Nationalism and Revolution Study Guide PDF

Unit 2: Nationalism and Revolution Study Guide https://quizlet.com/973170490/nationalism-and-revolution-global-perspecti ves-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=8e8a4014-f44f-4722-a7d5-14175238e353 ★ What to know: ○ Major effects of WWI Germany to pay harsh reparations + gave up al...

Unit 2: Nationalism and Revolution Study Guide https://quizlet.com/973170490/nationalism-and-revolution-global-perspecti ves-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=8e8a4014-f44f-4722-a7d5-14175238e353 ★ What to know: ○ Major effects of WWI Germany to pay harsh reparations + gave up all overseas colonies Overseas colonies redistributed during Paris Peace Conference by in Treaty of Versailles Destroyed empires (Ottoman), nation states created Encouraged independence movements in European colonies Rise of communism ○ What were the main characteristics of this time The war had caused social, economic and psychological upheaval, many found themselves increasingly adrift in an age of continual crisis What do different regions have in common? Call for self-determination regions/countries sought to take control of their own government (especially colonies that had been redistributed after the war) Embraced the sense of cultural, economic, and political nationalism ★ Latin America / Mexico: Life under the rule of Porfirio Diaz: Profirio Diaz ruled with an iron fist (1876-1911) ○ Managed to recover Mexico from economic instability ○ But… only a small group of people benefited from his reforms (cientificos) ○ The majority of the urban middle class opposed his democratic rule and wanted a democracy ○ Many believed that he was a traitor for giving away Mexico to foreigners, keeping close economic ties with U.S ○  Unrest across mexico led to a growing questioning of Diaz’s authority Causes and effects of of the Mexican Revolution: Francisco Madero demands free elections in 1910, shared new ideas on democracy ○ In 1911, unrest and rebellions across Mexico leads Diaz to resign, Madero takes over In 1913 Victoriano Huerta, a general of Maderno’s had his own views and sought to set up a new dictatorship, assassinating Madero Key figures ○ Francisco Villa Co Leader in coalition against Huerta - sought broad changes in improvement of peasant lives ○ Emiliano Zapata Co Leader in coalition against Huerta - similar goals as Villa ○ Venustiano Carranza Co-leader in coalition against Heurto Becomes president in 1917 Approved a new constitution Differed in goals from Zapata and Villa ○ Eventually turns on them and defeats them Eventually overthrown in 1927 Aspects of the Constitution of 1917 Land and labor reform Breakup of large estates Restrictions on foreigners owning land Strengthening the government's control over the economy Nationalization - government takeover of resources Class reforms Set minimum wage Protected workers right to strike Moved toward equality to women in workforce Limited rights of the church, land now became property of the nation Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)  included many groups in the community by adopting their goals, while still maintaining key power This system was successful and brought stability to Mexico. Nationalism in Mexico ○ Political Nationalism Stronger authoritarian governments arose in Latin America People hoped that these governments control and protect each country's economy effectively ○ Cultural Nationalism By the 1920’s Latin American writers, artists, and thinkers began to reject European influences in culture Took pride in their own culture infused with blend of western and native traditions reflected through mural art, a major art form of the Aztecs and Maya mural painters such as Diego Rivera created works on the walls of public buildings, portraying the struggles of the Mexican people for liberty. ○ Economic Nationalism Latin American countries determined to develop their own industries so they would not be so dependent on goods from other countries after WWI Entrepreneurs set up factories Governments raised tariffs and taxes on imports to protect new industries Governments invested in new business Good Neighbor Policy - effects on Mexico ○ A period of non-US Intervention in Latin America ○ FDR ended all occupations, and supported mexico in nationalization of oil industry ○ Emphasized cooperation and trade rather than military force to maintain stability in the hemisphere ★ Africa Life for Africans under colonial rule ○ By 1900s, nearly every part of Africa was a European colony Colonizers kept profits  Africans forced to work on plantation and mines for very little to no pay - any money they earned went to pay taxes to the colonial government Forced off their land that they owned If they were able to keep their land, they had restrictions on what type of crops they could plant (most profitable) ○ Some forced to carry id cards and had restrictions where they could travel During WWI, more than 1M Africans fought for colonial rulers in the hope that this would lead to more rights Inspired by Wilson's call for self-determination, Africans condemned the colonial system Driving forces to push for independence ○ Western-educated Africans criticized the unjust