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Linux is an operating system like Windows, iOS, Android, or ______.
Linux is an operating system like Windows, iOS, Android, or ______.
macOS
An OS manages the whole communication between software and ______.
An OS manages the whole communication between software and ______.
hardware
Parrot OS is a Debian-based Linux distribution that focuses on security, privacy, and ______.
Parrot OS is a Debian-based Linux distribution that focuses on security, privacy, and ______.
development
All configuration files for the various services running on the Linux operating system are stored in one or more ______.
All configuration files for the various services running on the Linux operating system are stored in one or more ______.
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Linux offers many different tools that we will work with, which can be combined to work together in small, ______ programs.
Linux offers many different tools that we will work with, which can be combined to work together in small, ______ programs.
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Linux is designed to work mainly with the ______, which gives the user greater control over the operating system.
Linux is designed to work mainly with the ______, which gives the user greater control over the operating system.
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The kernel is the main component of an operating system. It manages the resources for system's ______ devices at the hardware level.
The kernel is the main component of an operating system. It manages the resources for system's ______ devices at the hardware level.
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Background services are called '______' in Linux.
Background services are called '______' in Linux.
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The first Linux kernel was created in ______ by Linus Torvalds.
The first Linux kernel was created in ______ by Linus Torvalds.
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The GNU project, started by Richard Stallman in ______, aimed to create a free Unix-like operating system.
The GNU project, started by Richard Stallman in ______, aimed to create a free Unix-like operating system.
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Linux is generally considered more ______ than other operating systems.
Linux is generally considered more ______ than other operating systems.
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The GNU General Public License (GPL) was created as a part of the ______ project.
The GNU General Public License (GPL) was created as a part of the ______ project.
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Linux has over ______ distributions available.
Linux has over ______ distributions available.
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The overall Android operating system, which runs on smartphones and tablets, is based on the ______ kernel.
The overall Android operating system, which runs on smartphones and tablets, is based on the ______ kernel.
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Linux has seen a decrease in kernel ______ over the years.
Linux has seen a decrease in kernel ______ over the years.
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Linux is less susceptible to ______ than Windows operating systems.
Linux is less susceptible to ______ than Windows operating systems.
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/bin contains essential command ______.
/bin contains essential command ______.
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/dev contains device files to facilitate access to every ______ device attached to the system.
/dev contains device files to facilitate access to every ______ device attached to the system.
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/home provides a subdirectory for each user on the system for ______.
/home provides a subdirectory for each user on the system for ______.
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/tmp is used by the operating system to store ______ files.
/tmp is used by the operating system to store ______ files.
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/var contains variable data files such as log files, email ______, and cron files.
/var contains variable data files such as log files, email ______, and cron files.
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The operating system shell or the command language interpreter is also known as the ______.
The operating system shell or the command language interpreter is also known as the ______.
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Commonly used shells include Bash, Tcsh/Csh, Ksh, Zsh, and ______.
Commonly used shells include Bash, Tcsh/Csh, Ksh, Zsh, and ______.
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The graphical sub-system that allows graphical programs to run is known as the ______.
The graphical sub-system that allows graphical programs to run is known as the ______.
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A graphical user interface can also be referred to as a ______.
A graphical user interface can also be referred to as a ______.
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The core of the Linux operating system is called the ______.
The core of the Linux operating system is called the ______.
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Applications or utilities that perform particular functions for users are known as ______.
Applications or utilities that perform particular functions for users are known as ______.
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The top-level directory in the Linux filesystem is referred to as the ______.
The top-level directory in the Linux filesystem is referred to as the ______.
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The Linux operating system is structured in a tree-like hierarchy documented in the ______.
The Linux operating system is structured in a tree-like hierarchy documented in the ______.
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Study Notes
Linux Fundamentals - History
- Linux operating system development stemmed from the Unix OS, released in 1970.
- The Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) developed in 1977, but faced legal limitations due to AT&T's ownership of Unix code.
- Richard Stallman's GNU project, initiating in 1983, aimed for a free Unix-like operating system, and the GNU General Public License (GPL) was created.
- Linux kernel, developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991, became a free and widely adopted open-source kernel.
- The kernel evolved from simple files to over 23 million lines of source code (comment lines excluded), licensed under GPL v2.
- Linux has more than 600 distributions, such as Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, OpenSUSE, and others.
Linux Fundamentals - Security and Performance
- Linux is generally considered more secure than other operating systems, with fewer and less frequent kernel vulnerabilities.
- It is less susceptible to malware compared to Windows.
- Linux provides high performance and is frequently updated.
- Beginners might find Linux more challenging to use than Windows due to a smaller number of hardware drivers.
Linux Fundamentals - Philosophy
- Linux follows five core principles:
- Everything is a file: All configuration files are stored in text files.
- Small, single-purpose programs: Tools can be combined for complex tasks.
- Ability to chain programs: Tools can be integrated for large complex tasks.
- Avoid captive user interfaces: Linux's primary interface is the command-line shell.
- Configuration data stored in text files: Critical data is easily readable and editable.
Linux Fundamentals - Components
- Bootloader: A program that guides the booting process to start the OS.
- Kernel: The main component of the OS managing system hardware resources.
- Daemons: Background services, like printing or multimedia handling.
- OS Shell: The interface for communication between the OS and the user.
- Graphics Server: Responsible for graphical sub-systems (X-server).
- Window Manager: Provides graphical user interface (GUI) elements (GNOME, KDE, MATE, Unity, Cinnamon).
- Utilities: Programs for providing specific operating system functions.
Linux Fundamentals - Architecture
- Linux OS is structured in layers, with each layer interacting with the layers below.
- Hardware: Consists of physical components (CPU, RAM, hard disk, etc.)
- Kernel: The core of the OS, managing hardware resources and allocating them to running processes.
- Shell: Command interpreter for communication with the kernel (e.g., Bash, Zsh).
- System Utility: Provides access to OS functionality, e.g. file management or networking.
Linux Fundamentals - File System Hierarchy
- The Linux file system is a hierarchical tree structure.
- Root Directory (/): The top-level directory containing all other directories, essential files for booting
- Key directories and their purpose:
- /bin: Essential command binaries.
- /boot: Files for booting the system.
- /dev: Device files for accessing hardware.
- /etc: Configuration files for the system.
- /home: User home directories.
- /lib: Libraries that applications use
- /media: Mounted external media devices.
- /mnt: Temporary mount point for filesystems.
- /opt: Optional third-party software.
- /proc: Access to kernel information.
- /root: The root user's home directory.
- /sbin: System administration utilities.
- /tmp: Temporary file storage (often cleared).
- /usr: User applications and libraries.
- /var: Variable files (logs, email).
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Description
Explore the rich history of Linux operating systems, from its roots in Unix to the development of the Linux kernel by Linus Torvalds. This quiz also covers Linux's security advantages and performance attributes, highlighting its resilience against malware and kernel vulnerabilities. Test your knowledge on the evolution and strength of Linux today.
