Printed-Reviewer-Earth-and-Life-Science.pdf

MODULE 1: FORMATION OF THE EXPLORING THE SOLAR SYSTEM UNIVERSE AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM Milky Way Galaxy - Location of the Solar System. Non-Scientific Thought – Ideas based on legend, Sun - An average star a...

MODULE 1: FORMATION OF THE EXPLORING THE SOLAR SYSTEM UNIVERSE AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM Milky Way Galaxy - Location of the Solar System. Non-Scientific Thought – Ideas based on legend, Sun - An average star at the center of our solar myths and beliefs. system. The Goddess Nut - Ancient Egyptians believed in many gods and myths which narrate that the world arose from an PLANET PERIOD OF infinite sea at the first rising of the sun. REVOLUTION Mercury 88 days Bumba - The Kuba people of Central Africa Venus 225 days tell the story of a creator God Mbombo (or Earth 365 days Bumba) who, alone in a dark and water- Mars 2 years covered Earth. Jupiter 12 years Saturn 30 years Bumba, the God of Vomit, felt an intense Uranus 84 years stomach pain and then vomited the stars, Neptune 165 years sun, and moon. Purusha - In India, there is the narrative that SMALL BODIES IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM gods sacrificed Purusha, the primal man whose head, feet, eyes, and mind became the sky, earth, sun, and moon respectively. Asteroids - They are rocky heavenly bodies that are located between the orbit of Mars and Jupiter, in an area called the asteroid belt. Scientific Thought – There’s a scientific explanation about the phenomena. Comets - Comets are celestial bodies that are Steady State Theory - A discredited model remnants of the formation of the solar system. of the universe proposed in 1948 by Herman Bondi and Thomas Gold and by Fred Halley's Comets - One of the most famous Hoyle. comets. It takes only a period of less than 200 years for Halley’s comet to revolve around The Big Bang Theory - Accepted theory of the sun. the origin and evolution of the Universe. This theory was proposed by Georges Henri Joseph Edouard Lemaitre. Meteor - The trail formed by the burning meteoroid in the atmosphere or commonly known as shooting star. STRUCTURE, COMPOSITION, AND AGE OF THE UNIVERSE Dwarf Planets - Dwarf planets are objects that orbit the sun and have enough gravity to maintain a Baryonic Matter - “Ordinary” matter spherical shape but are not capable of clearing consisting of protons, electrons, and smaller objects in the area of its own orbit. neutrons: atoms, planets, stars, galaxies, nebulae, and other bodies. Cold Dark Matter - Matter that has gravity but does not emit light. MODULE 2: EARTH’S INTERNAL STRUCTURE AND SUBSYSTEMS Dark Energy - A source of anti-gravity. Three Most Abundant Elements: Hydrogen, Three Layers of Earth: Crust, Mantle, and Core Helium, Lithium Age of the Universe: 13,8 billion years Crust - The outer most layer and thinnest that is made up mostly of light elements, such as silicon, oxygen, and aluminum. OVERVIEW OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM Two Types of Crust: Inner Terrestrial Planets - Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. They are made of materials 1. Continental Crust - It is thicker and with high melting points such as silicates, makes up different continents. (Granite) iron, and nickel. 2. Oceanic Crust - It is found underneath the oceans, and denser than continental Outer Four Planets - Jupiter, Saturn, crust. (Basalt) Uranus, and Neptune. They are called "gas giants" because of the dominance of gases and their larger size. Mantle - The middle layer consisting of rocks. It is HYDROSPHERE - Hydrosphere is made up of all thicker and denser because of the presence of the water found on Earth -on its surface, aluminum and magnesium. underground, and in the air. Water is the main body component of all Core - The center of the Earth. It is mostly made of living things. iron and nickel. Two Zones of Core: Distribution of Waters on Earth: 1. Outer Core - It is liquid because of the high temperature (4000˚C-5000˚C) Less than 3% of the world’s waters is considered 2. Inner Core - It has a higher temperature potable. (about 6000 ˚C) than the outer core. Surface Water – water found on Earth’s surface. It may either be marine or fresh Lehmann Discontinuity - The boundary between water. the outer and inner core. Groundwater – water found beneath Earth’s surface where there are spaces in the soil or fractures in rocks. EARTH AS A SYSTEM Earth System - The relationship that connects the BIOSPHERE - Biosphere is made up of all the whole of earth. living organisms on the planet. Four Subsystems: Sphere Interaction - The processes that move Geosphere (ground) matter and energy from one sphere to another. Atmosphere (air) Hydrosphere (water) Biosphere (life) GEOSPHERE - Geosphere, from the Greek word MODULE 3: ROCKS AND MINERALS "ground", is composed of all rocks, minerals, and soil, on Earth. MINERALS - It refers to naturally occurring, inorganic substances with a crystalline structure. ATMOSPHERE - Atmosphere is the body of gas that envelopes Earth. Physical Properties of Minerals Layers of Earth's Atmosphere: 1. Luster - It is the quality and intensity of reflected Troposphere light exhibited by the mineral. Stratosphere Mesosphere 2. Hardness - It is defined as the mineral’s Thermosphere resistance to scratching. Exosphere 3. Crystal Structure - It refers to the geometric 1. Troposphere - This layer is closest to Earth’s arrangement of atoms in the crystalline form of surface. Weather occurs in this layer because this minerals. layer contains most of the water vapor. 4. Color - It is easy to observe but is not the most 2. Stratosphere - It extends to about 50 km from reliable reference for the identification of minerals. Earth’s surface. Many jet aircraft fly in the stratosphere because it is very stable. 5. Streak - It is observed when the mineral is finely powdered. 3. Mesosphere - Meteors or rock fragments burn up in the mesosphere. The temperature decreases as height increases in this layer. 6. Cleavage - It is the property of some minerals to break along specific planes of weakness to form smooth flat surfaces. 4. Thermosphere - It is between 80 km and 700 km above the Earth. Space shuttles fly in this area, and it is also where the auroras are found. 7. Specific Gravity - It describes the mineral’s density in comparison to the density of a standard 5. Exosphere - It is the upper limit of our like water. atmosphere which merges into space. The Mineral Groups 1. Silicate Minerals - These have the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron as their fundamental building block. 2. Non-Silicate Minerals - Minerals without silicon. ROCKS - Rocks are formed from an aggregation of one or more minerals and other substances that are cohered into solid structure. Rock Cycle - It demonstrates how rocks arise from other rocks. Types of Rocks 1. Igneous Rocks - Igneous rocks got their name from Latin word “ignis” which means “fire”. These rocks are formed by volcanic activity. 2. Sedimentary Rocks - These rocks are formed from previously existing rocks that have been broken down into small particles or have been dissolved in solutions. 3. Metamorphic Rocks - Metamorphic literally means ―to change form from the Greek word, metamorphosis. These rocks form when existing rocks (igneous or sedimentary) are changed by heat or pressure or both inside the Earth’s crust