GE 106 Science, Technology, and Society Past Paper PDF

Course Code and Title: GE 106 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, and SOCIETY Lesson 1 Week 2 Topic: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS WHICH CHANGED THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Introduction: Science and technology are indispensable tools for any form of rapid growth and development from ancient times up to t...

Course Code and Title: GE 106 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, and SOCIETY Lesson 1 Week 2 Topic: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS WHICH CHANGED THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Introduction: Science and technology are indispensable tools for any form of rapid growth and development from ancient times up to this date. Change is the only inevitable thing that can arise in the advent of science and technology. Science and technology can affect politics, socio-economic status, culture, etc. Learning Objectives: At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: 1. Describe the historical development that took place in the Philippines in terms of science and technology. 2. Trace the development of science and technology in the world from Ancient to Middle Ages through a timeline. 3. Create some value judgment on how each stage of historical antecedents made an impact on the modern society of today. Content: Interactions between S&T and society throughout history Before understanding the interactions between science and technology and society, we need to know "what is science, technology, and society?". SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY, also referred to as science and technology studies is a branch or offspring of science studies. It considers how social, political, and cultural values affect scientific research and technological innovation and affect society, politics, and culture. The figure above illustrates how science and technology affect society and how the needs of society demand more studies and innovations. Science discoveries will lead to new inventions on developing the technology to benefit from it. Science provides information to the development of technology, and as technology evolves, it demands more studies and researches on science. Written contributions of science and technology that lead to society's development are recorded, beginning with poetry, song cycles, and inventions that are still being studied today. As we go along with the study of science, technology, and society, we will be able to see how humans have developed techniques for organizing the actions of groups of humans and their domestic animals (society) and how it helps develop science and technology. They have developed enough technology that food surpluses could persist and build up enough to allow specialization into skilled workers; some skill workers applied their efforts to studying how the natural world worked (science). Humans' desire to make their living easier and comfortable pushed them to study science further and develop technology. Society feels the need, science comes to rescue, and technology is born. This has been happening thousands of years back; it is happening today and will continue to keep happening in the future. In terms of societies moved from families to clans, to kingdoms, to republics. Then technologies moved from the clubs to plows, to fertilizers, to antibiotics. While Sciences moved from written accounts to the encyclopedia, analytical techniques, and, most of all, the computer models. How scientific and technological developments affect society and the environment. Technology is very important to industries and companies. Advancement in technology helps in industries and companies' growth. The right advancements can bring about the most sought-after changes around us and might provide the best solutions to our environmental woes. With technology, we can think and provide the best solution to solve our problem in our environmen t. We can create sustainable ideas to protect the environment and act on climate change. We are all aware that we have contributed a lot through our way of living that causes damages to the environment. As such, our duties are to help restore t he environment and protect them from massive damage. That is where science and technology can help us with these issues. Science and technology are the tools for human purpose. It is the human who uses them to decide how science and technology affect society and the environment. Let us give examples. We all know and proved that plastic has toxic pollutants that damage the environment and cause multiple pollution forms. Today, an uncontrollable increase in the trash around the world damaging the underwater life and creating to ns of garbage mountains on the land damaging the birds and other species is ruining the environment is causing climate change faster. It can take up to hundreds or even thousands of years to break down the plastic trash. Mismanaged waste is the biggest cause of the proliferation of toxic 'plastic' to various pa rts of the world, spreading into the oceans, making it almost impossible to rectify our mistakes and protect the planet. The best way to manage this disastrous situation is to put it