Medieval and Renaissance Music PDF

MUSIC ===== **Music of the Medieval Period (700 -- 1400)** Also known as the Middle Ages or Dark Ages Started with the fall of Roman Empire During this time, the Christian Church influenced Europe's culture. **Characteristics of Gregorian Chants** Monophonic Free Meter Modal **Se...

MUSIC ===== **Music of the Medieval Period (700 -- 1400)** Also known as the Middle Ages or Dark Ages Started with the fall of Roman Empire During this time, the Christian Church influenced Europe's culture. **Characteristics of Gregorian Chants** Monophonic Free Meter Modal **Secular Music** is not bound by Catholic Traditions. Most of these songs were performed across Europe by groups of musicians called **Troubadours** Troubadour Music : Usually Monophonic Tells of Chivalry and courtly love Originated in France **FAMOUS SECULAR COMPOSER** **Adam de la Halle** Adam de la Halle was also known as Adam le Bossu **(Adam the Hunchback).** **His works include:** 1\. Le Jeu de Robin et de Marion 2\. La Chanson du roi de Sicile **Music of the Renaissance Period (1400 -- 1600)** Renaissance comes from the word **"renaitre"** which means **"rebirth,revival and rediscovery** **-RENAISSANCE** era was also known as the Golden age of a Capella Choral music. Secular music became more prominent in the renaissance period. Lute was the prominent instrument of the Renaissance era. **CHARACTERISTICS OF RENAISSANCE MUSIC**: -Mostly polyphonic Imitation among the voices is common -Use of word painting in texts and music -Melodic lines move in a flowing manner -Melodies are easier to perform because these move along a scale with a few large leaps **VOCAL MUSIC OF THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD** **1. Mass** is a form of sacred musical composition that sets texts of the Eucharistic liturgy into music. **Characteristics of the Mass:** -Polyphonic -May be sung a cappella or with orchestral accompaniment -Text may be syllabic (one note set to each syllable), neumatic (a few notes set to one syllable), or melismatic (many notes to one syllable) **FIVE MAIN SECTIONS OF MASS:** 1\. Kyrie (Lord Have Mercy) 2\. Gloria (Glory to God in the Highest) 3\. Credo (I Believe in One God) 4\. Sanctus and Benedictus (Holy, holy and Blessed Is He) 5\. Agnus Dei (Lamb of God) **2. Madrigal** A secular vocal polyphonic music composition which originated from Italy. -It is written and expressed in a poetic text and sung during courtly social gatherings. -It is the most important secular form during the Renaissance period. **Characteristics of the Madrigal**: -Polyphonic -Sung a cappella -Through-composed -Frequently in 3 to 6 voices **1. Giovanni Pier Luigi da Palestrina** (Rome, 1525-February 2, 1594) is said to be the **greatest master of Roman Catholic Church** music during the Renaissance period. Majority of his compositions are **sacred music. Kyrie** is part of the first two sections of the Pope Marcellus Mass **2. Thomas Morley 1557-1602** -Morley was born in Norwich, East England, the son of a brewer. -Thomas Morley was the most famous composer of secular music in his time. **His works include:** Fire, Fire, My Heart Sing and Chant It Fantasie **Music of the Baroque Period (1685-1750)** -The word Baroque is derived from the Portuguese **word-barroco**\" which means **pearl of irregular shape.** -During this time, the arts highlighted grandiose and elaborate ornamentation. **Characteristics of Baroque Music:** -Melodies sound elaborate and ornamental -Melodies are **not easy to sing or remember** \- Primarily contrapuntal textures with some homophony \- Dynamic contrast alternation between loud and soft -Music genres-operas, oratorios, suites, tocatas, concerto grosso, fugue -Orchestra consists of strings and continuo -**Harpsichord and organ** are the keyboard instruments that are commonly used. **Music Genres of Baroque Music** **Concerto** - A form of orchestral music that employs a solo instrument accompanied by an orchestra. **2. Concerto Grosso**-A form of orchestral music during the Baroque Period wherein the music is between **a small group of solo instruments** called **concertino** and the **whole orchestra called tutti.