Science, Technology, and Society PDF

7 tr ffi&Si.ffi$-t SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ANDSoCIETY Daniel Josep@[cNamara, SJ Vida Mia Valverde Ramon Beleno III...

7 tr ffi&Si.ffi$-t SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ANDSoCIETY Daniel Josep@[cNamara, SJ Vida Mia Valverde Ramon Beleno III G \, c&E Publlshing, Inc. 2(}18  of Contents Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course ofScienceandTechnology.......2 AncientTimes.....3 MedievaL/Middle Ages 26 ModernTimes 29 Philippinelnventions:........ 32 E Publishing, Inc., Vida Mia S. Valverde, Chapter 2: Intellectual Revolutions... 39 Copernican Revolution 40 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this publication may be reproduced, storedin a retrieval system, or transmitted in any Darwinian Revolution 42 form, or by any means-electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise-without the prior written permission FrzudianRevolution..... 43 ofthe publisher. Chapter 3: Science,Technology, and Nation-building.. 46 Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Pre-colonial Period 47 Science, technology, and society / Daniel J. Colonial Period 47 'Jl:s. -S.'V"1rr..do, :Y.T 2018 McNamara, Vid" Mi^ and Ramon B. Beleno III.-Qrezon City: C & E Publishiog, Inc., Post-Colonia1 Period 48 02018. xii,139 p. : ill.; cm. nit 2z Science, Teehnology, U S ociety, Includes bibliography and index. andtheHumanCondition.....51 ISBN: 978-971 -98-0935-7. 1. Science-Social aspects. 2. Technology-Social Chapter 4: Human Flourishing in Science aspects. I. Valverde,Vida Mia S. II. Belleno, Ramon B., andTechnology 52 III. III.Title. Technology as a Mode of Revealing 53 Book Design: Lynzel S. Naguit and Paul Andrew L. Pagunsan Cover Design: Ruth Anne D. Ellorin Technology as Paeisis: Applicable to ModernTechnology? 55  QrestioningasthePietyofThought. - -. - 56 Chapter9:Biodiversity......96 Enframing: Way of Revealing The 2010InternationalYear of Dioersity 97 in ModernTechnology 56 Biotechnolory....,.. 98 Human Person Swallowed byTechnology... 57 GeneticallyModified Organisms 99 Art as aWayOut of Enframing 58 GeneticModification.......100 Chapter 5: Human Flourishing as Reflected in Progress Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety...102 andDevelopment..- 62 Genetically modfred golden ricefalls sbort Forget'deaeloping' loor countries, iti time to'de- onlfesaoingpromises..103 deoelop'ricbcountries.. -63 Chapter 10: The Nano World..105 Chapter6:TheGoodlife....70 WhyNano?......106 ' Nicom.acbean Ethicsand Modernponcepts. 71 Chapter 11: Gene Therapy....109 Chapter 7: When Technology and Humanity Cross... 76 Wbat we sbould knous about stent cell treatnent Universal Declaration of Human Rights... 77 inthePH....111 Humans vs. Robots 79 Chapter 12: Climate Change...115 Why the Future Does Not Need Us..... 82 Sun Earth's Movement around the..1L6 Unit 3: SpecialTopics in Science,Technolory, MilankovitchParameters...179 andSociety..85 GlobalWarming...L22 Chapter8:InformationSociety..... 86 Greenhouse Gases..124 Information. 87 FutureActions....126 TheRoleoflanguage..... 87 Bibliography...129 Mathematics as the Language of Nature. 88 Index...135 TechnologicalWorld.....89 AbouttheAuthors The Printing Press and Beyond 90 The World Wide Web 9L  lntroduction., , Science may be defined as the system of knowledge of the natural world gained through the scientific method. It ,q1s originally called "philosophy of the natural world" since it dtemmed from the ancient Greeks'desire to know about nature. ''Thus, the first scientists were called "philosophers of nature."They sought to discover the truth behind material things and natural things. It was the task of the philosophers of nature to observe the world and beyond, and to discover what makes materials the $ame and what makes them different. How is a tree not a flower ' and a flower not a rock? ' In their quest for understanding the natural world, the ability to name and classify the objects found in nature was seen as the first step towards knowledge. Thus, the scientific search for truth early on recognized the usefulness of language and the ability !t gave to describe, classify, and explain the different objects of study. Meanwhile, the term technology comes from Greek words tekhnE meaning "art or craft" rnd -logia, meaning a "subject or interest." Taken together, the term has come to mean "practLcal. applicaticlns of what we know about nature" using scientific principles for the betterment of the human situation. As stated by CHED Memorandum Order No.20, Science, Technolog!, and Society is an interdisciplinary course that engages the students to confront the realities brought about by science and technology in sociery with all its socio-political, cultural, economic, and philosophical underpinnings at play. These realities pervade the personal, the public, and the global aspects oflife and are integral to human development.This course also seeks to instill reflective knowledge in the students so that they are able to live the good life and display ethical decision- making in both social and scientific dilemmas.  This course discusses how science has influenced human society and viceversa. It examines the interaction between the human quest to understand the natural world and how this urrderstarding has fashioned society and its development' The relationship between the two aspects of human culture is spelled out in the very title of this book-science is linked to society through technology.This connection has had a profound influence on the development of human culture. UNIT I This textbook gives students a taste of interdisciplinarity- the weaving together-of two or more disciplines to come up with a deeper understanding of the course in particular and the world in general. Its three units contain discussions on history General ConcePts in Science' philosophy, and science. The first unit highlights significant Technology, and SocietY iechnological developments throughout history that shaped human civilizations.The second engages the students in reflective and discursive thinking on the role of science aqd technology in the pursuit of the good life.The last unit deals with contemporary issues and scientific realities that we must all deal with as part of a well-functioning societY. It is hoped that by the end of the course, students will appreciate the contributions of science and technology to the world in general, and the Philippine society in particular; appraise the impact of science and technology on their personal decision- intelligent and -uki.rg and on living the good life; and make ethical decisions that will affect society for the good of humanity.  ->' HIsToRIcAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE COUNSTW oF scrENCE AND TEcHNoLoGY q I F p CHAPTER I ANcIrruT TIMES Antecedents H istorical In the ancient tirnes, people were concerned with transportation and navigation, cornmunication and record- in the Course of Science keeping, mass production, security and protection, as well as and Technology health, aesthetics, and architecture. Transportation was significant during that time because people were trying to go places and discover new horizons. They travelled to search for food and find better locations for LrRnNrxrc OurcoMES their settlements. They also travelled to trade their surplus goods in exchange for things that they lacked. Navigation assisted them in their journeys to unfamiliar and strange At the end of this chapter, the students should areas in the world. It allowedlhem to return home after they be able to: discovered new places or comirleted an important trade with 1. explain how science and technology affected another group of people. the society and environment and vice versal Communication was also essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy new places. They needed a wly to 2. identi{y inventions and discoveries that communicate with the natives of the areas they visited so as to changed the world over the course of historyi facilitate trade and prevent possible conflicts. Record-keeping and was also important since they needed to remember the places they had been to and document the trades they made with 3. discuss the scientific and technological each other. It was also vital to keep records of their history and developments in the Philippines. culture so they could establish their identities as they tried to relate with other cultures and civilizations. Science and technology indeed play major The increase in size and number of nations connoted roles in the everydaytife. They make difficult and increased demand for food and other basic necessities. complicated tasks easier and allow people to do more This condition also implied that people must be able to with so little effort and time. The developments produce food at a given time and space since resources were in this field are not just products of people's getting scarcer as more people struggled to share the basic imagination or a one-time thought process; they necessities. The people thus.needed a form of technology are also brought about by gradual improvements that would enable them to increase food supplies and other to earlier works from different time periods. The survival needs without them travelling more or working driving force behind this continuous progress is the harder. desire to raise the quality of life of the people.  HISToRICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE CoURSE CoNCEPTS IN ScIENcE,TECHNOLOGY,AND SOCIETY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Weapons and armors were important as well in The people were not contented on beautifying only their the discovery of new places or the establishment of new ures and surroundings'l Being able to prolong alliances with other tribes. At that time, there was always a with the mass production of food and advancement of risk of conflict when people met others with different culture I technologp as well as raise the quality of life by and orientations. Conflicts were comrnon especially if different king complicated and difficult tasks easier, humans later groups struggled to control vital resources. Stronger nations developed the technology to improve how they look. They tended to invade weaker ones so they could take much needed that people looked more visually presentable and resources. As such, the development of weapons and armors for ing by adding some features and decorations in their security and protection was considered a major achievement. A primary challenge they faced was the conservation of With all these in mind, one can conclude that the life. The early people might have been successful in harnessing ments in science and technology, aside from affecting the rich resources that the world could provide, but their lives of the people, were the results of many prior survival posed a gteat problem. Different illnesses and diseases, ts. Out of necessity, people in ancient times were able both natural and man-made, hampered the full potential of a discover and invent things that would impact the lives of the human being. Given this predicament, science 4nd technology n people. played a major role in the discovery of cures to, if not the I The following discussions will tackle the different major prevention o{, illnesses. nological advancements during the ancient times, which Moreover, in order to integrate their needs-for better include some of the achievements of the early civiLizations such transportation, establishment of structures for protection from the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Egyptians. It will continue human attacks and natural disasters, and construction of bigger describe the gradual application of knowledge up to the and sffonger infrastructures-people ventured into what is now ,:tontemporary time. known as the.field of engineering. The development in this field allowed humans to build structures that would address UMERIAN CIVILIZRTION their specific needs and wants. Some of the structures built during the ancient times still exist today and continually awe Sumeria is located on the southernmost tip of ancient people. amia. Sumerians are known for their high degree of The development in engineering also ushered in the ion with one another and their desire for great things. introduction of architecture. Others