Jerusalem Religious History & Hamas History PDF

# **Jerusalem** (Religious History) - Judaism - holiest place, home to ancient temple - 'The Western wall' - remnant of the Second Temple (site of prayer & pilgrimage; "Temple Mount" - lives of David and Solomon, capital in 10th century BC - Christianity - Crucified & resurrected Jesus - Jesus buria...

# **Jerusalem** (Religious History) - Judaism - holiest place, home to ancient temple - 'The Western wall' - remnant of the Second Temple (site of prayer & pilgrimage; "Temple Mount" - lives of David and Solomon, capital in 10th century BC - Christianity - Crucified & resurrected Jesus - Jesus burial: Church of Holy Sepulchre, narratives of New Testament, cradle of Christianity - Islam - 3rd holiest city in Islam (Mecca, Medina), 'Al-Aqsa Mosque', 'Dome of the Rock' - located on Temple Mount, Prophet Muhammad visited Jerusalem as the last place before he ascended to heaven # **HAMAS** (History) - Founder: Sheikh Ahmed Yasin - (a Palestinian cleric as Brotherhood's political in Gaza in Dec 1987 after 1st Intifada, adopted a movement activist who conducted numerous suicide bombings & attacks against Israel (1990-20005) - 1928: Hasan al Banna - made presence in British ruled Pal (1930s) - The Brotherhood est, Islamist Egyptian - 1935: Abd al Rahman al Banna sent to Pal. to build contacts - 1973: Sheikh Ahmed Yassin - est. al-Mujamma' al - Islam (Islamic intre) - 1987: est. after 1st Intifada broke - several Pal. killed - 1989: 1st attack, anti Semitic remarks (1988 charter) - Hamas opposed Oslo Agreement - 1994: 1st suicide attack - 1997: US designated Hamas - terror (Israel, UN, EU also) - 2005: Israel pulled out of Gaza - 2006: legislative elections in Pal territory, Hamas won. Defeated Fatah party (PLO's backbone) - Pal. authority president - Mahmoud Abbas - dissolved Hamas govt, declared state of emergency, Fatah ousted H. from west Bank, H. ousted F. from Gaza - 2007 - H-yov. in Gaza - 2014: Takeover of Gaza, breaks Coalition with Fatah, invaded with Israel in wars during 2012, 2014 - 2023 - offensive attack against Israel killing, 2024 - Ismail Haniya (Hamas leader) killed - assasinated by Israel in Iran - Yahya Sinwar/ Abu Ibrahün (new leader) killed- 16th Oct. - * Current leader- # **West Bank** - Land between Israel & Jordan - Major cities: Ramallah (de facto administrative capital of Palestine) - [Israel took control in 1967 war] # **Gaza Strip** - Located btw Israel & Egypt - Israel occupied after 1967 # **Golan Heights** - Strategic plateau - Israel captured from Syria in 1967 war - effectively annexed in 1981 - USA officially recognized Jerusalem & Golan Heights - part of Israel # **Israel** - PM - Benjamin Netanyahu - Capital - Jerusalem - Currency - New Shekel # **Houthi Rebels** - officially Ansar Allah (Partisans of God) - emerged in Yeme - founded: Hussein Badreddun al-Houthi, all-Houthi - member of Yemen's Zaydi Shia community - 1988: Collapse of Ottoman Empire, Zaydi Monarchy took power in North Yemen - secular & spiritual leader - 1962: Egypt overthrew the King, Est. Arab Nationalist govt. Zaydi backed by Saudi Arabia, Egypt resolved differences - 1967: Saudi Arabia & Egypt resolved differences - 1973: Zaydi Republian General Ali Abdullah Saleh came to power (ruled for 33 yrs) - Houthis emerged as a Zaydi Resistance to Saleh and his corruption in 1990s. - Roots: Believing Youths - Zaydi revivalist gup, Hussein al-Houthi Bedrat-Din el-Houthi. - Turned political- attacking - Corrupt" regime of Ali Abdullah Saleh - 2004: Salehe govt. issue warrant against Hussein -al-houri - resisted arrest, Hussein killed, started insurgency, since then govt, tried to end the resistance, govts. heavy head backfired due protest in Yemen (Arab Spring protests) - 2011: (Nov) President Saleh resigned, Succeeded by -Abdrabbur Mansour Hadi, Saleh joined houthis - 2015: Houthi - Saleen alliance captured Sana'a + northern Yemen + Vital Red Sea coast - 2017: Houthis killed Saleh. - 2019: Houthis claimed attack on two Saudi oil installations - briefly knocked out kingdom's hay oil output - Houthis est. govt in Nouth Yemen Supreme political council headed by Mahds-al-Mashat. - Ali-al-Houthi (Hussein's President), Mud. * Houthi (N) → Soumern transition Council control in South (UAE) → Internationally recognized govt. of Ques. Hadi - March 2023: China broke ceasefire after Iran-Saudi reconciliation, After Israel's war on Gaza, Houthis started targeting Israel linked vessels, causing many to suspend operations in Red Sea. # **Yemen** - Gulf of Aden - 1967 Independence from British - Currency: Yemeni rial (YER) - Arabic Language - President: Hadi # **Hezbollah** - Established in 1982 with Iranian support - "Party of God" - Shia Islamist political party & militant grp in Lebanon - current leader: Hassan Nasrallah, operates a militia, political party & social services network - liquidere terrorist org. by US, UK, Israel & other countries - influenced by Islamic revolution of 1979 - Roots: linked to Lebanese civil War (1975-1990) - Ideology: -Anti-western Sentiment (criticised the US and allies for their roles in regional conflicts), Called for removal of foreign forces from Lebanon & destruction of Israel - 1983: Bombings of US & French barracks in Beirut - 1989: Entered Lebanese politics post Taif Agreement, winning parliamentary seats - 2006: Lebanon war, manifesto of Hezbollah was changed - it still called for resistance against Israel and support from Iran but changed it to having an ideal govt - a democracy to depict national writy, Al-Hariri former PM was in support of Syrian involvement in Lebanon - Hezbollah was in support of Syrian involvement in Lebanon until Syria backed out in 2005 after killing of Rafic al Hariri - 2008: Hezbollah guerrilla campaign against Southern Lebanon until withdrawal of Israel in 2000, trying to gain power in govt. & started controlling parts of Beirut - 2010: UN Special Tribunal for Lebanon started, investigated the death of Rafic al Hariri & involvement of senior Hezbollah officials, Hezbollah claimed Tribunal as politically biased, Hezbollah pulled support from govt & collapses - 2018: Hezbollah came to power politically on 6 May elections happening after 9 yrs, verdict came, convicted only one and found no evidence of Hezbollah leadership involvement & Hariri again resigned in October, replaced in Jan 2020 - October 2023: Hezbollah announces support for Hamas, October 8: Hezbollah conducted drone strike against Israeli positions in the Shebaa Farms aura, October 9-20: Israel responds with air strikes in Southern Lebanon # **Israel vs. Axis of Resistance** - Israel - Palestine History - 1897: Jews started movement - Zionist Movement - to escape persecution, establish their own state in their ancestral homeland, Israel. - World Zionist Organization' - created to advocate for Jewish homeland in Palestine. - First Zionist Basel establishment of Jewish homeland in Palestine (Switzerland) - 1914: WW1 - Jews Holocast in Asia Minor - 1916: Skytes Pecot Agreement, B-Iman, Pale, WZO support - 1917: British Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour expressed official support of Britain for a Jewish national home" in Palestine - 1919: Since then Arabs & Jews - under Balfour declaration, constant conflict. - After Ottoman Empire collapse, Pal under British. - 1920: Discontent in Palestine intensified, Conference of San Remo awarded British gov, a mandate to control Palestine. - 1992: Formal approval by League of Nations, this mandate incorporated Balfour Declaration, 1917 - 1937: Peel Commission appointed, recommended partition of Palestine into a Jewish State & Arab state. - Post WW2 → Holocast - killed many Jews - 1945: UN formed. - 1947-1955: "Al Nakba"/ Catastrophe, UN special commission on Palestine - examined Palestinian question and recommended partition into a Jewish & an Arab state, UN aplopted Resolution 181 (Partition Res.) (divide Great Britain's fornier Palestinian mandate into Jewiser and Arab states) - never implemented, Jerusalem designated inte. city by UN - 1948: After 1st Arab-Israeli war, Israel was clear and recognized by major powers like USA and Great Britain, creation of Israel - 1956: 2nd Arab-Israeli war/Suez war, Suez Canal crisis, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser - announced the nationalization of Suez Canal company (joint British-French enterprise, owned & operated Suez Canal: its construction in 1869) - Suez Canal - connects Mediterranean Sea to Red Sea through Isthmus of Suez. made in 1869, till 1956-Britain & France, Israel wanted control over Suez Canal - war broke out - 1956: Control remained with Egypt (Abdal Nasser) nationalised SC.. + J.L.N→ Non-Alignment Movement, Ev trade not possible. B&F influenced Intel - 1964: Founding of Palestine liberation Organization (PLO), UN, TUSA, Suppork Fatah, Leader: Yasir Al Afat - 1967: 3rd Arab-Israeli war (6-day war) , Israeli forces seize the Golan Heights from Syria, the west Bank & Fast Jerusalem from Jordan and Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip from Egypt, Jordan occupied West Bank, Egypt - 1973: 4th Arab-Israeli war (Yom Kippur