** **3. Fugue-**A contrapuntal piece, developed mainly by imitative counterpoint **4.Oratorio** a large scale musical composition For orchestra and voices that incorporates narratives on religious themes **5. Chorale** musical compositions that resemble a harmonised version of hymnal tunes of the Protestant Church during the Baroque era. **1. Johann Sebastian Bach (Born: Germany March 21, 1685. -Died: July 28, 1750)** J.S. Bach came from a family of musicians. He was taught to play violin by his. He entered school at age 7 where he was taught religion and other subjects. Bach was a religious man. His personal and deep faith is shown in his sacred music. He was known for his compositions for organ, orchestra, and oratorio**. His most important and long- term position was as cantor at St. Thomas Church** **2. Antonio Vivaldi** **(**born in Venice, March 4, 1678, -died in Vienna, July 28, 1741**.) nicknamed il Prete Rosso (\"The Red inst\') because of his red hair, an Italian Baroque composer, Catholic priest and a virtuoso violinist** Recognized as one of the greatest Baroque Vivaldi is known is known mainly for ental concertos, composing instrumental especially for the violin he entered priesthood and ordained in 1973. -His most famous piece is **The Four Seasons.** This composition is a series of four violin concerto depicting each of the seasons, Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter. **3. George Friedrich Handel** born in Germany, Feb. 23, 1685 -died in London, April 14, 1759. He is remembered for his operas and oratorios. Handel rios. Handel became England\'s favourite composer. Handel lost both of his eyesight in 1753. When he conducted his oratorio, Samson, a few in the audience were unaware that he had lost his eyesight. **The Messiah** is Handel\'s most famous creation and the very well known-**Hallelujah** chorus is part of Handel\'s Messiah. ARTS ==== **PRE-HISTORIC ERA** \- Found inside caves **Way of communication** \- Artifacts as human\'s first created art \- Animals usually correct in proportion **PRE-HISTORIC ERA IS DIVIDED INTO 3** **1. Paleolithic Era or Old Stone Age** -Humans are unaware of methods of cooking and agriculture -Main occupation is food gathering and hunting -Everything man used was made up of stone **2. Mesolithic Era or Middle Stone Age** -humans started using bow and arrows for hunting of animals -begin using sharp tools for hunting fish **3.Neolithic Era New stone age** -cultivation of plants and domestic animals led to human civilization improvement in tolls and other equipment -Mud brick houses were made in this period **HISTORICAL PAINTINGS** **Cave of Lascaux** is a Paleolithic cave situated in southwestern France, near the village of Montignac in the Dordogne region, where pre-historic paintings were discovered by 4 young teenagers. -Chamber of Felines -The Painted Gallery -The Lateral Passage -Great Hall of the Bulls -The Chamber of Engravings -The Shaft of a Dead Man **PRE-HISTORIC ERA SCULPTURES** -Materials used vary according to region and locality -Frequently carving may have mythological or religious significance -Venus of Brassempoυy -Venus of Willendorf **PRE-HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE** -Megaliths (a big rock); Greek words lithos (stone) and megas (big) -Made of huge stone blocks intended for burial Provided plenty of legends and superstitions -During this era, stones and rocks were associated with DIVINITY **-Menhir-**huge, vertically standing stone on the ground, usually in the middle of the field or arranged in rows **-Dolmens-** stone table; form of table consisting of two huge standing stones supporting a horizontal giant stone; believed as grave or altar **-Cromlech** circle of standing stones **EGYPTIAN ERA** **-**Make deceased afterlife place pleasant \- Themes include journey to the underworld by their protective deities -Main colors: red, black, blue, gold, and green **EGYPTIAN ERA SCULPTURES** -Symbolic elements such as forms, hieroglyphics, relative size, location, materials, color, actions, and gestures were widely used -Most common materials used: wood, ivory and stones **CHARACTERISTICS of the SCULPTURES** 1\. Symbolisms were heavily used to represent the