might see architecture as a hey are not contented with the basic things that life can offer. mere style, but during the ancient times, elaborate architectural This desire pushed them to develop many things connected designs were signs of technological advancement of a particular with science and technology. civilization. In the generations to come, architecture would be considered a status symbol among nations of how advanced Cuneiform their technology is. It may also establish the identity of a nation. of the major contributions of the Sumerians One is the development of the first writing system known as cuneiform. It is a system that utilizes word t' a HISToRIcAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE CoURSE 6 GENERAL CONCEPTS IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY oF ScIENCE AND TEcHNoLoGY Figure l.l Figure 1.2 Sumerian deities listed Ziggurat of Ur in cuneiform,2400 BC (re co n stru cti o n) they constructed the City of Uruk. Without much building tnaterials, the structure was constructed using sun-baked bricks. pictures and triangular symbols which ate carved on 'lhe ziggruat served as the sacred place of their chief god, where clay using wedge instruments and then left to d.y. only their priests were allowed to enter. The temple showcases Cuneiform allowed the Sumerians to keep records of things not only the elaborate and intricate Sumerian architecture but with great historical value or their everyday life. rlso the remarkable technology used to build it. As such, even I until today, people still enjoy and marvel at the preserved Great Uruk eity Ziggurat of Ur. itr Another important contribution of the Sumerians is lrrigatlon anci Dikes the City of Uruk. It is a great wonder not only because it ,'l is considered to be the first true city in the world but also As population increased, so did the demand for food. The for the way it was erected. There were no building stones Sumerians were challenged to mass produce food items but it in the location of this city and lumber was limited, making I'l the construction a big challenge. The Sumerians were able 1.3 Sumerian fields ',1 to build the city using only mud or clay from the river, which they mixed with reeds, producing sun-baked bricks-a true engineering feat. They used the bricks to make houses that protected them from the harsh weather and to build a wall around the city that prevented wild animals and neighboring raiders from entering. The Great Ziggurat of ur Another engineering and architectural feat of the Sumerians is the Great Ziggurat of Ur. The ziggurat, also called the mountain of god, was built in the same manner that  iiiii!" '.a 'i HISToRIcAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE CoURSE GENERAL CONCEPTS IN SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY,AND SOCIETY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ilt*'lri the elements in the environment seemed uncooPerative. It They needed a mode of transportation that did not require was difficult to get water from the rivers, thus they could not much human resource. Some sources attribute to the Sumerians maintain farmlands. Some grouPs had scarce water supply, the invention of sailboats to address their increasing demands. while others had problems with flooding caused by the river. Eeilboats were essential in transportation and trading as well as As a solution to this dilemma, the Sumerians created dikes ln fostering culture, information, and technology. and irrigation canals to bring water to farmlands and at the same time control the flooding of the rivers. This method was Wheel considered as one of the worldb most beneficial engineering works. Through the dikes and canals, the Sumerians were able In the latter part oftheir history, to enjoy year-long farming and harvesting, which increased the Sumerians were able to invent their food production. the wheel since the specialized tools needed to create it were aheady Sailboats available. The first wheels were not made for transportation but for Another challenge to the Sumerians was ,transportation. farm work and food processes. With At that time, the *he.l was not yet inverited; the main the use of the wheel and axle, mass Figure 1.5 mode of transportation was through waterways such as production was made easier. F'armers Mesopotamian wheel rivers and seas. Boats were used to carry large quantities were able to mill grains with less of products and were able to cover large distances. effort in less time. However, they wanted to discover faraway lands to settle since the population was getting lzrger, and boats were The Plow not enough to accommodate more peoPle and products. Another farm technology invented by the Mesopotamians is the plow. Humans evolved from being food gatherers to farm cultivators. However, farmers needed a technology which would enable them to dig the ground where seeds would be planted. The plow was invented to dig the earth in a faster pace. As the plow breaks the ground, the farmer would just drop the seeds and farm work would already be done. With this tool, farmers could cultivate larger parcels ofland faster, enabling them to mass produce food without taking so much effort and time. i I I t I r1 Figure 1.4 Mesopotamian sailboat r  t t't a : ^ HrsroRrcAL ANTECEDENT' tN rHE couRSE 11 GENERAL CONCEPTS IN SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 10 Hanging Gardens of BabYlon Roads Today, people can only marvel at the beauty of the famous In order to facilitate faster and easier travel, the Sumerians tleveloped the first roads. With this work, the flow of traffic Hanginj curd"r* of Babylon from stories of historians and b"."