined theory and research - theory for deviant (unusual) behaviour, noted diff ways ppl attempt to achieve success in life Classification scheme → innovators (ppl who accept goal of pursuing material wealth but do so illegally, ex. robbery), - crime caused by individual behaviour influenced by society’s approved goals & means Ex. high crime among poor, no hope of advancing themselves - sociology should combine macro and micro level approaches Pierre Bourdieu - capital sustains individuals and families from one generation to the next Cultural capital → non-economic goods (ex. family background & education) which are reflected in the knowledge of language & arts (type of education valued by socially elite) Social capital → collective benefit of social networks which are built on reciprocal trust Harold A Innis & SD Clark → established foundation for the examination for examination of canada from a political economy perspective Innis → rejected existing interpretations of canadian society, theorized relationships between extraction of products and development of canada Clark → struggle between hinterlands and the cultural & financial power centers of canada resulting in regional conflicts & rise of new political parties, religions & social movements John Porter - exam. of social inequality relating to race, ethnicity, gender, social class Canadian society = mosaic US society = melting pot Entrance groups → POC people (non-charter groups) received lower status jobs Jim Curtis - indigenous canadian sociology - compared canadian-american values, challenged idea of canadians being more elitist and less achievement-oriented than americans