gods. 2\. Relief compositions were arranged in horizontal lines 3\. Gods were shown larger than humans, kings largerthan their followers, dead larger than the living 4\. Empty spaces were filled with figures or hieroglyphics 5\. All individual components were all brought to the plane of representation and laid out as writing **EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE** (Developed during the pre- dynastic period 4,000BC) **CHARACTERISTICS**: 1\. Has thick sloping walls with few openings for stability 2\. All walls, columns and piers are covered with hieroglyphics 3\. Ornamentations were symbolic 4\. Temples were aligned with astronomically significant events like solstices and equinox with precise measurements **PYRAMIDS of GIZA** -Composed of 3 pyramids that are funerary structures for the 3 **kings of the 4th dynasty: Khufu. Khafa and Menkaura** -Made highly confusing and with many tunnels to create confusion for grave robbers **EGYPTIAN TEMPLES** -Built to serve as places for residence for the gods -Served as key center for economic activity -Made of wood, reed matting and mud brick Walls were covered with scenes: Pharaoh fighting in battles and performing rituals with the gods **MASTABA** -Egyptian tomb in form of a flat-roofed, rectangular structure with outward sloping sides -Made of mud-bricks or stones **CLASSICAL GREEK ERA** **-** Most commonly found in vases, panels and tomb Depict natural figures Subjects: battle scenes, mythological figures and everyday scenes **Most Common Method of Painting** **FRESCO**-water-based pigments on a Freshly applied plaster on walls. **ENCAUSTIC**- developed by hip builders, used hot wax to Il cracks of the hip. **3 VASE PAINTING** **KERCH STYLE** - also referred as KERCH WASES are red, figured pottery 1.Pelike(wine container) 2\. Lekanis (a low bowl with two horizontal handles and a low broad foot) 3\. Lebes Gamikos (with high handles and lid use to carry bridal bath) 4\. Krater (bowl use for mixing wine and water -Uses the technique POLYCROMY, a combination of different colors especially the brilliant ones in an artistic manner **4. PANEL PAINTING** Paintings on flat panels of wood It can be either small, single-pieced or several panels joined together Most of it doesn\'t exist anymore because of its organic composition **5 TOMB/WALL PAINTING** -Popular during the classical period -Uses the method frescos in either TEMPERA (water-based) (wax) ENCAUSTIC -Sharp, flatly outlined style of painting **CLASSIC GREEK SCULPTURES** Tensed and stiff, body were hidden within enfolding robes **HELLENISTIC style -** preference in sculpture for more elaborated patterns, mannered arrangement of figures and groups, and an emphasis on the representation of movement for dramatic effects. **CLASSICAL GREEK ARCHITECTURE** -Temples consisted of a central shrine or room in an aisle surrounded by rows of columns -Buildings were designed in one of three architectural style or order: **DORIC, IONIC and CORINTHIAN** **PARTHENON-**The Greatest Classical temple, Ingeniously engineered to correct an optical illusion **CLASSIC ROMAN ERA** -Development of **LANDSCAPE** painting is the main innovation of Roman painting from Greek painting -Most painting were copied from Hellenic Greek paintings **MOSAIC** -An art process where image is created using an assemblage of small pieces of colored glass, stones, or other materials. **CLASSICAL ROMAN SCULPTURES** -Made of monumental **terra-cotta** -Produced reliefs in the Great Roman triumphal columns with continuous narrative reliefs around -Sarcopagus, from cerveteri -The Portonacio **CLASSICAL ROMAN ARCHITECTURE** -Built with gigantic arches of stones, bricks and concrete or with barrel vaults -Sturdy stone structures both for use and to perpetuate their glory **ΒΥΖΑΝΤΙΝE ART** Byzantine art focused heavily on **religious themes**, particularly applied in mosaics, Icon paintings and fresco wall paintings. -Lively styles of painting which has been invented in Greek and Rome lived on the Byzantium but this time for Christian subjects **BYZANTINE SCULPTURES** Dominant theme: religious, everyday life scenes and motifs from nature **BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE** -Mosaic