-" faster and more orga'nized' They made the roads with pairrt"i"it that portray the place' It was said to be a structure Lrd".ri of layers ,rpon laye" of gardens that contained several species^of plants, trees, and vinis' According to le-gends'.the g'r"rt Bubyionian King Nebu chaLdnezzar II built the gardens ior his wife, Qteen Amytis. However, no physical evide-nce Gardens has been found io pror. the existence of the Hangin-g Since time of Babylon. Its e;act location is also unknown' immemorial, people have been debating about the existence of the said mythical place. Many said it was just a product of the creative imaginaiion of the great King because -it lacked documentation or archaeological evidence' On the other Figure 1.6 MesoPotamian Plow 1 hand, if it really existed, it must have been destroyed by war' erosion, or an earthquake. True or not, hearing the stories and description of thi place would be enough to-inspire awe bricks the same technology they used in making the sun-baked that they laid down on the ground' They later poured bitumen' to anyone. One can imagine the th-ick greenery decorated by a black sticky substan.. ,i*ilut to asphalt, to smoothen the beautiful flowers.o-irr[ from different places in the garden and complicated design of the infrastructure. If the stories were roads. The invention of roads was very useful especially during true, the Hanging Cu.d"," of Babylon may be considered as the rainy season when traveling in soft and muddy roads proved one of the gr"u1.ri engineering and architectural achievements to be too difficult. of the worlJ that is almost impossible to replicate' BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION Babylonian civilization emerged near the Tigris and Euphraies Rivers. The Babylonians were great. builders' and architects. One of their major contributions is ".rjir.".r, thJhanging gardens of Babylon, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Figure 1.7 The Hanging Gardens of Babylon  --\\. a IT. =_i H STOR CAL A\"1:i?:X'JJ\I::".J':Ti, ZS r24.GENERAL CONCEPTS IN SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY a machine that was able to shred tea leaves into strips. This at that time. The structure was so massive and the machine was done using a wheel-based mechanism with sharp tfr?t it was said to have literally divided China from nation among edges attached to a wooden or ceramic pot. Because of this oith" world. The wall's construction put the ancient times' It Y:: invention, the Chinese were able to increase their production fow.rfrrl civilizations during th9 of tea.and trade with other nations. china thus became known ir1J".f their land and their crowning glo[' TodaS.with sections already in ruins, the Great Wall still continues 'e for its tea exports aside from its silk products. Tea production and developed b/ the ancient Chinese may have resulted in making be a world attraction due to its historical significance tea as one of the most popular beverages in the world today' itectural grandeur. Great Wall of China once considered the only man-made structure that could be The gunpowder is one of the most interesting inventions seen from outer space, the Great wall of china is said to be the ln China] Oiiginally, it was developed by Chinese.alchemists who ai*ed to' u.hi"r" immortaliiy' They mixed charcoal' largest and mostixtensive infrastructure that the nation built. elixir It ri", constructed to keep out foreign invaders and control the lulfur, and potassium nitrate, but instead-ofcreating an borders of China. Made with ston]e, brick, *Jod, earth, and oifif" they accidentally invented a black powder thatinstant' could in an other materials, it showcased the extent of Chinese engineering ,atrrutiy ge'nerate large amounts of heat and gas Figure l.l9 The Great Wall of China in 1907 Figure 1.20 Earliest known gunpowder formula.,.11':1,,. ii:i:rqENERAL '".,., :}5.--.......",\-2" HISToRICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE.o,*''..I..III,. :- u 26 CoNcEprs rN ScrENcE,TEcHNoLoGY,AND SoclETY oF scrENcE AND TEcHNoLocy z/.. -....:,,,.:"' Ironically, instead of prolonging life, gunpowder is widely used the Chinese developed woodblock printing, Johann ittf to propel bullets from guns and cannons which cause countless was able to invent the printing press, a more reliable deaths. In fact, gunpowder-propelled weapons are preferred by Of printing using a cast type. He utilized wooden machines raiders who plan to attack at a distance. The same weaPons are Gxtracted juices from fruits, attached to them a metal also used to dissipate any attempts of invasion. On the other of the letters, and pressed firmly the cast metal into hand, gunpowder is also used in fireworks during important of paper, which then made an exact impression on paper. celebrations in China. This general invention soon evolved to be the mechanical press which was eventually used all over the world. printing press was invented to address the need for MeorrvnUMroolE AcES iohing books that would spread information to many people faster rate. This invention also made works accessible to The start of the middle ages was marred by massive s who could not even write (Streissguth,7997). invasions and migrations. Wars were prevalent during this time. As such, great technology was needed in the fields of weaPonry' ii navigation, mass food and farm production, and health. The SCOPE iJ *ur. hr.r" resulted in population decline, but dLring the latter part of the period, there was a significant rise in population. Another invention in the iil Trade and commerce among nations increased, which resulted le Ages is the microscope. in greater demands for transportation technology. Some of the ing populations caused massive most innovative minds came from this period. ion and urbanization during period. More and more people rred to polluted and populated il ia PRINTING PRESS areas which resulted in more iI getting sick and needing s ical attention.To develop the medicines for illnesses, must understand the sickness h an investigation. Thus, ;# needed a device that could lr ,;] agnify things invisible to the i;. Guided by the principles used the invention of eyeglasses in barlier years, ZachariasJanssen was able to develop the first compound ffiicroscope. With this device, people were able to observe organisms that Figure 1.22 Reproduction I of an early microscope Figure l.2l The Gutenberg Press tr  sa€rrueneI CONCEPTS IN SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY,AND HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE COUNST'ffS ; u 2B SOCIETY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 29 N -.