History 2620 Study Guide II PDF

**2620 Study Guide II** ======================= **I: Essay Question: I will ask you 2; you must answer 1. 80 points.** 1. Focusing on the decades from the immediate post-World War I years to the early 1950s, describe the different ways in which business leaders and/or conservative politic...

**2620 Study Guide II** ======================= **I: Essay Question: I will ask you 2; you must answer 1. 80 points.** 1. Focusing on the decades from the immediate post-World War I years to the early 1950s, describe the different ways in which business leaders and/or conservative politicians responded to domestic labor and/or left-leaning movements (union organizing campaigns, strikes, communist organizing, etc.). What goals did businessmen and conservative politicians seek to achieve? Were they successful in achieving their goals? Why or why not? Provide at least ***[four specific]*** examples. Open shop movements: this movement aimed to prevent unions from forming in workplaces by requiring employees to sign contracts stating they would not join a union. This was a way for businesses to limit the power of labor unions. The smith act the act that made it illegal to advocate for the overthrown of the government by force or violence. It was used to prosecute communists and other left-leaning activists. The Taft Hartley act: this act was passed in 1947 and aimed to limit the power of labor unions. It outlawed closed shops, which required employers to hire only union members and allowed states to pass right to work laws, which prohibited unions from requiring workers to join. The Red Scare: this period of intense anticommunists fear and paranoia in the united states which began in 1950s let to the persecution of many suspected communists and left leaning activists. 2. Did conditions for Americans improve or worsen from the early 1920s to the early 1950s? Did everyone, including women, racial minorities, and members of the working-class experience progress? How about business leaders? Explain. Illustrate your points with ***[specific]*** examples from class and from your book. Make sure to address *all* parts of this question. Stock market crash and the great depression- early 1920s women earned right to vote, equal rights amendment failed, eliminated all legal distinctions on account of sex, FDR's new deal brought women into government, economy act of 1933 prohibited both members of married couple to a federal. Flappers daring appearance, hair, cosmetics, short skirts, smoking, drinking, jazz etc. sexual experimentation. Ww2 active in jobs, rosy the riveter, then kicked out. Racial minorities, black's emergence of Harlem renaissance; NY Chicago etc. dance halls, jazz clubs. Depression last hired first fired ' Scottsboro case 9 blacks convicted of raping 2 white women counsel must be applicable in capital cases. 3. Focusing on the period from 1919 to the early 1950s, describe the nature of American anti-communism. How was the first red scare different from the second? Should we even talk about different periods of anti-communism? Perhaps you see similarities between these two red scares. Do you see more continuity or change between the two? When do you think official anti-communism was most successful? Make sure to provide specific examples. **II: Identification. I will ask you 10; you must answer 5. 4 points each. 20 points total. You should write 2-5 sentences for each.** 1. National Labor Relations Act- also known as the Wagner act was enacted in 1935. It guaranteed the rights of employees to organize and to bargain collectively with their employers. The act also established the National Labor Relations Board to oversees and enforce labor laws, investigate and remedy unfair labor practices, and ensure that workers' rights to unionize are protected. 2. Fair Employment Practice Committee- was established in 1941 by president franklin d Roosevelt through executive order. Its primary purpose was to prohibit racial discrimination in the national defense industry. 3. The Smith Act- officially known as the alien registration act of 1940, was a federal satue that made it a criminal offense to advocate the violent overthrown of the government or to belong to an organization that did so. It required all non-citizen adult residents to register with the government. The act was used primarily during the 140s and 1950s to target and prosecute members of the communist party and other left leaning groups. 4. Henry Ford- was an American industrialist and founder of the ford motor company. He is best known for revolutionizing the automobile industry by introducing the assembly line production method which significantly reduced and made cars more affordable to general public. He also implemented high wages to his workers famously introducing the \$5 workday, which help reduce employee turnover and increased productivity. 5. D-Day- refers to June 6,1944 when allied forces launched a massive invasion of nazi occupied France during ww2. This operation known as operation overload, involving landings on the beaches of Normandy and was one of the largest amphibious military assaults in history. The successful landing s marked the beginning of the beginning of the end for nazi Germany as they opened a new front in Europe and led to the liberation of western Europe from nazi control. 6. Scottsboro Boys- were 9 African American teenagers who were falsely accused of raping 2 white women on a train in Alabama in 1931. Their trials and convictions which were marked by racial prejudice and a lack of fair legal representation, became a significant legal and civil rights case. The case highlighted the deep-seated racial injustices in the American legal system and led to several important supreme court rulings including Powell vs Alabama 1932. 7. Marshall Plan- known as the European recovery program was an American initiative launched in 1948 to aid western Europe in rebuilding its economies after the devastation of ww2. Named after the secretary of state George c Marshall, the plan provided over 12 billion in economic assistance to help rebuild infrastructure, industry and agriculture. The goals were to prevent the spread of soviet communism by stabilizing European economies, promote political stability and foster economic cooperation between the united states and Europe. 