History Study Guide PDF

# History Study Guide ## Definitions 1. **Primary Source:** This is firsthand evidence from the time being studied, such as a letter, diary, photograph, or official document. It provides direct insight into historical events or experiences. 2. **Secondary Source:** This document or recording cre...

# History Study Guide ## Definitions 1. **Primary Source:** This is firsthand evidence from the time being studied, such as a letter, diary, photograph, or official document. It provides direct insight into historical events or experiences. 2. **Secondary Source:** This document or recording created after the event analyzes or interprets primary sources. Examples include textbooks, articles, and documentaries that discuss historical events. 3. **Cultural Assimilation:** This occurs when a group of people from one culture adopts the customs, beliefs, and practices of another dominant culture, often making the original culture less visible or lost. 4. **Residential Schools:** These were institutions established to force Indigenous children to learn English and adopt Western ways of life. They often separated children from their families, causing trauma and abuse. 5. **Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement (IRSSA):** This agreement was made in Canada to compensate survivors of residential schools, acknowledge the harm caused by these institutions, and provide support for those affected. 6. **Reconciliation:** This is the process of healing relationships and making peace after conflicts or injustices. It involves recognizing past wrongs and working together toward understanding and recovery. 7. **Triple Alliance:** This was a military alliance formed before World War I between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, where each country agreed to support the others if attacked. 8. **Triple Entente:** This was an alliance between Britain, France, and Russia, formed to counterbalance the threat posed by the Triple Alliance. They promised mutual support during conflicts. 9. **Gavrilo Princip:** He was a Serbian nationalist who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. His actions helped ignite the tensions that led to World War I. 10. **Franz Ferdinand:** He was the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. His assassination by Gavrilo Princip set off a chain of events that ultimately triggered World War I. 11. **Duchess Sophie:** She was the wife of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and was killed alongside him during the assassination. Their deaths intensified the crisis that led to the war. 12. **Alfred von Schlieffen:** He was a German general who devised the Schlieffen Plan, which aimed to quickly defeat France before turning to fight Russia in World War I. 13. **Helmuth von Molke:** He was a German field marshal who played a key role in planning military strategies during the early stages of World War I. 14. **Wilfred Laurier:** He was the Prime Minister of Canada before World War I, facing significant decisions regarding Canada's involvement in the war. 15. **Long-Range Causes of WWI:** These are deep-rooted factors like nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and alliances that created tension between countries, leading up to the war. 16. **Short-Term Causes of WWI:** These are immediate events that triggered the war, notably the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, which caused nations to declare war on each other 17. **When did WWI begin?** World War I started on July 28, 1914, when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. 18. **When did WWI end?** The war concluded on November 11, 1918, with the signing of an armistice agreement, which halted the fighting. 19. **Militarism:** This is the belief in building up strong armed forces to prepare for war. Before WWI, many nations were expanding their military capabilities. 20. **Alliances:** These are agreements between countries to support each other during conflicts. The alliances formed before WWI increased tensions and made war more likely. 21. **Imperialism:** This refers to a policy where a country extends its power and influence over other nations, often through colonization, leading to rivalries among imperial powers. 22. **Nationalism:** This is a strong sense of pride and loyalty to one's nation, which can lead to competition and conflict, especially when nations vie for power or territory. 23. **How the MAIN causes contributed to the outbreak of WWI:** The acronym MAIN stands for Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism, all of which created an environment of competition and tension, making war more likely. 24. **Serbia:** A Balkan nation with a strong nationalist movement. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist sparked conflict with Austria-Hungary. 25. **Bosnia:** This region was annexed by Austria-Hungary and was a source of tension with Serbia, as many Serbians believed it should belong to Serbia, heightening the conflict. 