- a," q3 ,. were normally unseen by the naked eye. The microscope was defensive instruments. For open-area battles, people key in discovering new means in preventing and curing various cross bows and long bows so that they could attack illnesses (Davidson, 2015). ies at long ranges, keeping themselves safe with lotectio, of *alls utd fottt"t."t.'Additionally, in close- frand-to-hand combat, soldiers should wear something TELESCOPE themselves, a need addressed by the creation of iron ors. Flowever, body armors were heavy and limited. The problem was eventually solved by the of the chainmail. ERN TIMES booming world population during the nineteenth onwards demanded that more goods be produced at a iil rate. People needed efficient means of transportation to ;fitore goods and cover alarger distance. Machines that ifl l'gd animals to operate must thus be upgraded. Faster and ;means to communicate and compute should be developed Figure 1.23 Sketch of Galileo's refractor ish qonnections between and among nations. All these resulted in the development of industries. However, due Since the Middle Ages was also known as the Age of Exploration, the need for nautical inventions was high. Considering the vast and empty oceans that separated lands, ive industrializatiot, the modern times again faced more icated problems. Food processing and medicine posed til of the bigger challenges since health was of great concern. ship captains needed to see far and wide for them to navigate or to avoid dangers at sea. The invention of the telescoPe, an optical instrument that helps in the observation of remote EURIZATION il ,# objects, was a great help for navigators during this time. llh Together with the telescope, the invention of the compass, oars,. As people were able to develop better means of production :ll and rudders made sea travelling easier and safer (Helden, 7989). meet the needs of the population, food preservation and food lr! became an issue. The challenge to keep manufactured from deteriorating was greater for dairy products, WAR WEAPONS ially milk, since they usually spoiled faster. These goods i to be consumed almost immediately after production Since wars were widespread during theMiddle Ages, great they would cause illness like diphtheria, food poisoning, and development in the weaponry technology also occurred. A1l sides must develop weaponries not only as offensive tools but id fever. Since transporting these products would also take l time, it would be impossible to trade them. I lf ( ,,_l q :5, /Eo ,al::llil ,,.',...G EN ERAL CoNCEPTS I N ScI ENCE, TECH NoLoGY, AN D SOCI ETY HISToRICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE CoURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY..,','.. 31 ;lllil:, more people got connected by trade and exploration, more they needed a way to, easil)r maintain these ions and communicate with each other in real time. likewise needed some kind of communication which would allow them to administer their states Important day-to-day decisions must be discussed and at the fastest time possible. Thus, the development of Figure 1.24 Pasteurization process ne by Alexander Graham Bell was one of the most inventions at that time. Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist, found L wly to solve the problem. He invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster. Through this process, milk could be stored and consuared for a longer period. It also prevented illnesses caused by harmful bacteria (Macalester College, 2010). Other contributions of Pasteur to science, technology, and medicine included his works on molecular asymmetry, fermentation, and vaccination. PETRoLEUM REFINERY The modern times demanded better means of powering homes and transportation. At first, people used animal oils for generating light to illuminate their homes. However, the production of animal oils could not keep up with the demand. Faced with this concern, Samuel M. Kier was able to invent Figure 1.25 Recreation of Alexander Graham Bell's kerosene by refining petroleum. Kerosene was later on referred invention of the telephone to as the "illuminating oil" because it was used at first to provide lighting to homes. After some time, it was applied for ALCULATOR heating purposes. The development of kerosene established the petroleum refinery industry (Skrabec, 2010). At present, Although an earlier version of the calculator had already petroleum is widely used in powering automobiles, factories, been developed, circumstances in the modern times required and power plants, among others. a faster wzy to compute more complicated equations. Computing devices must also be easy to caffy since they would  ,*n 'd' 1 __-).l "- HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE COURSE ,2 ,.,lr..il 33 / 32,,,''' n:.:*o. coNCEPrs tN ScIENcE,TECHNoLoGY,AND soclErY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ':{:' be utilized on a day-to-day basis. The creation of moderrr NDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE ilt calculators did not orrly parre the way for easier arithmetit' has become ordinary for Filipinos to convert transport calculations, but also resulted in the development of morc complex processing machines like the comPuter. i, irr,o something more "tif"l' An-exampl".it.,tl" of American military jeepi used in World War ieepneys. Another Filipino innovation is the addition l.rt ,o a motorcycle, tiansforming it into a tricycle to more Passengers. lr ,irl ril Figure 1.26 Mechanical calculators PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS il Figure 1.27 Amphibious Salamander Despite being considered a developing country, the iil (a Philippines also contributes to the global advancement of {,I scienie and technology. It is quite remarkable to note the ffi ingenuity of the Filipinos despite the lack in resources. The Philippines is known to be one of the most vulnerable countries ffi in terms of natural disasters. Many of the discoveries and It inventions made by the Filipinos were therefore built from indigenous materials or created to adapt to the harsh tropical :11 environment. l: ir l l..i {.: } ,/ i...ii:i: t r:.,..,""'O.:::- coNcEprs rN scrENcE,TEcHNolocy,AND socrEry HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 