to the right use. With the right technology, we can bring about a major change in our environment by putting all that waste to a judicious and noble purpose. Researchers have come with the most optimum utilization of this discarded plastic. This lightweight prosthetic limb can be created out of waste plastic, saving millions fo r healthcare providers while also helping tackle the pollution created by discarded plastics. Upcycling is the most productive way forward to solve waste management for the world. This initiative targets one of the majo r global issues to reduce pollution from single-use plastic. Plastic is a versatile material due to its durability and cheap pricing, but we failed to realize that it is coming to our environment's cost. THE HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS WHICH CHANGED THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Era Place Significant Evidence or Events Prehistoric Primarily found Human artifacts like shaped stones for (about 2.3 in Eastern Africa chopping and scraping. million years ANCIENT ago) 400 B.C. Mesopotamia Emerging science showed evidences about symptoms of diseases, chemical, and astronomical observations.  Nile Valley of Information on the treatment of wounds Egypt and diseases and even some mathematical calculations such as angles, rectangles and triangles, and a pyramid's portion. 300- 400 B.C. Athens, Greece There was a rise in the number of philosophers who wrote topics on psychology and biology.  Euclid is considered as the founder of modern geometry.  Archimedes is the founder of engineering mechanics and calculated pi's value, which is still used today. 3000 B.C. Tigris, It was the risen of the Bronze Age when Commented [AE1]: Euphrates in humans searched for pigments that can Western Asia be used to color the skin; they discovered copper. The alloy of tin and copper resulted in bronze. Bronze is used to manufacture swords and other weapons by the Sumerians. Today we used bronze to build machineries, medals, statues, belts, and shoe buckles. Egypt Development of large cities called "urbanization." It was the time when the first city appeared. Pyramids were built during this time. 3500 B.C. Mesopotamia Two-wheeled carts were created as tools to transport heavy loads from one place to another. 1450- 1600 Europe It was known as the period of the "rebirth A.D. of knowledge." Gutenberg, The printing press was developed that Germany paved the way to books being printed instead of being written by hand. MIDDLE Italy Leonardo da Vinci, who is considered a pioneer in arts, architecture, engineering, and science, stressed the experiment's importance. Greece Copernicus rediscovered what some of the earliest Greeks had known that the sun is the center of the solar system and the earth revolves around it. His idea is known as the Heliocentric theory.  During this time, it made way to some geographic discoveries that began with the discovery of triangle sail and magnetic compass. This led to Prince Henry navigating, South Africa, Portugal, then India. This was also the time when Columbus discovered America. 1608- 20th Venice Galileo was the first to use the steps of century modern scientific methods based on experiments and testable conditions. He invented a spyglass with magnification thirty times than the ordinary spyglass during this time. His invention is known today as the "telescope." Later in Galileo's life when he invented the microscope and the thermometer. United Kingdom Isaac Newton helped define the laws of gravity and planetary motion, co-founded calculus, and explained the laws of light and color. Germany Albert Einstein had a profound impact on the quantum theory of nuclear power. He formulated the famous equation e= mc2 used in calculus. He is also considered as the most famous scientist of the 20th century. The industrial revolution is brought about by factories being built to produce goods in massive quantities. Light bulbs were replacing candles and oil lamps. Radio, the first car to run with the engine and the first man to went on space in a rocket, happened. It was also the beginning of communication, electronic, and computer era. Philippine Science and Technology: A Historical Perspective Science and Technology in the Philippines have already been existing even before colonization by the Spaniards. The existence of science and technology is evident in the artifacts that were found at different sites. Ancient Filipinos are applying arti stry and technology on their handicrafts, pottery, weaving, metal wares, and boats. A method of writing, counting, measurement, and weighing was also existing among the earlier Filipinos. The system in counting days was also evident even without the use of a calendar. Filipinos were also engaging themselves in farming, shipbuilding, mining, and weaving. A UNESCO considered site, the Banaue Rice Terraces is a great proof of the Philippines' sophisticated product of engineering technology. The following are the different historical perspectives that took place in the Philippines: Spanish Colonial Period  The Spaniards introduced formal education and founded scientific institutions.  The University of Santo Tomas was established as a school for medicine and pharmacy.  