decoration was perfected as was the use of clerestory to bring light in from high windows Hagia Sophia-meaning Holy Wisdom **ROMANESQUE PAINTING** Largely placed mosaics on the walls of the churches that follow a strict frontal pose **ROMANESQUE SCULPTURES** Famous pieces: reliquaries, altar frontals, crucifixes and devotional images **ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE** Romanesque\'s churches have grand sculpted doorways/ portals **GOTHIC ERA PAINTING** Confined in the illumination of manuscript pages and the painting of frescoes on the walls of churches in cosmopolitan style, elegant mannered, and sophisticated **STAINED GLASS WINDOWS** Were created to transform the vast stone interiors with warm and glowing color and at the same time to instruct Christians in their faith **GOTHIC SCULPTURES** -Have greater freedom of style No longer lay against walls but begun to project outward -Figures were given their own particular attitude tude instead of being set into particular patterns **GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE** Design includes two new devices:: **POINTED ARCH** which enabled builders to construct much higher ceiling vaults and **STONE VAULTING** borne on a network of stone ribs supported by piers and clustered pillars PE == **PHYSICAL FITNESS** - The capacity of an individual to accomplish regular daily activities w/o undue fatigue & still has an ample amount of reserved energy to enjoy leisure & meet emergencies. **VALUES OF PHYSICAL FITNESS** -Reduce or maintain body weight. -Reduce depression & anxiety. -Build & maintain healthy muscles, bones & joints. \- Reduce the premature death. -Reduce the risk of developing and/or dying from heart disease. \- Reduce the high cholesterol or the risk of developing high cholesterol. -Improve psychological well-being. -Enhanced work, reaction. & sport performance. COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS HEALTH RELATED COMPONENTS ** FLEXIBILITY**-Ability of the muscles & joints to go through the full range of motion. **It involves four basic movements.** **a) FLEXION-**Bending a body segment. **b) EXTENSION**-Straightening a body segment. **c) ABDUCTION**-Moving a limb Away from the body. **d) ADDUCTION-**Moving a limo Toward the body. ** CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE**-The capacity of the Heart, Blood vessels, & Lungs to adapt to physical exertion for a prolonged duration **MUSCULAR STRENGTH**-The capacity of a Group of muscles to exert maximal effort against resistance. ** MUSCULAR ENDURANCE-** Exerting effort against resistance for a Prolonged period of time. ** BODY COMPOSITION -** Refers to the proportion between fat weight & total body weight. **SKILL/PERFORMANCE RELATED COMPONENTS** **AGILITY** - The ability of the individual to quickly change direction of the body from one place to another ** BALANCE**-Ability of an individual to maintain equilibrium in relation to changes in body position. **2 types of Balance** **1.STATIC BALANCE** Stationary, In place body movement, like standing one foot. **2. DYNAMIC BALANCE** Body is in motion. ** COORDINATION-**It is the harmonious working relationship between the skeletal muscles & nerves in one aspect of movement. **POWER** - Ability to perform one explosive muscular effort in a short period of time. **SPEED**-Ability to perform movement in the shortest possible time. Speed is influenced by reaction time. ** REACTION TIME** It is the time elapsed when a \"GO\" signal has been made in relation to the first motor response to the stimulus. **PHYSICAL FITNESS TEST** **1. Standing Long Jump** Measures leg strength & power. **2. Partial Curl-up** Measures strength & endurance of abdominal muscles. **3 Push-up**-Measures the strength & endurance of the muscles of the arms & shoulders **4. Sit & Reach**-Measures the flexibility of the lower back & hamstring muscles. **5. Shuttle Run**-Measures agility & Coordination **FIRST AID**First aid is an immediate and temporary c given to a person who has been injured or suddenly taken ill. **SPRAIN-** are caused by trauma such as a fall or a blow to the body that knocks a joint out of position and, in the worst case, ruptures the supporting ligaments. **STRAIN** A strain is a twist, pull or tear of a muscle or tendon - a cord of tissue connecting muscle to bone. **FRACTURE**-A fracture is a break in the bone that can occur from either a quick, one-time injury to the bone or from repeated stress to the bone over time. **HEAT EXHAUSTION** response to heat characterized fatigue, weakness and collapse du inadequate intake of water to compensate Muids during sweating. **KNEE INJURIES.