35 , I'lrll, SALT Leyp ICAL INCUBATOR A common problem in the Philippines is the high mortality of newborn babies. One reason for this problem in the 20'h ry was the lack of available incubators especially in far- rural areas due to lack of resources and electricity. Dr. Fe Mundo, a Filipino pediatrician and the first Asian woman into Harvard Medical School, devised a medical made from indigenous and cheap materials which did run on electricity. Dr. del Mundo's incubator was made by a native laundry basket inside a bigger one. Hot water. *"r" inserted between the baskets to provide warmth a makeshift hood to allow oxygen circulation. Its main ose was to maintain conditions suitable for a newborn, ir.11y a pre-term baby. Other breakthroughs in Philippine iirl 1 Figure 1.28 SALI lamp icine attributed to Dr. del Mundo include her works on the nization and treatment ofjaundice and the BRAT diet for ril One of the major needs in the Philippines, as a developing ng diarrhea. nation, is electrification. Electricity powers various tlpes of machines, including light ro.rr..r. In many ,rrrl ur.u, i, ITO OVICIDAL/LARVICIDAL TRNP SYSTTM t the country, activities would cease when it g;ts dark. It also becomes more dangerous to travel. Filipinos have resorted $ to using candles and kerosene lamps but they carry certain ffi ri5 risks as they are fire hzzards. solar power is also a wercome development but like rechargeable'batteries, sorar panels are too ffi expensive for ordinary Filipinos. Fortunately, a yorr.rg Filipina ,$ inventor named Aisa Mijeno was able to invent , tigtii"g.U 'Llt system that utilizes a material abundant in the philippines- saltwater. she invented the sustainable Alternative Lightirg it (sALt) lamp, an environment-friendly right source thJt runs on saltwater. The sALt lamp is safer as it poses no risk of fire l and emits no toxic gases. Aside from people who live in coastal areas, it may also benefit those from far-flung barrios because they can make their own saltwater by mixing two tablespoons of salt and a glass of tap water. il Figure 1.29 DOST-|TDI OL TraP ls  HISToRICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE CoURSE 36 lc"',G EN ERAL coNcEprs N sct ENCE, TECH NoLocY, AND socl I ETY oF ScIENcE AND TECHNoloGY 37, ''ti$ '., :,,'' Dengue, a mosquito-borne viral illness, is endemic in exhaust system. To counter these disadvantages, the tropical and subtropical areas, including the Philippines. This jeepney (eJeepney) was developed. This modern type of virus is usually transmitted by Aeda aegypti mosquito, rampant ion utilizes electricity instead of the more expensive during the rainy season. Insecticides were previously used to It is environment-friendly since it does not emit any kill the species. However, recent studies show that insecticide and noise. resistance has evolved in some mosquito populations. Likewise, items discussed in this chapter are only some of the using insecticides is harmful not only to humans but also to inventions and developments during the different time the environment. In 20L0, the Department of Science and There are still more innovations and discoveries that Technology-Industrial Technology Development Institute ftade in the course of history that changed the world. Can (DOST-ITDI) was able to introduce the Mosquito Ovicidal/ other great discoveries? Larvicidal Trap System, also known as OL Tiap. This trap system is made of natural ingredients that are lethal to mosquitos but safe for humans and the environment. EJEEPNEY QuesrroNs FoR Rerlecrroru , A major innovation that changed the transportation Give three other major scientific and technological industry in the Philippines was the development of the jeepney. developments in the world (or in the Philippines) that This iconic public utility vehicle was built using the military created alarge impact on your daily life. jeeps left by the Americans after World War II. The chassis and ; What historical antecedents gave rise to the inventions you the body of the military jeePs were extended to accommodate mentioned in the first question? more load and passengers. Because of its usefulness, the jeepney dominated Philippine streets and is considered as the primary How did the developments in science and technology shape mode of transportation of most Filipinos. However, the diesel- human history? powered jeepney produces large quantities of black smoke, and is usually a major contributor of noise pollution due to its Figure 1.30 eJeepney t  \ u tiiii."''"GENERAL CONCEPTS IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY 3B ,. :, ,::.]!f CHAPTER 2 ACTIVITY lntellectual Revolutions ' STANDING ON THE SHOULDER OF THE GIANTS Divide the class into four groups. The three groups will be assigned to each of the three time periods (ancient, middle, modern), and the last group to Philippine inventions. Each LennNING OUTcoMES member of the group should search for one great achievement during their assigned time period aside from those discussed in the chapter. Afterwards, accomplish the following: At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to: 1. Draw or print a picture of your chosen achievement. As a group, collect and paste these inventions on a 1/4 1. discuss the paradigm shifts through history; illustration board. Design the board'with a theme 2. explain how the Intellectual Revolution appropriate to the assigned time period. changed the way how humans see the world; 2. Explain in your own words how each invention and works. Also identify their use and purpose. Paste the 3. describe the technological advancements that information at the back of the illustration board. happened in the information age. 3. Present your project in class. Conclude your report by discussing how these inventions impacted the people and The previous chapter tackled how historical the society during the time period when they were made. antecedents have affected the course ofscience and technology. It has been established that most, if not all, of the discoveries and inventions in science and technology during each time period were due to human needs and wants. Brilliant minds responded to the call of the times and created things that could make life easier for the people. There have also been instances when advancements in science and technology changed people's perceptions and beliefs. Much of these events happened in a period now known as the ) Intellectual Revolution. b (-.