The Jesuits also promoted meteorological studies, and they founded the Manila Observatory at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila in 1865.  Engineering was also given importance as exemplified by government buildings, churches, roads, and bridges that were among the physical structures built in the country. American Period and Post Commonwealth Era  On July 1, 1901, the Bureau of Government Laboratories under the Department of Interior was established by the Philippine Commission to replace "Laboratorio Municipal" founded by the Spaniards.  On October 26, 1905, the Bureau of Science replaced the Bureau of Government Laboratories. The new bureau at this time dealt with tropical diseases.  December 8, 1933, when the National Research Council was recognized, and the Bureau of Science was even recognized as the primary research center in the Philippines until World War II.  Free trade between the Filipino people and the Americans hinder the development of industrial technology. At this time economy is geared towards agriculture and trade.  In 1946 the Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science.  During the regime of President Carlos P. Garcia in 1985, the Science Act of 1958 by the Philippine Congress established the National Science Development Board. Marcos Era and Martial Law  Many laws were enacted during the Marcos Regime. He declared that science and technology's advancement should have priority in national development based on the amended 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV, Section 9(1).  January 23, 1967, directed the Department of Education to revitalize public high schools' science courses. DepEd and the National Science Development Board (NSDB) organized a project to provide selected high schools with science teaching equipment for over four years.   Applied sciences and science education projects were supported, and with technology as a leading tool for economic development, supports were given through additional funds in 1968. Seminars were conducted for high school and college teachers; training programs and scholarships were given to graduate and undergraduate science students.  The National Science Development Board established the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission. Marcos assisted 107 institutions in undertaking nuclear energy by sending scientists, engineers, doctors, and technicians to study nuclear science and technology abroad. He intended to explore the different uses of atomic energy for economic development.  The Philippine Council for Agricultural was established to support the Philippines' progressive development of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries.  Presidential Decree No. 49, s. 1972 established Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services (PAGASA). The agency was under the Department of National Defense. It functioned to provide the country with protection and the utilization of scientific knowledge to ensure its people's safety.  Presidential Decree No. 334, s. 1973 created the Philippine National Oil Company to promote industrial and economic development through effective and efficient energy sources.  In 1976, the establishment of the National Academy of Science and Technology. The academy was composed of a pool of scientists with innovative achievements. The scientists in the agency were considered as a reservoir of scientific and technological expertise.  In 1979, the National Science Development Board, the Philippine Council for Agricultural Research and Resources, the Plant Breeding Institute, the International Rice Research Institute, the Bureau of Plant Industry, and the Bureau of Forest Products were funded to conduct scientific research.  Executive Order No. 625, s. 1980 created the National Committee on Geological Sciences to advise government and private entities on geological matters.  Executive Order No. 784, s 1982, made the National Science Development Board reorganize and was named National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA) to provide centralized and coordinated direction towards scientific and technological research.  Executive Order No. 1090, s. 1986 the Philippine Science High School was established in Visayas and Mindanao. Both campuses were established to encourage careers in science and technology among talented students in the islands. Fifth Republic  During the term of Corazon C. Aquino, the National Science and Technology Authority was replaced by the Department of Science and Technology. It paved the way for having a representative in the cabinet.   Economic recovery and sustained economic growth were the highlights of her term with science and technology as one of the government's three priorities.  The first Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP was formulated on August 8, 1988. The goal was to develop the country to achieve newly industrialized country status by the year 2000.  Republic Act 6655 or the Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988 opened free education at the secondary level. Scientific literacy among Filipinos was the goal of this free education by implementing "Science for the Masses Program." President Fidel V. Ramos’ Term  There was a significant increase in the number of personnel specializing in science and technology; it was estimated to have around 3,000 competent scientists and engineers.  