8. McCarthyism- refers to the period in the early 1950s in the united states when senator joseph McCarthy led a campaign against allege communists in government, entertainment and other sectors. This era was characterized by heightened political repression and widespread fear of communist influenced on American institutions. Many people were accused without proper evidence, leading to ruined careers and lives. 9. J. Robert Oppenheimer- was an American theoretical physicist best known for his role as the scientific director of the Manhattan project the ww2 project that developed the first nuclear weapons. Often referred to as the father of the atomic bomb. 10. Huey Long- best known as the kingfish was a charismatic and controversial American politician who served as the governor of Louisiana form 1928- 1932 and as a U.S. senator from 1932 until his assassination in 1935. Long was known for his populist policies and his share our wealth program. 11. General Douglas MacArthur- was a prominent American military leader who played a key role in the pacific theater during ww2. He is known for his command of allied forces in the Philippines and hi leadership during the island-hopping campaigns against Japan. After the war MacArthur oversaw the occupation and reconstruction of Japan, implementing significant political, economic and social reforms. He later commanded united nations forces during the Korean war until he was relieved of his command by disagreement over war policy. 12. The Second Klan- often referred to simply as the second klan, was a white supremacist organization that emerged in the united states in the early 20^th^ century. It was founded in 1915 and experienced significant growth during the 1920s. unlike the first klan which primarily targeted African Americans in the post-civil war south, it expanded its scope to include immigrants, Catholics, jews, and other groups it deemed unamerican. 13. Mario Buda- was an Italian anarchist who is often associated with the 1920 wall street bombing. The bombing which killed 38 people and injured hundredths was one of the deadliest terrorist attacks in the united states at that time. Buda was a follower of Luigi galleani and influential anarchist leader and was suspected of orchestrating the attack as part of a broader campaign of violence by galleanist anarchists. Although Budda was never formally charged for the wall street bombing, he fled to the U.S. shortly after the attack and lived the rest of his life in Italy. 14. American Plan- was a set of policies and practices adopted by many U.S. employers in the early 20^th^ century to discourage union membership and promote open shops, where workers were not required to join a union as a condition of employment. The plan emphasized individual freedom of choice and portrayed unions as coercive and unamerican. It often involved tactics such as blacklisting union members, requiring employees to sign yellow dog contracts and promoting company unions that were controlled by management. The American plan was part of a broader effort by business leaders to weaken the labor movement and maintain control over the workplace. 15. Rosie the Riveter- is a cultural icon of the united states representing the women who worked in factories and shipyards during ww2. These women took on jobs that were traditionally held by men who had gone off to fight in the war. The most famous image of rosier the riveter is of a woman with a red bandana on her head and a flexed arm, accompanied by slogan "we can do it" 16. The Scopes Trial- also known as the monkey trial, was a very famous legal case in 1925 in Daytona, Tennessee. The trial centered on John T. Scopes a biology teacher who was accused of violating state law by teaching Charles Darwin's theory of evolution in a public school. Tennessee law prohibit the teaching of any theory that contradicted the biblical narrative of creation. 17. Bracero Program- was a labor agreement between the united states and mecico that began in the 1942 and lasted until 1964. This program was created to address the agricultural labor shortage in the united states during ww2. Under this agreement millions of Mexicans workers known as braceros were hired to work in American fields and railroads. 18. John L. Lewis- was a highly influential labor leader in the united sates. He led the united mine workers to of America and was one of the founders of the congress of industrial organizations. Under his leadership significant improvements were made working in conditions and wages for across miners, and the labor movement expanded across various industries during the great depression and ww2. His work helped strengthened the power of unions and improve workers' rights in the country. 19. Taft-Hartley Act- officially known as the labor management relations act of 1947, is a united states federal law that restricts the activities and power of labor unions. 20. Potsdam Conference- was a meeting held from July 17- august 2 1945 among the major allied powers of ww2. The participants were the soviet union, the united kingdom, and the united sates represented by joseph Stalin, Winston Chur hill, and Harry S. Truman 21. A. Philip Randolph- was a prominent African American civil rights leader and labor organizer. 22. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg- were American citizens who were convicted of espionage for allegedly passing atomic secrets to the soviet union during the cold war. 23. *The American Century- was popularized by time magazine publisher Henry Luce in a 1941 editorial. It refers to the 20^th^ century, during which the united states emerged as a dominant global power economically, politically, and culturally.* 24. Dorothea Lange- was an influential American documentary photographer and photojournalists best known for her work during the great depression. 25. Civil Conservation Corps- was a public work relief program in the united states during the great depression.