Lesson 1: Historical Antecedents in Science and Technology PDF

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Quezon City Branch, Polytechnic University of the Philippines

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history of science science and technology social considerations historical antecedents

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This document provides an introduction to the history of science and technology, focusing on the interactions between science and technology (S&T) and society throughout history. It discusses how scientific and technological developments affect society and the environment, and identifies key paradigm shifts.

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Republic of the Philippines POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Office of the Vice President for Branches and Campuses QUEZON CITY BRANCH LESSON 1 – Historical Antecedents in Which Social Considerations Changed the Course of Science and Technology INTRODUCTIO...

Republic of the Philippines POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Office of the Vice President for Branches and Campuses QUEZON CITY BRANCH LESSON 1 – Historical Antecedents in Which Social Considerations Changed the Course of Science and Technology INTRODUCTION: The history of science and technology (HST) is a field of history that examines how the understanding of the natural world (science) and the ability to manipulate it (technology) have changed over the millennia and centuries. This academic discipline also studies the cultural, economic, and political impacts of scientific innovation. Histories of science were originally written by practicing and retired scientists, starting primarily with William Whewell, as a way to communicate the virtues of science to the public. In the early 1930s, after a famous paper given by the Soviet historian Boris Hessen, was focused into looking at the ways in which scientific practices were allied with the needs and motivations of their context. After World War II, extensive resources were put into teaching and researching the discipline, with the hopes that it would help the public better understand both Science and Technology as they came to play an exceedingly prominent role in the world. In the 1960s, especially in the wake of the work done by Thomas Kuhn, the discipline began to serve a very different function, and began to be used as a way to critically examine the scientific enterprise. (WIKIPEDIA, 2020) Watch Video: History of Science and Technology https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f5JUQd_jDHQ OBJECTIVES: 1. Discuss the interactions between S&T and society throughout history. 2. Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society and the environment. 3. Identify the paradigm shifts in history COURSE MATERIALS: Science and Technology indeed play major roles in the everyday life. They make difficult and complicated tasks easier and allow people to do more with so little effort and time. The developments in this field are not just products of people’s imagination or a one-time thought process; they are also brought about by gradual improvements to earlier works from different time periods.The driving force behind this continuous progress is the desire to raise the quality of life of the people. Science – knowledge about or study of the natural world based on facts learned through experiments and observation. Technology – science or knowledge put into practical use to solve problems or invent useful tools. Society – The sum of total of our interactions as humans, including the interactions that we engage in to figure things out and to make things. It is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. Page | 1 Don Fabian St., CommonwealthQuezon City Philippines “THE COUNTRY’S 1stPOLYTECHNICU” Republic of the Philippines POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Office of the Vice President for Branches and Campuses QUEZON CITY BRANCH ANCIENT TIMES In the ancient times, people were concerned with transportation and navigation, communication and record-keeping, mass production, security and protection, as well as health, aesthetics and architecture. Transportation was significant during that time because people were trying to go places and discover new horizons. They traveled to search for food and find better locations for their settlements. They also traveled to trade their surplus goods in exchange for things that they lacked. Navigation assisted them in their journeys to unfamiliar and strange areas in the world. It allowed them to return home after they discovered new places or completed an important trade with another group of people. Communication was also essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy new places. They needed a way to communicate with the natives of the areas they visited so as to facilitate trade and prevent possible conflicts. Record-keeping was also important since they needed to remember the places they had been to and document the trades they made with each other. It was also vital to keep records of their history and culture so they could establish their identities as they tried to relate with other cultures and civilizations. People must be able to produce food at a given time and space since resources were getting scarcer as more people struggled to share the basic necessities. The people thus needed a form of technology that would enable them to increase food supplies and other survival needs without them travelling more or working harder. Weapons and armors were important as well in the discovery of new places or the establishment of new alliances with other tribes. At the time, there was always a risk of conflict when people met others with different culture and orientations. Conflicts