Linux Fundamentals PDF

Linux Fundamentals academy.hackthebox.com/module/18/section/94 Linux Structure History Many events led up to creating the first Linux kernel and, ultimately, the Linux operating system (OS), starting with the Unix operating system's release by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie (whom both worked fo...

Linux Fundamentals academy.hackthebox.com/module/18/section/94 Linux Structure History Many events led up to creating the first Linux kernel and, ultimately, the Linux operating system (OS), starting with the Unix operating system's release by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie (whom both worked for AT&T at the time) in 1970. The Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) was released in 1977, but since it contained the Unix code owned by AT&T, a resulting lawsuit limited the development of BSD. Richard Stallman started the GNU project in 1983. His goal was to create a free Unix-like operating system, and part of his work resulted in the GNU General Public License (GPL) being created. Projects by others over the years failed to result in a working, free kernel that would become widely adopted until the creation of the Linux kernel. At first, Linux was a personal project started in 1991 by a Finnish student named Linus Torvalds. His goal was to create a new, free operating system kernel. Over the years, the Linux kernel has gone from a small number of files written in C under licensing that prohibited commercial distribution to the latest version with over 23 million source code lines (comments excluded), licensed under the GNU General Public License v2. Linux is available in over 600 distributions (or an operating system based on the Linux kernel and supporting software and libraries). Some of the most popular and well-known being Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, OpenSUSE, elementary, Manjaro, Gentoo Linux, RedHat, and Linux Mint. Linux is generally considered more secure than other operating systems, and while it has had many kernel vulnerabilities in the past, it is becoming less and less frequent. It is less susceptible to malware than Windows operating systems and is very frequently updated. Linux is also very stable and generally affords very high performance to the end-user. However, it can be more difficult for beginners and does not have as many hardware drivers as Windows. Since Linux is free and open-source, the source code can be modified and distributed commercially or non-commercially by anyone. Linux-based operating systems run on servers, mainframes, desktops, embedded systems such as routers, televisions, video game consoles, and more. The overall Android operating system that runs on smartphones and tablets is based on the Linux kernel, and because of this, Linux is the most widely installed operating system. 1/5 Linux is an operating system like Windows, iOS, Android, or macOS. An OS is software that manages all of the hardware resources associated with our computer. That means that an OS manages the whole communication between software and hardware. Also, there exist many different distributions (distro). It is like a version of Windows operating systems. With the interactive instances, we get access to the Pwnbox, a customized version of Parrot OS. This will be the primary OS we will work with through the modules. Parrot OS is a Debian-based Linux distribution that focuses on security, privacy, and development. Philosophy Linux follows five core principles: Principle Description Everything is a file All configuration files for the various services running on the Linux operating system are stored in one or more text files. Small, single-purpose Linux offers many different tools that we will work with, programs which can be combined to work together. Ability to chain The integration and combination of different tools enable programs together to us to carry out many large and complex tasks, such as perform complex tasks processing or filtering specific data results. Avoid captive user Linux is designed to work mainly with the shell (or interfaces terminal), which gives the user greater control over the operating system. Configuration data An example of such a file is the /etc/passwd file, which stored in a text file stores all users registered on the system. Components Component Description Bootloader A piece of code that runs to guide the booting process to start the operating system. Parrot Linux uses the GRUB Bootloader. OS Kernel The kernel is the main component of an operating system. It manages the resources for system's I/O devices at the hardware level. 2/5  Component Description Daemons Background services are called "daemons" in Linux. Their purpose is to ensure that key functions such as scheduling, printing, and multimedia are working correctly. These small programs load after we booted or log into the computer. OS Shell The operating system shell or the command language interpreter (also known as the command line) is the interface between the OS and the user. This interface allows the user to tell the OS what to do. The most commonly used shells are Bash, Tcsh/Csh, Ksh, Zsh, and Fish. Graphics This provides a graphical sub-system (server) called "X" or "X-server" server that allows graphical programs to run locally or remotely on the X- windowing system. Window Also known as a graphical user interface (GUI). There are many Manager options, including GNOME, KDE, MATE, Unity, and Cinnamon. A desktop environment usually has several applications, including file and web browsers. These allow the user to access and manage the essential and frequently accessed features and services of an operating system. Utilities Applications or utilities are programs that perform particular functions for the user or another program. Linux Architecture The Linux operating system can be broken down into layers: Layer Description Hardware Peripheral devices such as the system's RAM, hard drive, CPU, and others. Kernel The core of the Linux operating system whose function is to virtualize and control common computer hardware resources like CPU, allocated memory, accessed data, and others. The kernel gives each process its own virtual resources and prevents/mitigates conflicts between different processes. Shell A command-line interface (CLI), also known as a shell that a user can enter commands into to execute the kernel's functions. System Makes available to the user all of the operating system's functionality. Utility File System Hierarchy 3/5 The Linux operating system is structured in a tree-like hierarchy and is documented in the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS). Linux is structured with the following standard top-level directories: Path Description / The top-level directory is the root filesystem and contains all of the files required to boot the operating system before other filesystems are mounted, as well as the files required to boot the other filesystems. After boot, all of the other filesystems are mounted at standard mount points as subdirectories of the root. /bin Contains essential command binaries. /boot Consists of the static bootloader, kernel executable, and files required to boot the Linux OS. /dev Contains device files to facilitate access to every hardware device attached to the system. /etc Local system configuration files. Configuration files for installed applications may be saved here as well. /home Each user on the system has a subdirectory here for storage. /lib Shared library files that are required for system boot. /media External removable media devices such as USB drives are mounted here. /mnt Temporary mount point for regular filesystems. 4/5  Path Description /opt Optional files such as third-party tools can be saved here. /root The home directory for the root user. /sbin This directory contains executables used for system administration (binary system files). /tmp The operating system and many programs use this directory to store temporary files. This directory is generally cleared upon system boot and may be deleted at other times without any warning. /usr Contains executables, libraries, man files, etc. /var This directory contains variable data files such as log files, email in-boxes, web application related files, cron files, and more. +10 Streak pts Next 5/5