In 1993 the Department of Science and Technology initiated a Science and Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND), which embodies its task development plan for 1993- 1998. Among the priorities were: (1) exporting winners identified by DTI, (2) domestic needs identified by Presidential Council for Countryside Dev elopment, (3) support industries, and (4) coconut industry development.  A framework plan entitled "Competence, Competitive Conscience: the Medium- Term Plan of the Department of Science and Technology was also created with its six (6) flagship programs: A comprehensive program to enhance technology enterprises. 1. Integrated program on clean technologies. 2. Establishment of a packaging R and D center. 3. Expansion of regional meteorology centers. 4. S & T intervention program for the poor, vulnerable and disabled; and 5. Comprehensive science and technology program for Mindanao.  There were also laws enacted by the Congress during the term of Fidel V. Ramos such as: 1. R.A. 8439 or Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel 2. R.A. 7687 or Science and Technology Scholarship Law of 1004 3. R.A. 7459 or Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act 4. R.A. 8293 or The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines President Joseph Estrada’s Term  R.A. 8749 was signed, also known as the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999, which was designed to protect and preserve the environment and ensure its natural resources' sustainable development.   R.A. 8792 was signed to which out-laws computer- hacking and provides opportunities for new businesses emerging from the internet- a driven new economy. This law is also known as the Electronic Commerce Act of 2000.  He also launched a full- scale program based on cost-effective irrigation technologies.  Basic health care, basic nutrition, and useful education for those who want it, but cannot afford it could be readily availed due to dole-outs during his regime. S & T during President Gloria M. Arroyo’s Term  Her term was dubbed as the “golden age” of science and technology by Secretary Estrella Alabastro.  The term "Filipinovation" was the coined term used to help the Philippines be an innovation hub in Asia.  Science and Technology and Innovation (STI) were developed further by strengthening the schools and education system such as the Philippine Science High School, which focuses on science, technology, and mathematics.  R.A. 9367 or the "Biofuels Act" was signed into law that promotes biofuels' development and usage throughout the country. President Benigno C. Aquino  R.A. 10601 improves the Agriculture and Fisheries sector through Mechanization. It also covers research development and extension (RDE), promotion, distribution, supply, assembling, manufacturing, regulation, use, operation, maintenance, and project implementation of agricultural and fisheries machinery and equipment.  In 2010, President Benigno C. Aquino was considered the "father of Organic Agriculture" because of his work on the Agricultural Act of 2010, also known as R.A. 10068.  Inclusive growth and disaster risk reduction were among the two crucial issues in the Harmonized Agenda for Science and Technology in 2014. On May 23, 2016, R.A. 19844, otherwise known as the DICT Act of 2015, was signed into law. Accordingly, the Department of Information and Communications Technology will plan, develop, and promote the national ICT developmen t agenda. SUMMARY  Science and technological antecedents could be traced back from the ancient, middle, and modern ages.  The Philippines, a country in South East Asia, has passed through different developments in science and technology under the different state invaders such as the Spaniards and the Americans.  Science Education became an indispensable tool and an into achieving progress in the Philippines as it could be traced Activity 1: TRUE OR FALSE Direction: Write the word Heal if the statement is correct and write the word COVID if it is wrong. 1. Artifacts are tools, wares, and other materials found and believe to be evidence of Philippine ancient science and technology. 2. Flourishing science and technology in the Philippines can be traced when the Spaniards colonized the country. 3. The Renaissance era is also known as the age of rebirth. 4. The Spaniards introduced formal schooling in the Philippines. 5. R.A. 6655 opened free secondary education that aims to make Filipinos scientific and technologically literate. Activity 2- Bring Back the Past! Directions: Arrange the events that happened in the past, then, classify them as to ancient, middle, or modern age.  Bronze Age  Industrial revolution  First use of scientific methods  Development of the printing press  Calculations of angles, rectangles, and triangles Activity 3- State your point! 1. Choose any one the historical antecedents that have been mentioned earlier that you think have made a historical impact in today's age? Explain your answer. References Prieto, Nelia G., Vega, Violeta A., Felipe, Elizabeth F., Menesis, Julius L., (2019) “ Science, Technology and Society, Lorimar Publishing, Cubao, Quezon City Philippines