were common especially if different groups struggled to control vital resources. Different illnesses and diseases, both natural and man-made, hampered the full potential of a human being. Given this predicament, science and technology played a major role in the discovery of cures to, if not the prevention of, illnesses. SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION Sumeria is located on the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia. Sumerians are known for their high degree of cooperation with one another and their desire for great things. They are not contented with the basic things that life can offer. This desire pushed them to develop many things connected with science and technology. Cuneiform-one of the major contributions of the Sumerians is the development of the first writing system known as the cuneiform. Uruk City- It is a great wonder not only because it is considered to be the first true city in the world but also for the way it was erected. The Great Ziggurat of Ur-Another engineering and architectural feat of the Sumerians is the Great Ziggurat of Ur. The ziggurat, also called the mountain of god, was built in the same manner that they constructed the City of Uruk. Without much building materials, the structure was constructed using sun-baked bricks. Irrigation and Dikes-As population increase, so did the demand for food. The Sumerians were challenged to mass produce food items but the elements in the environment seemed uncooperative. It was difficult to get water from the rivers, thus they could not maintain farmlands. Some groups had scarce water supply, while others had problems with flooding caused by the river. As a solution to this dilemma, the Sumerians created dikes and irrigation canals to bring water to farmlands and at the same time control the flooding of the rivers. This method was considered as one of the world’s most beneficial engineering works. Sailboats- Another challenge to the Sumerians was transportation. At that time, the wheel was not yet invented; the main mode of transportation was through waterways such as rivers and seas. Boats were used to carry large quantities of products and were Page | 2 Don Fabian St., CommonwealthQuezon City Philippines “THE COUNTRY’S 1stPOLYTECHNICU” Republic of the Philippines POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Office of the Vice President for Branches and Campuses QUEZON CITY BRANCH able to cover large distances. However, they wanted to discover faraway lands to settle since the population was getting larger, and boats were not enough to accommodate more people and products. Wheel-The first wheels were not made for transportation but for farm work and food processes. With the use of the wheel and axle, mass production was made easier. Farmers were able to mill grains with less effort in less time. The Plow-Another farm technology invented by the Mesopotamians is the plow. Humans evolved from being food gatherers to farm cultivators. However, farmers needed a technology which would enable them to dig the ground where seeds would be planted. With this tool, farmers could cultivate larger parcels of land faster, enabling them to mass produce food without taking so much effort and time. Roads-In order to facilitate faster and easier travel, the Sumerians developed the first roads. They may make the roads with the same technology they used in making the sun- baked bricks that they laid down on the ground. BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION Babylonian civilization emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The Babylonians were great builders, the engineers and architects. One of their major contributions is the hanging gardens of Babylon, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Hanging Garden of Babylon- a structure made up of layers upon layers of garden that contained several species of plants, trees and vines. According to legends, the great Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II built the gardens for his wife, Queen Amytis. On the other hand, if it really existed, it must have been destroyed by war, erosion, or an earthquake. True or not, hearing the stories and description of the place would be enough to inspire awe to anyone. If the stories were true, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon may be considered as one of the greatest engineering and architectural achievements of the world that is almost impossible to replicate. EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION Another early civilization famous for its legacy is the Egyptian civilization located in North Africa. Many stories tell about the engineering feats of the Egyptians especially regarding the infrastructures established by the pharaohs. Aside from engineering technology, the Egyptians have contributed other practical things that the world now considers as essential. Paper or Papyrus-One of the earlier contributions of Egyptian civilization was the paper or papyrus. Although Egypt was not the first to develop a system of writing, they were able to make writing easier for the world. Hieroglyphics-Egyptians also developed a system of writing using symbols, known as hieroglyphics. Although some say that hieroglyphics was adapted from the early writing system established in Mesopotamia as a result of trade between civilizations, the Egyptians believed that this writing system was provided to them by their gods. Wig-Another cosmetic invention of ancient Egyptians is the wig. At present, wigs are used to enhance the appearance of people who are balding or those who want to try new hair trends. Meanwhile, during the ancient Egyptian times, wigs were worn for health and wellness rather than for aesthetic purposes. The wigs were used to protect the shaved heads of the