26. **Black Hand:** This was a secret Serbian nationalist group responsible for the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, aiming to liberate Serbia from Austro-Hungarian control. 27. **Schlieffen Plan:** This was Germany's military strategy to quickly defeat France by invading Belgium before turning to fight Russia. The plan ultimately failed due to unexpected resistance. 28. **German Failures:** Early in the war, Germany struggled to effectively implement the Schlieffen Plan, underestimating their opponents and facing stronger resistance than anticipated. 29. **Rapid Mobilization:** This means quickly preparing military forces for war. Countries hurried to mobilize their armies, escalating tensions and hastening the start of conflict. 30. **Unexpected Resistance:** When Germany invaded Belgium, they faced strong resistance from Belgian forces and quicker mobilization from the Allies than they had anticipated. 31. **Battle of the Marne:** This key battle took place in September 1914, when French and British forces halted the German advance into France, marking the beginning of trench warfare. 32. **Stalemate:** A stalemate is a situation where neither side can gain an advantage, leading to a deadlock. This occurred frequently during World War I, especially on the Western Front. 33. **Trench Warfare:** This style of fighting involved soldiers digging deep trenches for protection from enemy fire. It resulted in a brutal and slow war, with heavy losses on both sides. 34. **Shell Shock:** This term describes the psychological trauma soldiers experienced during the war, now recognized as PTSD. Many faced horrors that deeply affected their mental health. 35. **No Man's Land:** This is the dangerous area between opposing trenches, often filled with barbed wire and landmines, making it perilous for soldiers to cross. 36. **Artillery:** These are large weapons, such as cannons and howitzers, used in warfare. Artillery could inflict massive damage over long distances, changing the nature of battles. 37. **Machine Guns:** Rapid-fire guns that allowed soldiers to fire many rounds quickly. They transformed battle tactics, resulting in high casualties and making traditional warfare more deadly. 38. **Enemy Aliens:** This term refers to people living in a country who are citizens of an enemy nation during wartime. They often faced discrimination and restrictions on their rights and freedoms. 39. **Passchendaele:** This was a significant battle in 1917, known for its horrific mud and rain. Many soldiers died in awful conditions, and it became a symbol of the war's brutality. 40. **Ypres:** A key battleground in Belgium where several important battles occurred, including the first use of poison gas as a weapon, causing severe suffering among soldiers. 41. **Somme:** One of the largest battles of WWI, famous for its enormous number of casualties. It highlighted the horrors of trench warfare and the challenges of advancing on the battlefield. 42. **Vimy Ridge:** A notable Canadian victory in 1917 where Canadian forces captured a strategically important position. This victory became a symbol of national pride and sacrifice. 43. **Belgium:** This country was invaded by Germany at the start of the war. Its strong resistance to the invasion helped to garner support for the Allies, particularly from Britain. 44. **Over the top:** This phrase instructed soldiers to leave their trenches and charge toward the enemy. It was often a dangerous command that led to many casualties. 45. **Robert Borden:** The Prime Minister of Canada during World War I. He played a crucial role in Canada's military decisions and was involved in introducing conscription. 46. **Billy Bishop:** A famous Canadian pilot during WWI who became an ace by shooting down many enemy planes. His bravery earned him national recognition and hero status. 47. **Lusitania:** A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German submarine. The loss of American lives on the Lusitania turned public opinion in the U.S. against Germany. 48. **Zimmerman Telegram:** A secret message from Germany to Mexico that proposed a military alliance against the United States. If Mexico agreed, Germany promised to help them regain lost territories. 49. **U-boat:** German submarines used to attack enemy ships during the war. They disrupted Allied supply lines and posed a significant threat to naval operations. 50. **Convoy:** A group of ships traveling together for safety. During the war, convoys were used to protect supply ships from U-boat attacks and improve security on the seas. 51. **Victory/War Bonds:** These were bonds sold to finance the war effort. Citizens bought them as a way to support their country, and it became a patriotic duty to invest in the war. 52. **War Measures Act:** A law passed in Canada that granted the government special powers during the war, including censorship and control over resources and production. 53. **Conscription:** This is when a government requires its citizens to serve in the military. Canada implemented conscription during the war to increase troop numbers. 