-t ___.-x 'l q //.--t J 4.O '.1i.. ,....., GENERAL coNcEprs lN ScrENcE,TEcHNoLoGy,AND SocrETy INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIOITIS 4'1. , i,. ,:;, The developments during the Intellectual Revolution lr.tr showed how society was transformed by science and technology. This chapter aims to establish the interaction between science and technology and society, cementing further the relationship as introduced in the first chapter. CoprRNrcAN RevoluroN In the early times, people questioned what created days and nights. They wanted to understand what heavenly bodies like stars, moons, and planets are. The invention of the telescope allowed the people to take a peek at the outer space, but more importantly, it also intrigued them to know what was actually ,i :l out there. iil Many Greek philosophers and intellectrials wrote about planets in an attempt to explain the movements of heavenly bodies and their effects on the world as they knew it. Many Figure l.3l The Geocentric Model f of these philosophers agreed that planets moved around in circular motion, and that these movements created days and the 16'h century, Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish fi nights, among others. A famous philosopher and astronomer, tician and astronomer, challenged the Ptolemaic Claudius Ptolemy, stated that the planets, as well as the sun and. He introduced a new concept known as that the center oI the Solar heliocentrism, was not t riil the moon, moved in a circular motion around the Earth. The ,r$uggested System sun and moon's revolution explained the existence of days and h but actually the sun. This idea was rejected at first ffi nights. He believed that the Earth.was at the center-a concept public. It appalled many since their religious belief had known as geocentrism. Ptolemyt geocentric model was widely them that the Earth was created first before all other accepted by the people and was one ofthe greatest discoveries of Copernicus was even persecuted as a heretic because his # ngs were against what was widely accepted by religion. fl, that time. & seme time, astronomers realized that the Copernican Ir simplified the orbits for planets. It also answered issues l1: ruld not be explained using the geocentric model. Other that supported this model started to emerge as well. It ntually accepted by the people in a period which was the birth of modern astronomy. This era began what I n as the scientific revolution which resulted in the ion of society's thoughts and beliefs.  iii{i 4:2 ]!'"'.GEwER.AL coNcEPTS tN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY tNrELLEcruAL REVoLUIoNs 43 i t,,,,'.,' '*r ,{lr, but the religious and the faithful strongly refuted it. It {i a massive debate between science and religion. only after some time that people came to understand in's theory of evolution u/as not in fact against the ofthe church and both can coexist. irl Figure 1.32 The Heliocentric Modi ,t DARWINIAN REVOLUTION The Darwinian revolution was considered to be one of t the most controversial intellectual revolutions of its time. In 1859, Charles Darwin, an English naturalist, biologist, and $ Figure 1.33 Evolution Evolur of man rif, geologist, published his book, On the Origin of Species.In this tm book, Darwin introduced the theory of evolution, which posited that populations pass through a process of natural DIAN RCVOIUTION selection in which only the fittest would survive' He stated that tffi organisms have the ability to adapt to their environment and In the past, the field of psychology was always classified hl l,1l flt would gradually change into something that would be more philosophy. Psychology was considered more of an art l,ll competitive to survive, a Process known as evolution. However, er than a science. In the late 19,h century, Sigmund Freud i,rl this theory became very controversial as people perceived it to able to change people's perception of psycho'iogy with his 1,, be contradictory to the church's teachings that the source of life ionary theory of psychoanalysis. is a powerful creator. The theory emerged at a time when most Psychoanalysis is the study that explains human behavior. of the population believed and accepted the biblical version of his theory, Freud explained that there are many conscious the Earth's creation. Because of this conflict, the people were unconscious factors that can influence behavior and divided-some believed that the theory explained the origin He also argued that personality is a product of three  T GENERAL CONCEPTS IN SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY,AND SOCIETY INTELLEcTUAL REVoLUTtoNs'"' 45 ",ii'il::; conflicting elements: id, ego, and superego. Science hardliners brushed off the legitimacy of QuesrroNs FoR RerrecloN psychoanalysis as a science since its concepts were more Why do you think were most intellectual ideas philosophical and supernatural. controversial? Many believed that Freud's theory had no scientific basis as Why did the people accept these new discoveries despite no empirical or experimental data being contradictory to what was widely accepted at that could support it. time? Despite criticisms, Freud still 3. How do intellectual revolutions transform societies? continued to work on refining 4, Can you name other scientific revolutions that happened in his theory and in fact tried to ' the following places? Figure 1.34 Sigmund Freud explain how psychoanalysis a. Meso-America can be a clinical method in treating some mental disorders. Soon enough, people were able to understrtld th. concePts b. Asia of psychoanalysis, which eventually resulted in classifying c. Middle East psychology as a science These three revolutionizing theories are just some of the d. Africa many scientific ideas that transformed and molded societies and teliefs. The changes they brought to the perspectives and perceptions of the scientific community and