wealthy Egyptians from the harmful rays of the sun. Water Clock/Clepsydra-Another important ancient Egyptian contribution is the water clock. This device utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to the other. The water clock was widely used as a timekeeping device during the ancient times. GREEK CIVILIZATION Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part of Europe. Known as the birthplace of western philosophy, some of the major achievements of the Greeks include in-depth works on Page | 3 Don Fabian St., CommonwealthQuezon City Philippines “THE COUNTRY’S 1stPOLYTECHNICU” Republic of the Philippines POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Office of the Vice President for Branches and Campuses QUEZON CITY BRANCH philosophy and mathematics. More than coliseums and the Olympics, the Greek civilization has contributed much to the world especially in the fields of science and technology. Alarm Clock-One of the most utilized gadgets today that was invented by the ancient Greeks is the alarm clock. Although the alarm clock during that time did not resemble the present-day alarm clock, the purpose was just the same – to tell an individual when to stop or when to start. The ancient Greek’s alarm clocks used large complicated mechanisms to time the alarm. They made use of water (or sometimes small stones or sand) that dropped into drums which sounded the alarm. Plato’s Alarm Clock-The basic idea of an alarm clock can be traced to Ctesibius, an ancient Greek engineer, physicist and mathematician who lived in Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt.Ctesibius (285–222 BC) was the Father of Pneumatics, a branch of engineering that makes use of gas or pressurized air. Ctesibius was a great scientist ahead of his time. Some even describe him as an ancient genius. He is best known for his three inventions – the suction pump, the water clock, and the hydraulis, a musical instrument that is the ancestor of the pipe organ Water Mill- considered as one of the most important contributions of the Greek civilization to the world. They were commonly used in agricultural processes like milling of grains which was necessary form or food processing during that time. Because milling was made possible by the use of watermills, the mass production of rice, cereals, flours, and the like became common. ROMAN CIVILIZATION The Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west. It was considered to be the cradle of politics and governance during the period. Because the Roman Empire was so large, other civilizations looked up to it as their model in terms of legislation and codified laws. Aside from their contributions in politics, a lot of discoveries and inventions still relevant today can be attributed to the Roman Empire. Newspaper- One of the major contributions of the Romans is the newspaper. The first newspapers, known as gazettes, contained announcements of the Roman Empire to the people. Made before the invention of paper, these gazettes were engraved in metal or stone tablets and then publicly displayed. When paper was invented, it became easier for the Romans to “publish” matters that needed the attention of the Roman citizens. Bound Books or Codex-With the invention of paper, it became easier for civilizations to write down everything that happened in their time. Record-keeping was much easier since paper did not easily break, was lightweight, and did not occupy much space. As a result, civilizations became fond of record-keeping, especially documenting historical events and newly legislated laws. Roman Architecture-one of the most visual contributions of the ancient Roman Empire to the world. Roman architecture was considered a continuation of Greek architecture, hence, the resemblance. However, Roman architecture was still regarded as pioneering since the Romans were able to adapt new building and engineering technology on architectural designs established in the past. In this manner, they were able to preserve great and elaborate architectural designs because they could produce sturdier and stronger infrastructures. CHINESE CIVILIZATION The Chinese civilization is considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia, if not the world. Also known as the middle kingdom, China is located on the far east of Asia. It was famous among other ancient civilizations because of its silk trade. Not a great amount was written about ancient China partly due to its distance from the other civilizations. Despite its less popular status among the early civilizations, one cannot discredit the significant contributions of Chinese civilization to the world. Silk-One of the things that connected Far East China to the world is silk. Although silk is naturally produced by silk worms, the Chinese were the ones who developed the technology to harvest the silk and process it to produce paper and clothing. Silk production Page | 4 Don Fabian St., CommonwealthQuezon City Philippines “THE COUNTRY’S 1stPOLYTECHNICU” Republic of the Philippines POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Office of the Vice President for Branches and Campuses QUEZON CITY BRANCH resulted in the creation of a product for trade. The silk trade opened China to the outside world, making way for cultural, economic, and scientific exchanges. It bridged the gap between the western world and the middle kingdom. Tea Production-Tea is a beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling water over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves. It was believed that the first tea was drunk by a Chinese emperor. Tea production was developed when an unknown Chinese inventor created a machine that was able to shred tea leaves into strips. Great Wall of China Great Wall of China- said to be the largest and most extensive