54. **Wartime Elections Act:** This law allowed women who were relatives of soldiers to vote in federal elections. It aimed to increase support for the war effort and recognize women's contributions. 55. **The Khaki Election:** This term refers to the Canadian federal election of 1917, influenced by the war and conscription. It highlighted the political divisions in Canada over military service. 56. **Enlistment:** This is the process of signing up for military service. Many young men enlisted to fight in World War I, motivated by patriotism and adventure. 57. **War at Sea:** This refers to naval battles and strategies during World War I, which included blockades, U-boat attacks, and naval engagements between fleets. 58. **War in the Air:** This refers to the use of aircraft for reconnaissance, bombing, and air combat during World War I. It marked the beginning of aerial warfare. 59. **Propaganda:** Information, often biased or misleading, used to promote a political cause or viewpoint. During the war, propaganda was used to boost morale and encourage enlistment. 60. **Rationing:** This is the controlled distribution of scarce resources, such as food and fuel, during the war. It aimed to ensure that supplies were available for military needs. 61. **Henri Bourassa:** A Canadian politician and journalist who opposed conscription during WWI, advocating for voluntary enlistment instead and emphasizing the importance of national unity. 62. **Sam Hughes:** The Canadian Minister of Militia and Defence during WWI, he was responsible for the organization and training of Canadian troops, but faced criticism for his management. 63. **Military Service Act:** This act, passed in Canada in 1917, established conscription for military service during WWI, leading to significant public debate and opposition. 64. **Armistice:** An agreement between warring parties to stop fighting. The armistice on November 11, 1918, marked the end of combat in World War I. 65. **Tsar Nicholas II:** The last Emperor of Russia, whose reign ended during World War I due to revolution and dissatisfaction with his leadership and military failures. 66. **Vladimir Lenin:** The leader of the Bolshevik Party who seized power during the Russian Revolution of 1917. He withdrew Russia from World War I through the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. 67. **Brest-Litovsk:** This was the treaty signed in 1918 between Russia and the Central Powers, ending Russia's involvement in World War I and ceding significant territories to Germany. 68. **Paris Peace Conference:** This conference took place in 1919, where Allied leaders negotiated peace treaties to officially end World War I, including the Treaty of Versailles. 69. **Versailles Treaty:** The peace treaty that ended World War I, imposing heavy penalties and territorial losses on Germany, and establishing the League of Nations. 70. **War Guilt Clause:** A clause in the Versailles Treaty that placed full blame for the war on Germany, contributing to resentment and instability in Germany. 71. **Reparations:** Payments made by a defeated country to compensate for war damages. Germany was required to pay reparations after World War I, impacting its economy. 72. **German Military Limitations:** Restrictions placed on Germany's military capabilities by the Versailles Treaty, including limits on troop numbers and the prohibition of certain weapons. 73. **League of Nations:** An international organization formed after World War I aimed at promoting peace and preventing future conflicts. It was established by the Versailles Treaty. 74. **Lloyd George:** The British Prime Minister during the Paris Peace Conference, he played a key role in shaping the Treaty of Versailles and advocating for reparations from Germany. 75. **Woodrow Wilson:** The President of the United States during WWI, he proposed the Fourteen Points for Peace and played a significant role in the Paris Peace Conference and the formation of the League of Nations. 76. **Clemenceau:** The French Prime Minister during the Paris Peace Conference, he was a strong advocate for punishing Germany and ensuring French security after the war. ## Short Answers 1. **M.A.I.N causes of WWI:** - **Militarism:** Countries were building up large military forces, leading to an arms race. - **Alliances:** Europe was divided into competing alliances (Triple Entente and Triple Alliance), increasing tensions. - **Imperialism:** European powers were competing for colonies and global dominance. - **Nationalism:** Intense pride in one's nation and ethnic group, leading to conflicts, especially in the Balkans. 