**Because of its complex structure and weight bearing capacity, the knee is the most commonly injured joint. **DISLOCATION** When the two bones that come together to form a joint become separated, the joint is described as dislocated **R.I.C.E method** **Rest** **Ice** **Compression** **SPORTS OFFICIATING** **Physical Qualities** physical attributes of an officiating with every elevation **Emotional Qualities** refer emotional readiness **Mental Qualities** Mental toughness is the of term used to refer to all qualities pertaining mental preparation **Social Qualities** refer to the ability to deal with others in any given situation. **Hand signal** is used when a player wants to communicate something non-verbally to their teammates. **Basketball** was conceived in 1891 by **Dr. James NaismithVolleyball** **Volleyball** it was invented in 1895 by **William G. Morgan**, **Badminton** Early on, the game was also known as Poona or Poonah HEALTH ====== **Community Health** focuses on the actions and efforts of the people in the community to improve and maintain the health of its members. Includes **primary health care for the people, community health participation, community health promotion and education, community disaster preparedness, and others.** It is also concerned with **protecting the environment through community efforts like recycling and proper waste disposal**. **Environmental Health** focuses on different factors such as **biological, chemical, physical, psychosocial, and social factors** in the environment which have an impact on people\'s health. **Biological factors** include the emergence of diseases. **Chemical factors** include toxic wastes and the use of pesticides in gardening which in turn affect the people\'s nutrition. **Physical factors** include natural disasters like typhoons and earthquakes, housing conditions and sanitation. **Psychosocial factors** may focus on family relationships, while **Social factors** involve concerns like having spaces for exercise and other recreational activities. **PRIMARY HEALTH CARE PROGRAMS in the COMMUNITY** **1. Maternal Health Care** Pre-natal, Natal, Post-Natal **2. Child Health Care** Immunizations, Control of Diarrheal Diseases **3. Nutrition Program** Operation Timbang, Food Supplementation **4. Population and Family Planning Program** Free Family Planning **5. Control of Communicable diseases** Tuberculosis control program **6. Environmental Sanitation Program** Inspection of Food Establishments **7. Control of Non- Communicable diseases** Blood Pressure screening **8. Dental Health Program** Tooth Extraction **9. Reproductive Health Care** Counselling on family planning and RH **10. Medical Morbidity Clinic** Provision of free medicines **11. National Voluntary Blood Services** Blood-letting activities at barangay level **12. Epidemiology and Surveillance Program** Controlling outbreaks like dengue **COMMUNITY HEALTH PROBLEMS** -HUMAN EXCRETA and SEWAGE -Peace and Order -Disease Control -Waste Disposal -Drug Abuse Prevention and Control -Water Supply -Food Sanitation **REFUSE** are the dump, food waste or discarded material. It is composed of solid, semi-solid, liquid and gas materials **KINDS OF REFUSE** **1. Rubbish** are waste materials such as bottles, broken glass, tin cans, waste papers, discarded porcelain wares, pieces of metal and other wrapping materials. **2. Garbage** material food in kitchen and establishments **3. Yard Cutting** are those leaves, branches, grass, and other similar materials produced during cleaning of gardens and after typhoon **4. Street Night Soul** consists of human waste normally wrapped and thrown into sidewalks and streets. It also includes human waste from the pa system. **5.Stable