infrastructure that the nation built. It was constructed to keep out foreign invaders and control the borders of China. Made with stone, brick, wood, earth, and other materials, it showcased the extent of Chinese engineering technology at that time. The structure was so massive and strong that it was said to have literally divided China from the rest of the world. The wall’s construction put the nation among the powerful civilizations during the ancient times. It was the pride of their land and their crowning glory. Today, with some sections already in ruins, the Great Wall still continues to be a world attraction due to its historical significance and architectural grandeur. Gunpowder-one of the most interesting inventions in China. Originally, it was developed by Chinese alchemists who aimed to achieve immortality. They mixed charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate, but instead of creating an elixir of life, they accidentally invented a black powder that could actually generate large amounts of heat and gas in an instant. MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES The start of the middle ages was marred by massive invasions and migrations. Wars were prevalent during this time. As such, great technology was needed in the fields of weaponry, navigation, mass food and farm production, and health. The wars have resulted in population decline, but during the latter part of the period, there was a significant rise in the population. Trade and commerce among nations increased, which resulted in greater demands for transportations technology. Some of the most innovative minds came from this period. Printing Press-After the Chinese developed woodblock printing; Johan Guttenberg was able to invent the printing press, a more reliable way of printing using a cast type. He utilized wooden machines that extracted juices from fruits, attached to them a metal impression of the letters, and pressed firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper, which then made an exact impression on paper. Microscope-Another invention in the Middle Ages is the microscope. Growing populations caused massive migration and urbanization during the period. More and more people transferred to polluted and populated urban areas which resulted in more people getting sick and needing medical attention. Thus, they needed a device that could magnify things invisible to the eye. Guided by the principles used for the invention of eyeglasses in earlier years, Zacharias Janssen was able to develop the first compound microscope. With this device, people were able to observe organisms that were normally unseen by the naked eye. The microscope was key in discovering new means in preventing and curing various illnesses (Davidson, 2015). War Weapons- great development in the weaponry technology also occurred. All sides must develop weaponries not only as offensive tools but also as defensive instruments. For open-area battles, people developed cross bows and long bows and long bows so that they could attack the enemies at long ranges, keeping themselves safe with the protection of walls and fortresses. MODERN TIMES The booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards demanded that more goods be produced at a faster rate. People needed efficient means of transportation to trade more goods and cover a larger distance. Machines that required animals to operate must thus be upgraded. Faster and easier means to communicate and compute should be developed to establish connections between and among nations. All these needs resulted in the development of industries. However, due to massive industrialization, the modern times again faced more complicated problems. Food processing and medicine posed some of the bigger challenges since health was of great concern. Page | 5 Don Fabian St., CommonwealthQuezon City Philippines “THE COUNTRY’S 1stPOLYTECHNICU” Republic of the Philippines POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Office of the Vice President for Branches and Campuses QUEZON CITY BRANCH Pasteurization- As people were able to develop better means of production to meet the needs of the population, food preservation and food safety became an issue. The challenge to keep manufactured food from deteriorating was greater for dairy products, especially milk, since they usually spoiled faster. These goods needed to be consumed almost immediately after the production or they would cause illness like diphtheria, food poisoning, and typhoid fever. Since transporting these products would also take time, it would be impossible to trade them. Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologists, and chemist, found a way to solve the problem. He invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster. Through this process, milk could be stored and consumed for a longer period. It also prevented illnesses caused by harmful bacteria (Macalester College, 2010). Other contributions of Pasteur to science, technology, and medicine included his works on molecular asymmetry, fermentation, and vaccination. Petroleum Refinery-The modern times demanded better means of powering homes and transportation. At first, people used animal oils for generating light to illuminate their homes. However, the production of animal oils could not keep up with the demand. Faced with this concern, Samuel M. Kier was able to invent kerosene by refining petroleum. Kerosene was later on referred to as the “illuminating oil” because it was used at first to provide lighting to homes. Telephone-The more people got connected by trade and exploration, the more they needed a way to easily maintain these connections and communicate with each other in real time. Governments likewise needed some kind of communication system which would allow them to administer