colonial/imperial rule They had trained for professional careers but they best jobs only went to the Europeans ○ Africans condemned the colonial system based on Wilson’s idea of self-determination Socialism found a growing audience and protests and opposition to imperialism multiplied Causes and effects of nationalism in Kenya and South Africa ○ South Africa: Apartheid laws emerged in 1910-1940 whites strengthen grip and imposed racial Segregation Goal was to ensure white economic, political, and social supremacy Laws restrict better jobs to whites only Africans evicted from the best land and forced to live on reserves (dry, infertile) African National Congress established to protest built framework for later political action Had very little effect on the white government, but still laid the groundwork for political systems in the later years Kenya  ○ The Kikuyu ethnic group formed the Kikuyu Central Association in 1924 which protested the loss of land, forced labor, heavy taxes, and ID cards ○ The British jailed Harry Thuku and other leaders, but protests continued African Resistance in the 1920s-30s ○ Those who lost land to European squatted on European owned plantations In cities: Formed labor unions Large scale revolts rare, but protests common Women’s war in Nigeria - protested to have a voice Pan-Africanism ○ Emphasized the unity of African and people of African descent worldwide ○ Fueled the fight for nationalism movements in Africa Pan-African Congress: organized by W.E.B Dubois (american) (1919) Met in Paris during peace conference to call for rights of Africans -ignored Negritude Movement:French-speaking writers expressed pride in african roots Who were the key figures? ○ Marcus Garvey (Jamaican) Demanded to end colonial rule He had elected himself as “president of Africa” without consulting with the Africans first He wanted to bring African Americans back to Africa - his principles are compared to those similar to the KKK but for Africans ○ Leopold Senghor - African poet who celebrated Africa’s rich cultural heritage and rejected the negative views of Africa, Becomes 1st president of senegal after winning independence ○ Nelson Mandela - leader of independence movements in South Africa Used tactics of civil disobedience  Willing to die for his cause ★ Middle East: Pan-Arabism was and its goals ○ Pan-arabism was an arab nationalism movement that lead to the aspiration to unite the arab world into one single state(s) ○ For centuries, ethnic and linguistic tensions simmered between the turks and Arabs under the Ottoman Empire Impacts Led to the independence of most arab states from Ottoman rule and European power by mid 20th century Armenian Genocide ○ Hostility towards Armenians grew with rumors spread that a group of Armenians were staging a rebellion after Ottoman loss to Russia in 1915 As a result, the Ottoman Govt. ordered the Armenians to be forcefully relocated to prevent revolts Some were taken to labor camps Hundreds of others were taken to deserted areas and were shot After the mass extermination, all Armenian men over 12 were ordered to be killed Women were raped Why were Arabs upset after the Paris Peace Conference? ○ The McMahon letter to Husain bin Ali in 1915 made promises by the British to support Arab independence by promising to guarantee holy lands of Mecca and Medina and keep a strong alliance However, At the Paris Peace Conference, the League of Nations mandates turn various arab states into the hands of france and Britain, which mirrored the projected map in the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916  These contradicted Britain's promises directly, especially because the Arabs were prepared to stage a revolt against the Turks for the British Many Arabs fought alongside the British in WWI in hopes of independence, upset when promises were ignored Arabs were never invited to the Paris Peace Conference ○ The other issue was that the Balfour Declaration of 1917 promised land in Palestine to the Zionists (Jews), which was also directly contradictory as the British promised the same land to two different groups, knowing that they would never follow through with either of these promises What is Zionism? ○ Zionism was a movement that was started in the late 19th century by Autro-Hungarian Journalist Theodor Herzl It’s goals were to create a homeland for the Jewish people in the Middle East ○ Causes mass Jewish Immigration into Palestine Palestines were weary of increasing immigration because they worried the population was growing too quickly Caused tension between the two ethnic groups, conflicts only worsened after the Balfour Declaration of 1917 The League of Nations mandate system ○ The mandate system was the established map that administered former territories of the Ottoman Empire and Germany which were lost after WWI The map basically directly mirrored the map drawn by Sykes and Picot, including international zone in Palestine where zionists could settle Causes and effects of nationalism in Turkey and Persia ○ Turkey Young Turks promoted a narrow Turkish nationalism Further centralized the Ottoman empire and extended the sway of Turkish language and culture Aligned themselves with Germany and Austria-Hungary in WWI  As a