war, Ramadan war, October War) 1973 Arab Crisis (Oil) - led to formation of or7. - 1975: UN grants PLO observer status, recognizes Palestinian's right to self-determination - 1978: Canep David Accords - suggested Framework for Peace in the Middle East, brokered by U.S. set the stage for peace talks btw Israel & its neighbours & a mes to "Palestinian Problem", Israel annexes Golan Heights, Egypt recognised Israel - first Islamic country to recognise, 1979 - Munich Massacre - Palestinian terrorist attack on Israeli Olympic team members at 1972 Summer Olympic Games, carried out by a gup called "Black September", Israeli Forces carried out counter attack on the gup, wrath of God. - 1987: Hamas - Palestinian Sunni - Islamic fundamentalist militant organization established by Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, operater majorly in Gaza strip, radical org. →pre-1948 map. - 1993: Oslo accords tried to resolve the issue, Israel & PLO agree to officially recognize each other and renounce use of violence. - 1994: (Palestinian Authority) with limited autonomy in Gaza Strip and parts of west Bank was established - 2005: Israel begins unilateral withdrawal of Jews from Settlements in Gaza, Gaza - Hamas, WB- Fatah - 2012: UN upgrades Palestinian representation to that of non-member observer state. # **Mali Insurgency** - ICC Convicts Mali Insurgency chief of war crimes - ICC issued a guilty verdict in case of an al-Qaeda-linked jihadist accused of war crimes & crimes against humanity during alleged reign of terror in Mali. - Al Hassan Ag Abdoul Aziz Ag Mohamed Ag Mahmoud will be sentenced at a later data, but the crimes he is convicted of could amount to life imprisonment - Charges: torture, rape & sexual slavery, destroying religious and historic buildings, crimes believed to have taken place when al-Qaeda-Linked insurgents (group kla Ansar Dine) took over Malian ancient city of Timbuktu in early 2012 for almost a year. # **International Criminal Court (ICC)** - Intergovernmental org. & intl. tribunal seated in The Hague, Netherlands. - First & only permanent intl, court with jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for intt. crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes & crime of aggression. - Distinct from ICJ, an organ of UN - hears disputes b/w states. - Est. 2002 pursuant to multilateral Rome Statue. - 4 principal organs: - the Presidency - Judicial Divisions - Office of Prosecutor - Registry - President - most senior judge chosen by 18 judges in Judicial Division, composed of 18 judges: hears cases before Court - Office of the Prosecutor - Headed by "Prosecutor" - investigates crimes & initiates criminal proceedings before Judicial Division - Registry - headed by Registrar, charged with managing all administrative functions of ICC (ince. headquarters, detention unit and public defense office # **Mali** - Rep. of Mali, West Africa - 8th Largest in Africa. - Capital: Bamako - 13 official languages, Bambara - commonly spoken. - Militants from al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghres & Ansar Dine exploited northern Mali's 2012 ethnic Tuareg uprising, seizing control of Marian cities incl. Timbuktu.. - Driven out by a 2013 French-led military operation. # **Aparajita Women and Child Bill** - West Bengal Assembly passed the 'Aparjita women and child Bill (WB Criminal Law's and Amendment) 2024) - Includes provisions for death penalty for those convicted of rape and murder; stringent measures for punishment of sexual assault - Seeks amendments to relevant provisions under BNS 2023, BNSS 2023, POSCO 2012 - Apply to survivors/ victims of all ages. - Comes after rape & murder of a doctor at RG Kar Med. College - CM Mamata Banerjee hailed the bill as "historic and mode" legislation ensuring - increased punishment, speedy investigation and swift justice for victims of sexual assault. # **Key Amendments** - Enhanced Punishment for Sexual Assault - minimum punishment from 3 yrs → 7 yrs [Bengal anti-rapebile] - may extend to 10 yrs. - [Posco Section 8] - Imprisonment of either description for a term (not less than 3 yrs, may extend to 5 yrs), also liable to fine - [BNS] - Amends Section 64 (1) to imprisonment of life/ death for rape - Section 66 amended to include death penalty for repe cases that result in victim's death/ leave victim in a persistent vegitative state. - Section 64(2) - deals with rape of police officer, public servant, member of Armed Force - now life imprisonment / death. # **POSCO (Protection of children from sexual offences Act 2012)** - Parliament passed