Earth and Life Science Module 1 PDF

Earth and Life Science 1 “THE UNIVERSE AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM” Ms. Ruffa Mae S. Simara,LPT  NO. 1 Earth and Life Science THE UNIVERSE AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM 1. Describe the structure and composition of the Universe; 2. State the dif...

Earth and Life Science 1 “THE UNIVERSE AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM” Ms. Ruffa Mae S. Simara,LPT  NO. 1 Earth and Life Science THE UNIVERSE AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM 1. Describe the structure and composition of the Universe; 2. State the different hypothesis that preceded the Big Bang Theory of the Origin of the Universe. 3. Explain the red-shift and how it used as proof of an expanding universe; and 4. Explain the Big Bang Theory and evidences supporting the theory.  NO. 1 Earth and Life Science a. Baryonic Matter: "ordinary" matter consisting of protons, electrons, and neutrons that comprises atoms, planets, stars, galaxies, and other bodies b. Dark Matter: matter that has gravity but does not emit light. c. Dark Energy: a source of anti-gravity; a force that counteracts gravity and cause the universe to expand d. Protostar: an early stage in the formation of a star resulting from the gravitational collapse of gases e. Thermonuclear reaction: a nuclear fusion reaction responsible for the energy produced by stars f. Main Sequence Stars: stars that fuse hydrogen atoms to form helium atoms in their cores; outward pressure resulting from nuclear fusion is balanced by gravitational forces g. Light Years: the distance light can travel in a year; a unit of length used to measure astronomical distance  NO. 1 Earth and Life Science The Universe is at least 13.8 billions of years old and the Earth/Solar System at least 4.5-4.6 billions of years old. NO. 1 Earth and Life Science ASTRONOMY VS. ASTROLOGY  NO. 1 Earth and Life Science The Birth of Astronomical Studies Astronomy is the study of all matter and energy in the universe involving celestial bodies such as planets, stars and galaxies. The aim of astronomy is to better understand the universe, it attempts to attain this by careful observation, testing and logic.  NO. 1 Earth and Life Science Astrology is the study of the movement and positioning of the stars and planets around the earth. A zodiac sign is a symbol that represents somebody's personality, emotions, and motivations. Everybody has many different signs, one for each planet, the moon, the sun, and many more.  NO. 1 Earth and Life Science Theories of the Origin of the Solar System Solar Nebula Theory: Catastrophic Hypothesis: describes the formation of our states that our solar system solar system from a nebula cloud formed thanks to a sudden and Evolutionary Hypothesis: made from a collection of dust improbable event such as the and gas. It is believed that the states that gradual and collision of two stars. The sun, planets, moons, and evolutionary hypothesis is a natural changes caused asteroids were formed around the hypothesis that states that the formation of our solar same time around 4.5 billion gradual and natural changes system. years ago from a nebula. caused the formation of our solar system  NO. 1 Earth and Life Science Theories of the Origin of the Solar System Protoplanet Hypothesis - Current Hypothesis A. About 4.6 billion years ago, in the Orion arm of the Milky Way galaxy, a slowly-rotating gas and dust cloud dominated by hydrogen and helium starts to contract due to gravity B. As most of the mass move to the center to eventually become a proto-Sun, the remaining materials form a disc that will eventually become the planets and momentum is transferred outwards. C. Due to collisions, fragments of dust and solid matter begin sticking to each other to form larger bodies from meter to kilometer in size. These proto-planets are accretions of frozen water, ammonia, methane, silicon, aluminum, iron, and other metals in rock and mineral grains enveloped in hydrogen and helium.  NO. 1 Earth and Life Science Theories of the Origin of the Solar System D. High-speed collisions with large objects destroys much of the mantle of Mercury, puts Venus in retrograde rotation. E. Collision of the Earth with large object produces the moon. This is supported by the composition of the moon very similar to the Earth's Mantle F. When the proto-Sun is established as a star, its solar wind blasts hydrogen, helium, and volatiles from the inner planets to beyond Mars to form the gas giants leaving behind a system we know today. NO. 1 Earth and Life Science The Solar System  NO. 1 Earth and Life Science The Solar System The terrestrial planets that make up our inner solar system — Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars — the Jovian planets do not have solid surfaces. Instead, they are composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, with traces of methane, ammonia, water, and other gases in their atmospheres. NO. 1 Earth and Life Science The Sun The core is at the center. It the hottest region, where the nuclear fusion reactions that power the Sun occur. The radiative (or radiation) zone. Its name is derived from the way energy is carried outward through this layer, carried by photons as thermal radiation. The convective (or convection) zone. It is also named after the dominant mode of energy flow in this layer; heat moves upward via roiling convection, much like the bubbling motion in a pot of boiling oatmeal. NO. 1 Earth and Life Science The Sun The boundary between the Sun's interior and the solar atmosphere is called the photosphere. It is what we see as the visible "surface" of the Sun. The lower region of the solar atmosphere is called the chromosphere. The uppermost portion of the Sun's atmosphere is called the corona, and is surprisingly much hotter than the Sun's surface NO. 1 Earth and Life Science The Planets  NO. 1 Earth and Life Science Stars, Galaxies, Constellations A. Stars B. Galaxy C. Constellation a luminous ball of gas, a huge collection of gas, an area on the celestial mostly hydrogen and dust, and billions of stars sphere in which a group helium, held together by and their solar systems. of visible stars forms a its own gravity. perceived outline or a gravitationally bound pattern, typically system of stars, stellar representing an animal, remnants, interstellar mythological person or gas, dust, and dark creature, or an inanimate matter. object. NO. 1 Managerial Economics