Manure** Includes animal wastes from bams, stables or the likes. **6. Ashes** Residue from fires used for cooking left-over from burning wood, and heating **WASTE MANAGEMENT**:Is the process of collecting, transporting, treating and disposing waste materials safely and responsibly. **WASTE DISPOSAL** is the proper disposal of a discarded or discharges material accordance with local environmental guidelines or laws -According to **RA no. 9003**, there are many ways to do Solid Waste management**.REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE** **Reduce**-is cutting back on the amount of trash we make **Reuse**-is finding a new way to use trash so that we don\'t have to throw it out. **Recycle** the process of making used materials that are to be disposed already into useful ones that can be sold again. **Composting** is the cheapest way of disposing of waste materials. It is a form of waste disposal where organic waste decomposes naturally under oxygen-rich conditions. **Proper waste Disposal** Waste Disposal is the proper disposal of a discarded or discharged material in accordance with local environmental guide **POLLUTION** **Residue** from fires used for cooking left-over from burning wood, and heating and from on-site Incineration **Smoke** from the vehicles and cigarettes causes respiratory problems. **Noises** could cause annoyance and have an impact mental health. Improper waste disposal can lead soil contamination and water-borne diseases like cholera. They could cause diseases that are serious or worse, fatal. **Air Pollution** - means any alteration of the physical, chemical and biological properties of the atmospheric air **Water pollution** - means any alteration of the physical, chemical, biological or radiological properties of a body of water resulting in the impairment of its purity or quality **Noise Pollution** is the excessive sound that causes hearing loss, stress, fatigue, and irritability **Land Pollution** - is chiefly caused by chemicals in pesticides, such as poisons that are used to kill agricultural pests **HARMFUL CHEMICALS IN THE AIR:** **1.NITROGEN DIOXIDE** it causes serious lung damage with delayed effects. Italso causes shortness of breath and chest pains. **2.PARTICULATES** - very tiny particles that are a mixture of solids and liquids **3.CARBON MONOXIDE -** a colourless, odourless gas **4.SULFUR DIOXIDE**- a foul smelling gas that can irritate the nose and skin **5.LEAD**-a heavy metal which can cause cancer and brain damage. **LAND POLLUTION:** **BIODEGRADABLE**-wastes that can be broken down easily by bacteria. **NON-BIODEGRADABLE** - Wastes that cannot be broken down by bacteria. **1.DEFORESTATION** -Is the destruction of big areas of forest **2. FLASH FLOOD** - is the sudden flood of great volume, usually caused by heavy rains **3. OIL SPILL**-It is the release of liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the ocean or coastal waters from oil tankers with equipment faults, nature and human activities **4. CORAL DEGRADATION** - is the destruction/death of coral reefs **EFFECTS of ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS in the PHILIPPINES** **Deforestation** -Soil Erosion -Greenhouse Effect -Silting of rivers and dams -Degraded watershed -Flooding \- Destruction of corals along the coast Landslides -Denuded upland **Flash Flood** -Diseases such as cholera and other water borne disease -Loss of life -Contamination of drinking water -Destruction of sewage system -Destruction of sewage system, dams, and river banks **OIL SPILL** -physical damages that directly impact wildlife and their habitats -damage wildlife, marine ecosystems and coastal environment -reduction of tourism in affected areas -negative economic impact -health problems due to exposure to spilled oil or its volatile compounds. **Coral Degradation** -Lose of edible reef fish -Reduction of species diversity and richness -Alteration in the size structure of target species **AIR POLLUTION** -increase the risk of respiratory infections, heart diseases and lung cancer. -reduces visibility and blocking sunlight, causing acid rain thus harming forest, wildlife and agriculture -causes climate change that affects the entire planet.