POSCO Bill 2011 in 2012, making it an Act. - Guideline was passed by Ministry of women & child Development, India - largest population of children. - Protection of children by state guaranteed to Indian citizens by Art -21 of Constitution & also mandated given India's status as signatory to UN Convention on Rights of child. # **Operation Vijay** - Code name for India's military response to Pakistani incursion in Kargil region. - Aim: To clear the infiltrators from the Indian side of LOC and restore the status quo (existing state) # **Operation Safed Sagar** - Conducted by Indian Air Force - to support ground operations. - High-altitude operations involved aircrafts - MiG-218, MiG-23A, MIG-278, Mirage 2000 and Jaguars. # **Operation Talwar** - Conducted by Indian Navy - ensured maritime security and deterrence (to check Pakistani Navy in Arabian seas) - Navy's preparedness conveyed a powerful warning to Pakistan regarding possible reactions to additional aggression. # **Operation Badr** - Carried out by Pakistani military. # **Exceptions to STS exempted from purview of bill** - Tribal population = 3% - voicing its dissent against ucc - Concerns - min. age for marriage set to remain same (18 - women, 21 - men) - registration mandatory of live-in relationship - disproportionate power on the state to penalise consensual relations & violate individual autonomy - violates right to a dignified life - Leaves members of LGBTQIA+ community # **Goa UCC** - In 1867 - Portugal enacted a Portuguese civil code. - 1869 - extended to Portugal's overseas provinces (that ind. Goa) - Goa, Daman & Din Administration Act, 1962 - declared all laws in force in these territories before their liberation would continue to be in force "until amended/repeated by a competent legislature or other competent authority. # **Features** - Compulsory registration of marriages ensuring: - wife- equal inheritor - parents must compulsorily share atleast 1/2 property with children - daughters - 1/2 property, death - 1/2 property for surviver - children can't be entirely disinherited as 1/2 property has to be passed on # **SC Judgements** 1. Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shan Bano Begum case, 1985 - "matter of regret that Ant. 44 remained a dead letter", called for its implementation 2. Sarla Mudgal v. UoI, 1995 - bigancy issue - conflict blw personal laws existing on matters of marriage. 3. Jose Paula Coutinho v. Maria dicta Luiza Valenta Pereira Case, 2019 - hailed Goa as "shining exaniple" - urged pan-India implementation. 4. Shayara Bano case (2017) - Triple Talag unconstitutional - 2018 - 21st Law Commission - headed by Justice Balbir Singh Chauhan (former sc judge) - submitted a consultation paper on "Reforms of family eaw" - observed "formation of UCC neither necessary nor desirable at this stage". - # **DPSP (Directive Principles of State Policy)** - Article 36-51 under Part IV of constitution - Principles aimed at providing social and economic justice and set the path towards the welfare state. - 36: Definition of state. - 37: Application of principles contained in this part. - 38: State to secure a social order for promotion of welfare of the people. - 39: Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State. - (A) Equal justice and free legal aid. - 40: organisation of village panchayats. - 41: Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases. - 42: Provision for just & humane conditions of work & maternity relief. - 43: living wage etc for workers - (A) Participation of workers in management of industries. - (B) Promotion of co-operative societies. - 44: UCC for all citizens. - 45: Provision for early childhood care education to children below age of 6 yrs. - 46: Promotion of educational and economic interests of SC, ST, and other weaker sections - 47: Duty of state to raise level of nutrition & standard of living and to improve public realth - 48: Organisation of agriculture & animal husbandry. - (A) Protection & improvement of environment & safeguarding forests and wildlife. - 49: Protection of monuments & places & objects of national importance. - 50: Separation of judiciary from executive - # **23rd Law Commission** - Ministry of Law and Justice set up 23rd Law Commission for a 3-year term from 1st September 2024 to 31st August 2027. - Notified on September 2. - 22nd Law commission established in 2020; tenure ended on Aug 31 - Assigned task of reviewing existing laws in content of DPSP. (with ref. of 22nd LC) and suggest reforms to align with Directive Principles and Constitutional Preahuble objectives. - Enamine