result, drew all of the middle east into what had been up to that point a European War After staggering defeats in WWI, Turkey seemed finished until… Turkey Produced great leadership under the rule of Mustafa Kemal ○ Refused to acknowledge the Allied dismemberment of their country through staggering defeats ○ The Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 recognized Turkish independence from Britain and Greece ○ Consulted the National Assembly to eject the Ottoman sultan and establish a republic ○ Limits on religion in influence of daily affairs ○ New alphabet based on Roman letters ○ Government-sponsored industrialization fostered urban growth ○ Ruled with an iron fist ○ Persia In the late 19th century, Persia was subject to extreme foreign pressures Stimulated efforts of reforms In 1906 a nationalist coalition of merchants, religious leaders, and intellectuals revolted Established the national assembly, the Majlis European Imperialism interfered with efforts, Britain and Russia divided the country into spheres of influence When russian power collapsed in the Bolshevik Revolution, GB seizes power vacuum, negotiated a treaty allowing installation of British “advisers” Majlis refuse to ratify treaty; reaction against british brought to power military dictator, Reza Shah in 1925 ○ Set out to build a modern nation and free Persia from foreign domination ○ Created a modern army, built railroads, and encouraged commerce ○ Won control over ethnic minorities  ○ Replaced Islamic law with secular law ○ Encouraged women to take part in public life ○ Raised taxes on the powerful Anglo-Persian Oil company Differences in success Ultimately, turkey was more successful in their reforms than Persia because educated people in Turkey were more willing to let go of religious affairs in government ★ India: Impact of British imperialism on India ○ 1.2M Indian soldiers and laborers voluntarily served in Europe, Africa and the Middle East The british sent large supplies of food, money, and ammunition to India in return However, inflation, high taxes food shortages, and influenza epidemic created widespread suffering and discontent Causes and effects of nationalism in India ○ Causes Millions of Indians served in WWI on British side, based on promises of self-rule Limited British reforms after WWI frustrated Indians Protests against British rule sparked riots and attacks on British Congress party did not represent poor Indians who made up majority Mohandas Gandhi launches a nonviolent mass resistance campaign against British rule in 1920 ○ Effects Boycott on British goods Salt march (1930) inspired Indians to join protest against British monopoly Gandhi’s non-violent tactics gained international attention World opinion became sympathetic to Indian causes Gandhi’s campaigns forced Britain to hand over some power to Indians  ○ 1939: WWII Breaks out…postponed independence until after war…Indians furious What was the Amritsar massacre? ○ Tense conditions as revolts sparked across India led a crowd of some 10,000 people gathered to celebrate a religious holiday in an enclosed square in the holy city of Amritsar to a gruesome slaughtering Unknown to the crowd was English General, Reginald Dyer, who banned all public meeting that same day Marched in with his troops and ordered them to set fire to the crowd 379 killed and 1,137 wounded What was Gandhi’s background, goals, and tactics ○ Gandhi went to study law in England and passed the English Bar ○ He studied Hindu and Christian teachings He strived for truth and social justice through love and willingness to suffer the oppressor's blows (Civil Disobedience and nonviolent resistance) ○ When South Africa’s white government severely restricted Asian Immigration, Gandhi organized a mass resistance campaign and withstood beatings, arrest and imprisonment His efforts proved to be effective when South African government passed a law abolishing discriminatory taxes on indian traders and permitted the immigration of free indians into S. Africa ○ He welcomed members of all ethnic groups into his Indian National Congress ★ China: Causes and effects of nationalism in China ○ Foreign Imperialism During this time, foreign power increase influence During WWI Japan presents the 21 Demands: seek to make China Japanese protectorate China too weak to resist, gives in to some demands ○ By 1919, Paris Peace gave Japan control over some of German possessions in China – Chinese nationalists furious Evolution of political power / changes in China ○ Calls for reform after massive loss in opium wars under Qing Dynasty led to rebellions plotting the overthrow of the dynasty Qing dynasty collapsed in 1911 - abdication of emperor New president: Sun Yixian(well westernized), hoped to rebuild China on 3 principles of the people: ○ Nationalism ○ Democracy ○ Economic security for all 1912: Sun steps down as president: Yuan Shikai takes over (powerful military general) ○ Focussed on building his own power ○ Used military force to dissolve China’s Parliament and ruled as a dictator - first modern revolution fails Yuan dies in 1916, local warlords seize power of individual pockets, peasants suffer (famine, attack by bandits) ○ Sun Yixian and Guomindang (Nationalist Party) set