their states well. Important day-to-day decisions must be discussed and addressed at the fastest time possible. Thus, the development of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell was one of the most important inventions at that time. Calculator- Although an earlier version of the calculator had already been developed, circumstances in the modern times required a faster way to compute more complicated equations. Computing devices must also be easy to carry since they would be utilized on a day-to-day basis. The creation of modern calculators did not only pave the way for easier arithmetic calculations, but also resulted in the development of more complex processing machines like the computer. History of Science and Technology in the Philippines Science and technology in the Philippines had experienced periods of intense growth as well as long periods of stagnation. The main managing agency responsible for science and technology is the Department of Science and Technology. Numerous national scientists have contributed in different fields of science. Pre-Spanish Era Even before the colonization by the Spaniards in the Philippine island, the natives of the archipelago already had practices linked to science and technology. Filipinos were already aware of the medicinal and therapeutic properties of plants and the methods of extracting medicine from herbs. They already had an alphabet, number system, a weighing and measuring system and a calendar. Filipinos were already engaged in farming, shipbuilding, mining and weaving. The Banaue Rice Terraces are among the sophisticated products of engineering by pre- Spanish era Filipinos. Spanish Colonial Era The colonization of the Philippines contributed to the growth of science and technology in the archipelago. The Spanish introduced formal education and founded scientific institution. During the early years of Spanish rule in the Philippines. Parish schools were established where religion, reading, writing, arithmetic and music was taught. Page | 6 Don Fabian St., CommonwealthQuezon City Philippines “THE COUNTRY’S 1stPOLYTECHNICU” Republic of the Philippines POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Office of the Vice President for Branches and Campuses QUEZON CITY BRANCH Sanitation and more advanced methods of agriculture were taught to the natives. Later the Spanish established colleges and universities in the archipelago including the oldest and existing university in Asia, the University of Santo Tomas. The Galleon Trade have accounted in the Philippine colonial economy. Trade was given more focus by the Spaniard colonial authorities due to the prospects of big profits Agriculture and industrial development on the other hand were relatively neglected. The opening of the Suez Canal saw the influx of European visitors to the Spanish colony and some Filipinos were able to study in Europe who were probably influenced by the rapid development of scientific ideals brought by the Age of Enlightenment. American Period The progress of science and technology in the Philippines continued under American rule of the islands. Science during the American period was inclined towards agriculture, food processing, forestry, medicine and pharmacy. Not much focus was given on the development of industrial technology due to free trade policy with the United States which nurtured an economy geared towards agriculture and trade. On July 1, 1901 The Philippines Commission established the Bureau of Government Laboratories which was placed under the Department of Interior. The Bureau replaced the Laboratorio Municipal, which was established under the Spanish colonial era. The Bureau dealt with the study of tropical diseases and laboratory projects. On October 26, 1905, The Bureau of Government was replaced by the Bureau of Science and on December 8, 1933, The National Research Council of the Philippines was established. In 1946 the Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science. In the report by the US Economic Survey to the Philippines in 1950, there is a lack of basic information which were necessities to the country’s industries, lack of support of experimental work and minimal budget for scientific research and low salaries of scientists employed by the government. In 1958, during the regime of President Carlos P. Garcia, the Philippine Congress passed the Science Act of 1958 which established the National Science Development Bureau Post Commonwealth-Era During the 1970’s, which was under the time of Ferdinand Marcos’ presidency, the importance given to science grew. Under the 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV, Section 1, the government’s role in supporting scientific research and invention was acknowledged. In 1974, a science development program was included in the government’s Four-Year Development Plan which covers the years 1974-1978 Funding for science was also increased. The National Science Development Board was replaced by the National Science and Technology Authority under Executive Order No. 784. A Scientific Career in the civil service was introduced in 1983. In 1986, during Corazon Aquino’s presidency, the National Science and Technology Authority was replaced by the Department of Science and Technology, giving science and technology a representation in the cabinet. Under the Medium Term Philippine Development Plan for the year 1987-1992, science and technology’s role in economic recovery and sustained economic growth was highlighted. During Corazon Aquino’s State of the Nation Address in 1990, she said that science and technology development shall be one of the top three priorities of the government towards an economic recovery. In August 8, 1988, Corazon Aquino created the Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology which came up with the first Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP. The goal of STMP was for the Philippines to achieve newly industrialized country status by the year 2000. Page | 7 Don Fabian St., CommonwealthQuezon City Philippines “THE COUNTRY’S 1stPOLYTECHNICU” Republic of the Philippines POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Office of the Vice President for Branches and Campuses QUEZON CITY BRANCH The Congress did not put much priority in handling bills related to science and technology. The Senate Committee on Science and Technology was one of the committees that handle the least amount of bills for deliberation. Former Science and Technology secretary, Ceferin Follosco, reported that the budget allocation for science and technology was to increase to 1.054 billion pesos in 1989 from the previous year’s 464 million pesos. However due to the Asian financial crisis, budget allocation for the years 1990 and 1991 were trimmed down to 920 and 854 million pesos respectively. Budget allocation was increased to 1.7 billion pesos in 1992. PARADIGM SHIFTS IN HISTORY Paradigm Shift A typical example or pattern of something A distinct set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories, research methods, postulates and standards for what constitutes legitimate contributions to a field. A fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptions A concept identified by the American physicist and philosopher Thomas Kuhn This is another expression for more significant changes within belief systems. THE KUHN CYCLE A SIMPLE CYCLE OF PROGRESS DESCRIBED BY Thomas Kuhn in 1962 in his seminal work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions In Structure, Kuhn challenged the world’s current conception of science, which was that it was a steady progression of the accumulation of new ideas. Kuhn argues that science is not moved by a rational process but more by a social unity. In contrast with Popper, Kuhn presents a descriptive theory in which he tries to observe the factual scientific fields in order to understand how they function in practice. PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS Despite being considered a developing country, the Philippines also contributes to the global advancement of science and technology. It is quite remarkable to note the ingenuity of the Filipinos despite the lack in resources. The Philippines is known to be one of the most vulnerable countries in terms of natural disasters. Many of the discoveries and inventions made by the Filipinos were therefore built from indigenous materials or created to adapt to the harsh tropical environment. Salamander Amphibious Tricycle- It has become ordinary for Filipinos to convert transport vehicles into something more useful. An example is the conversion of American military jeeps used in World War II jeepneys. Another Filipino innovation is the addition of a sidecar to a motorcycle, transforming it into a tricycle to accommodate more passengers. Salt Lamp- A young Filipino inventor named Aisa Mijeno was able to invent a lighting system that utilizes a material abundant in the Philippines – saltwater. She invented the Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALt) lamp, an environment-friendly light source that runs on saltwater. The SALt lamp is safer as it poses no risk of fire and emits no toxic gases. Aside from people who live in coastal areas, it may also benefit those from far-flung barrios because they can make their own saltwater by mixing two tablespoons of salt and a glass of tap water. Page | 8 Don Fabian St., CommonwealthQuezon City Philippines “THE COUNTRY’S 1stPOLYTECHNICU” Republic of the Philippines POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Office of the Vice President for Branches and Campuses QUEZON CITY BRANCH Medical Incubator-A common problem in the Philippines is the high mortality rate of newborn babies. One reason for this problem in the 20th century was the lack of available incubators especially in far-flung rural areas due to lack or resources and electricity. Dr. Fe del Mundo, a Filipino pediatrician and the first Asian woman admitted into Harvard Medical School, devised a medical incubator made from indigenous and cheap materials which did not run on electricity. Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System- In 2010, the Department of Science and Technology-Industrial Technology Development Institute (DOST-ITDI) was able to introduce the Mosquito Ovicidal / Larvicidal Trap System, also known as OL Trap. This trap system is made of natural ingredients that are lethal to mosquitoes but safe for humans and the environment. E-Jeepney- This modern type of transportation utilizes electricity instead of the more expensive diesel. It is environment-friendly since it does not emit any smoke and noise. The items discussed in this chapter are only some of the great inventions and developments during the different time periods. There are still more innovations and discoveries that were made in the course of history that changed the world. REFERENCES: Addemy. (2019).Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology. Retrieved from: www.addemy.co/?lesson=historical-antecedents-in-the-course-of-science-and- technology Caoli, O. (1986). A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines. Retrieved from: https://www.coursehero.com/file/23005590/47b-HISTORY-OF-SCIENCE-AND-TECHNOLOGY- IN-THE-PHILIPPINES/ Memije-Cruz, Liwayway. “Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology.” LinkedIn SlideShare, 29 June 2019, www.slideshare.net/memijecruz/historical-antecedents-of-science- and-technology-152541982. Page | 9 Don Fabian St., CommonwealthQuezon City Philippines “THE COUNTRY’S 1stPOLYTECHNICU”

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