2. **Triple Entente and their enemies:** The Triple Entente consisted of France, Russia, and Britain. Their enemies were the Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire. 3. **Gavrilo Princip:** He was a Bosnian Serb nationalist who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914, sparking WWI 4. **The Ferdinand and why they were targeted:** Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, were targeted because of the tensions between Austria-Hungary and Serbian nationalists, who wanted independence for Slavs under Austro-Hungarian rule. 5. **Why Canada joined the European war:** Canada automatically joined WWI when Britain declared war on Germany in 1914 because Canada was part of the British Empire. 6. **Canadian economy before the war:** The Canadian economy was doing well, with agriculture and industrial sectors growing, but it faced issues like high unemployment in urban areas. 7. **Canadian Prime Minister going into the war:** Sir Robert Borden was the Prime Minister of Canada when the war began. 8. **3 ways people were racially discriminated against during the war effort in Canada** - Indigenous people and Black Canadians faced barriers to enlistment. - Asian Canadians were not allowed to serve. - There was segregation in the military, with certain ethnic groups being assigned non-combat roles. 9. **Women's contributions and barriers:** Women worked in munitions factories, served as nurses, and took on jobs traditionally held by men. They faced societal barriers, like being excluded from combat roles and paid less than men for the same work. 10. **Changes and continuity in warfare:** - **Changed:** Trench warfare, new weapons (tanks, machine guns, poison gas), and total war. - **Stayed the same:** The use of cavalry in some areas, reliance on infantry, and frontal assaults. 11. **3 technological advances that changed WWI:** - Machine guns increased the scale of slaughter. - Poison gas caused mass casualties. - Tanks helped break through enemy lines. 12. **Evolution of Tanks and Airplanes:** Tanks evolved from slow, unreliable vehicles to more effective tools for breaking through enemy defenses. Airplanes initially used for reconnaissance evolved into fighters and bombers. 13. **Canadian Air Force and Navy in the war:** Canada had no independent air force at the start of the war, so Canadian pilots flew with British forces. The Canadian Navy was small and contributed to convoy protection and anti-submarine warfare. 14. **Billy Bishop:** A Canadian flying ace, Billy Bishop was credited with 72 victories, making him one of the top fighter pilots of the war. 15. **Trench warfare and its impact:** Trench warfare involved soldiers fighting from long, dug-out trenches. It made war more defensive and static, causing high casualties without much territorial gain. 16. **Living conditions in trenches:** Trenches were muddy, cramped, and infested with rats and lice. Soldiers faced constant threats from enemy fire, disease, and poor sanitation. 17. **Schlieffen Plan:** Germany's strategy was to avoid a two-front war by quickly defeating France through Belgium before turning to Russia. It failed, leading to a prolonged, two-front war. 18. **Victory Bonds:** Government-issued bonds that citizens could buy to support the war effort, which would be paid back with interest after the war. 19. **Robert Borden:** Prime Minister of Canada during WWI. He led the country through the war and introduced conscription. 20. **3 propaganda techniques used during WWI:** - **Patriotic appeals:** Encouraged men to enlist out of duty to the nation. - **Demonizing the enemy:** Portrayed Germans as brutal and inhuman. - **Emotional manipulation:** Used images of women and children to evoke fear and guilt in men. 21. **Role of women evolving during WWI:** Women took on roles in factories, served as nurses, and worked in war offices, leading to greater social independence. Their contributions helped advance women's suffrage. 22. **When and why the US joined WWI:** The US joined in April 1917 due to unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany and the Zimmerman Telegram, in which Germany proposed an alliance with Mexico. 23. **When and why Russia left the war early:** Russia left in 1917 following the Bolshevik Revolution. The new communist government, led by Lenin, signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to focus on internal issues. 24. **Cause of the 100 days:** The 100 days were triggered by the Allied counteroffensive against the Germans after they were weakened by years of war and the failure of their final major offensive. 25. **What were the 100 days:** The final period of WWI from August to November 1918, was marked by a series of successful Allied offensives that forced Germany to seek an armistice. 26. **Day of the Armistice signing:** The Armistice was signed on November 11, 1918. Today, it is commemorated as Remembrance Day, honoring the end of WWI and those who served. 27. **Major outcomes of the Paris Peace Conference:** - Redrawing of European borders. - Formation of the League of Nations. - War reparations imposed on Germany. 28. **Significant provisions of the Treaty of Versailles:** - Germany had to accept full blame for the war (War Guilt Clause). - Germany was forced to pay heavy reparations. - Germany's military was restricted and they lost territories.