up government in South China Planned to raise army to defeat warlords Western governments refuse to help Gets help from soviet Union and Chinese Communist ○ 1924: Sun dies – Jiang Jieshi takes over Wants to conquer warlords and reunite China 1926: begins Northern expedition with communists, defeats warlords captures Beijing 1927: feels threatened by communists and turns on them Slaughters thousands.. Begins civil war that lasts for 22 years ○ Mao Zedong Communist revolutionary – peasant origins Believed that the communists should get support from peasant masses In Southeast China, redistributes land to peasants and promises other reforms Three Rules and Eight Points (1947): ○ Three Rules of Discipline:  Obey orders in all actions Don’t take a single thing from the masses Turn in everything captured ○ Eight Points for Attention: Speak politely Pay fairly for what you buy Return what you borrow Pay for your damages Don't hit or swear at people Don’t damage crops Don’t take liberties with women Don’t ill-treat captives (prisoners) ○ Won local peasant support in 5 unprecedented ways 1. Did not pillage and rape across the countryside as warlord armies had 2. Set up schools for Marxist education 3. Established health clinics 4. Mao’s armies did not steal produce but instead put down weapons and helped the peasants plant and harvest crops 5. Tried warlords and landlords for crimes against peasants ○ By the end of WWII, Guomindang controls China’s central government Mao and Communists control some areas, start revolutions across China What was the appeal of communism in China during this time? ○ Western governments refuse to help China, so China seeks help from communists and Soviet Union ○ Peasant masses faced abuse under the rule of the Guomindang (nationalist party) Mao Zedong (communist) treats peasants with care, gains support from masses in the communist Movement ○ Marxist socialism was also Western in its origin, “scientific” in approach, and rejected traditional Confucian views Offered the certainty of a single all-encompassing creed  Provided a means of criticizing Western dominance, thereby salving Chinese pride What was the May Fourth Movement? ○ Students protest in May 1919 Goal: to strengthen China and end foreign domination Rejected both Confucian traditions and Western learning ○ Strongly pro-Marxist and passionately anti-imperialist Modeled the Bolshevik Revolution Women played large role: joined marches and campaigned to end traditional practices like foot binding – opens door to education What was the Long March? ○ Mao’s army was driven to N. China (100k to start - 8k to finish) Peasants who had been abused by Guomindang, welcomed communists Communists set up new base camp in the north Strict discipline on march ○ Treat peasants politely ○ Pay for goods they want ○ Avoid damaging crops What role did Japan play in China at this time? ○ Attacks by Japan threatened security in China 1931: Japan invades Manchuria and again in 1937 Chinese Communist party and Nationalist Party (Guomindang) forced to work together to defeat Japan Japanese capture Nanjing – kill hundreds of thousands of soldiers + civilians (“Rape of Nanjing”) At first, allied nations hesitant to send aid to China 1941: Japan bombs Pearl harbor – U.S enters WWII allied with Chinese The U.S. Britain, France, and Soviet Union all send help to Chinese Format of test:  ★ Multiple choice (including stimulus based questions) ★ Short answer questions (be able to analyze conditions and characteristics that different regions had in common) Essay: Intro: In the years following WWI many regions under imperial rule saw increasing movements for independence. Despite their promises of self-determination, colonial powers continued to maintain control over vast territories, such as Africa and India. Both nations were subject to economic exploitation, and political domination which led to the growth of resistance movements. Although India and Africa were experiencing different imperial powers– Britain in India and a mix of European powers in Africa – the resistance movements that emerge in response to this World War I imperialism were very similar, both prioritizing nonviolence and civil disobedience. Body: In India resistance to British colonialism was led by Gandhi. His campaign included the salt march and boycotting of British goods, both utilizing peaceful protesting and nonviolence ideals. Overall, these resulted in Britain handing overpowering to the Indians. Similarly, in Africa, Mandela alongside the African National Congress, emphasized nonviolent methods to resist British rule and apartheid. These included peaceful protests, strikes, and overall civil disobedience to fight against colonial powers and racial segregation. Conclusion: Overall, while the colonialism and imperialism in Africa and India differed their resistance tactics shared many similarities. Specifically, this applied to nonviolent leaders who emerged such as Gandhi for India and Mandela for Africa. Both leaders utilized civil disobedience and non-violence to combat and dismantle oppressive systems. Therefore, these examples prove the effectiveness of nonviolent resistance and set a global example for future independence movements.