impact of globalisation on food security and employment - Recommend measures for protection of interests of marginalised; carry out post-enactment audit for socio-eco nigilerin - Review and enhance judicial administration to make it more responsive and efficient (reducing delays, simplifying HC ruwe and establishing a case flow management framework. - First 3 terms: - Identify laws no longer needed/ relevant and can be immediately repeated. - Creating a Sop for periodic review of existing laws inter alia for undertaking of simplification of language and processes - Identify laws which are not in harmony with economic needs of the times & require amendments. - PM calls for a "secular civil code". # **Panel:** - Usually chaired by retired judge of SC or a HC - Legal scholars as members. - Serving judges can also be appointed. - 23rd: - Full-time chairperson, 4 full-time members (incl. member secretary, not more than 5 part-time members and the secretaries of legal Affairs & Legislative depts, as ex officio members. - Chairperson x full-time members (4) → serving SC/ HC judges or other category of persons - expert chosen by govt. - 2020 - 21st - Justice Awasthi - 2021 - 21st - Former Sc judge Justice B. S. Chauhan - Decision taken by Appointments Committee of cabinet chaired by PM - Serving judge: term = retirement expiry of panel's term, no extra rem. - Member Sec. - officer of Indian Legal Service of rank of Sec. # **22nd Panel:** - 11 reports. - (incl. Apr 2023 - recommended Section 124A of IPC - criticised law against sedition - suld be retained) - Cited threats to internal security (incl. from Maoists, militancy in NE, terrorism in J&K and Khalistan movement) - Amendments recommended to " bring abt greater clarity regarding usage of provision" - Worked on report on simultaneous elections - not represented to govt. # **Iran Nuclear Deal (JCPOA)** - Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. - Signed on 14 July - Result of prolonged negotiation from 2013 and 2015 between Iran and P5+1 (China, France, Russia, UK, US, Germany) - Under the deal, Iran agreed to significantly cut its stores of centrifuges, enriched uranium and heavy - water; all key components for nuclear weapons. - Iran agreed to implement a protocol that would allow inspectors from IAEA (Intl. Atomic Energy Agency) to access its nuclear sites - to ensure Iran would not be able to develop nuclear weapons in secret. - West agreed to lift sanctions related to Iran's nuclear proliferation - Sanctions addressing alleged abuses of human rights & ballistic missile programme remained in place. - US committed to lifting sanctions on oil exports; continued to restrict financial transactions (deterred inte. trade with Iran) - Israel rejected the deal. - NPT - Treaty of Non - Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. - Landmark inte. treaty - Prevent spread of nuclear weapons & weapon tech. - Promote cooperation in peaceful uses of nuclear energy, - Establishes a safeguards system under responsibility of IAEA. # **Iranian President - Helicopter Crash** - Ebrahim Raisi (President) and Hossein Amir abdo luanian (Foreign Münüsika) crossing mountain terrain in heavy fog. - May 20, 2024 - East Azerbaijanes province of Iran. - Bad weather; chopper's inability to ascend. - Sudden emergence of thick mass of dense and rising fog. - Sign of criminal activity not found. - Elected in 2021. "mildliner politician" - Natural successor of Iman's supreme leader Ayatollan Ali Khamenei (apex authority in country) - 2024 Iranian presidential election - Masoud Pezeshkian # **Ismail Haniyeh Killing** - Palestinian militant gup Hamas - leader. (elected-2017) (2006 Pales - PM) - Killed in an Israeli streike in Iran. - Attending inauguration of country's new president (Masoud P.) - Zionist strike on his headquarters in Tehran. - Hit and killed along with a bodyguard. - Head of political office of Hamas Islamic Resistance - Ismaeli army did not immediately respond to a request for comment or reports. - Israel PM: Benyamin Netanyahu vowed to destroy Hamas; bring back all nestages taken during Oct 7 attack - sparked war in Gaza Strip. # **Abraham Accords** - To normalize relations between Israel & Arab States. - b/w Israel & UAE, Bahrain, Morocco. - Jews & Muslim common ancestor "Father of Many Nations" in Judaism, Islam & Christianity #**Camp David Accords** - 1978 - Egypt & Ismael - Peace treaty # **Olso Accords** - 1993 - Israel & PLO - Peace - Two - State solution. - Pal. WB, GS - through creation of PA. - Declaration of Principles on Palestinian self Rule.