Lab 8: Pathogens and Immunity PDF

## LAB 8 ### Pathogens: Disease Producing Microbes - **Immune System**: Responsible for warding off pathogens and non-pathogenic substances - **Innate Immunity**: Defenses that aren't specific to any pathogen, but work against all pathogens. Present from birth - Antimicrobial Substances -...

## LAB 8 ### Pathogens: Disease Producing Microbes - **Immune System**: Responsible for warding off pathogens and non-pathogenic substances - **Innate Immunity**: Defenses that aren't specific to any pathogen, but work against all pathogens. Present from birth - Antimicrobial Substances - Phagocytes - Inflammation - Fevers (Internal) - Integument, Mucus Membranes (External) - **Integument**: Protection, thermoregulation, excretion, sensation - **Skin**: Epidermis & Dermis - **Hypodermis**: Adipose & connective tissue below dermis; glands, hair, sensory receptors - **Epidermis**: Stratified squamous epithelial; most superficial - **Keratinocytes**: Produce keratin that allows epidermis to be more resilient to mechanical stress; squamous epithelium - **Stratum Corneum**: Heavily keratinized; outermost layer - **Stratum Lucidum**: Thick skin - **Stratum Granulosum**: Contain materials for synthesis of keratin; lipid base substance (hydrophobic) maintains electrolytes & fluid balances - **Stratum Spinosum** - **Stratum Basale**: Cuboidal stem cells anchored to basement membrane - **Dermis**: Dense irregular connective tissue - **Hair Follicles**: Infoldings of epidermis; give rise to keratinized epithelial cells that become hair shaft; thermoregulation - **Sebaceous Glands**: Associated with hair follicles; secrete sebum (oily) that prevents desiccation of hair follicles; hydrophobic barrier - **Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands**: Mass of darkly stained epithelial cells; sweat is 99% water & contains antimicrobial agents - **Adaptive Immunity**: Body recognizes a specific pathogen and mounts a specific immune response against that pathogen - **Antigen**: A foreign particle that evokes an adaptive immune response - **Antibodies**: A protein that is produced by certain blood cells that will recognize an antigen & bind to it. Antibodies are specific to antigens. - **Primary Immune Response**: First time you are exposed to an antigen; slow immune response. - **Secondary Immune Response**: Second time you are exposed to the same antigen; faster & greater response because of body's memory cells. - **Vaccinations/Immunizations**: Expose an individual to an antigen to elicit the primary immune response to generate memory cells. - **Live Attenuated Vaccines**: Antigens whose ability to cause a disease state is greatly reduced. - **Inactivated Vaccines**: Composed of antigens that have been killed; smaller response because they cannot divide. - **Subunit Vaccines**: Contain only a portion of the antigens; smaller response because they cannot replicate. - **mRNA Vaccine**: Composed of a piece of mRNA from the pathogen; allows body to produce a protein then mount immune response against the protein. ### Image 1 - A microscopic image with an outlined area showing hair shaft, hair follicle, epidermis, dermis, sebaceous gland and sudoriferous gland. ### Image 2 - A microscopic image with an outlined area showing stratum corneum (dark purple), epidermis layer, stratum basale (after purple), and dermis (white). ***