the public are evidence of science and technology's link to humanity. Through ,#, Acrrvlry scientific research and experimentations, people will continue to deepen their understanding of the world and the universe. x Divide the class into two groups. One group will research on the positive results brought about by innovations and technological advances in the information age while the other should focus on the negative. Report your findings in class. Afterwards, reflect on th. present;tiorrs and.o*. ip with ten rules or guidelines in using the different media of information to ensure that humanity will reap the rewards of information age.  q 'illlll! ScI ENcE, TECH NoLoGY, AND NATIoN-BUI LDING'iI]], 47 CHAPTER 3 OLONIAL PERIOD SciencerTechnology, cntific and technological development in the Philippines and Nation-building ln the pre-colonial period. Even before the Spaniards to the Philippine islands, early Filipino settlers were using certain plants and herbs as medicines. Systems ng and animal-raising were also implemented. ', early Filipinos had also developed different modes of ion, whether terrestrial or maritime. LennruING OUTCOMES complicated engineering feat was achieved by the natives r Cordilleras when they built rice terraces by hand. At the end of this chapter, the students should these terraces, the people were able to cultivate crops be able to: mountainsides in cold temperatures. They incorporated tion system that uses water from the forests and 1. explain how early Filipinos applied scientific tops to achieve an elaborate farming system. The.rice irl principles in their daily living; of the Cordilleras, which are still functional, show the 2. present government policies on science and tive and ingenious way of the natives to survive in an il unfriendly environment. technology and explain their importance to fl ,:1, the nation; and LONIAL PENIOO $' 3. discuss the role of science and technology in il nation-building. ifi Colonization by the Spaniards provided the Philippines 13, t modern means of construction. Walls, roads, bridges, The development of science and technology in other large infrastructures were built using some of # the Philippines has already come a long way. Many engineering skills and tools brought by the Spaniards. ;;# &i significant inventions and discoveries have been addition, the Spanish government developed health and il'fi 1ll. accomplished by or attributed to Filipinos. This ion systems that were enjoyed by the principalia class. ill chapter tackles how the development of science and The American occupation modernized almost all aspects iil technology affect the development of the Philippines life in the Philippines. They established a government as a nation. ; the Bureau of Science, for the sole purpose of nurturing in the field of science and technology.  u ScIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY SCIENcE, TEcHNoLoGY, AND NATIoN-BUIL,,*".dU 49 l PrRroo QuesrroNs FoR REFLECTToN After achieving independence from the colonizers, the Philippines, under different administrations, continued to p,rt.,r" programs in science and technology- Each leadership the development of..i.rr." and technology from had its own science and technology agenda. However, it is pre-cdlonial times up to the present. What have you important to note than some Philippine presidents posted more developments in the field than others. do you think are the major contributions of science One of the presidents who ushered in advancements in technology to Philippine nation-building? science and technology was former president and dictator specific government policy do you like the most in Ferdinand Marcos. Under his term, many agencies in science and technology were established and strengthened, including ficrms of contributing to the development of science and nology in the Philippines? the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) in place of the abolished..ffi 6t'.iiff d&.ft ffi {lm!,tr',tt." iil Weather Bureau; the National Academy of Science and rmrgu|flr**ffi#.ffi Technology (NAST); and the reconstituted National Science ffi;;.r.. ;" r;;H#hrySJ,t'-ent to imprement in and Technology Authoriry (originally established in 1958 ,td the near future? as the National Science and Dev,eloPment Board and now the Department of Science and Technology), among others' fr Marcos saw that the key to nation-building is the continued ",..1 development of science and technology. The progress in science ';,t.", ',;^,, H' and technology continued even after his dictatorial rule and the i.r rs presidents after him left their own legacies in the field. #l ffi ffil lril llt 11, l f ,ritr. ffi qelreul coNcEprs I N sctENcE, TEcHNoLocY, AND socl ETY ,fl, AcrvtrY X Divide the class into six grouPs. Each grouP will be assigned to a president after Marcos. Identify some achievements in the field of science and technology under the assigned administration and trace how they helped shape the Philippines as a nation. Show your findings to class through a 5- to 10-minute creative video presentation. pfftuppfi{E $ctlo0t 0t [{IER|0R DEStoil. Afi [Et{ firsTlrl,lTq mu. LIBRARY  UNIT 2 Science, Technology, Society, and the Human Condition : I t' il.t ll. ;II l:r ,]i.1 ,t, I lr". r,:,r :. l:r : lt t:l:l'.rlill'i,lr ' I ' t-- 1,1 ,'l  /> t --_57 HUMAN FLouRtsHtNG tN sctENcE AND TEcHNoLoGy 53 ',, CHAPTER 4 be able to appreciate the fruits 9f science and technology, lllust be examined not only for their function and Human Flourishing lity but also for their greater impact on humanity The various gadgets, rfachines, appliances, and in Science and Technology are all tools that make human lives easier because as a means to an end. Their utility lies on providing with a certain good, convenience, or knowledge. ile, medical research employs the best scientific and ical principles to come up with cures for diseases and LeenNING OUTCOMES to prevent illnesses to ensure a good quality of life. i1 At the end of this chapter, the students should NOLOGY AS A MODE OF REVEALING be able to: 1. discuss what technology reveals; In his seminal work, The Question of Technology, Martin urges us to question technology and see beyond