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INTRO TO CPAR Definition of art: Plato Mere imitation or representation of reality Aristotle provides pleasure and insight into human experience. Kant Emphasizes the importance of subjective judgment and the universality of aesthetic e...

INTRO TO CPAR Definition of art: Plato Mere imitation or representation of reality Aristotle provides pleasure and insight into human experience. Kant Emphasizes the importance of subjective judgment and the universality of aesthetic experience. Hegel progresses through a series of historical stages Schopenhauer provides a temporary escape from the suffering and turmoil of the world Nietzsche a form of cultural expression that reflects the values, beliefs, and power dynamics of a society Art - manifestation or use of creative disciplines or forms. - It is the tangible output of creative expression. - Produced by human creativity and skill to express oneself. - FORMS: Literature, Media arts, Visual and Performing arts Contemporary vs Modern Art Contemporary - Art produced by artists living today. - Art of the “now”. - Art of the present which is continuously in process and in flux. Characteristic of Contemporary Art: - Process-based - Site-specific - Integrate various mediums and art forms - Collaborative Forms: - Fine Arts - Applied and Household Arts - Visual Arts - Civic Art - Practical Arts - Commercial Art - Industrial Arts - Computer Graphics Art  - Typography Art Modern - Traditional and is often associated with experimentation, innovation, and the exploration of new ideas and concepts. PRE-CONQUEST Rituals Canao or Kanyaw - ritual in CAR - officiated by a shaman or mumbaki - involves animal sacrifice Kashawing - for abundance during rice planting and harvesting. - reenactment of a pact made with the unseen spirit of Lake Lanao. Mayvanuvanua ritual in Batanes. Tagbanwa believes that every 13th moon, 3 goddesses from heaven descend to bless the planting of rice. Instruments Agong large bossed gong Gansa flat gong Kudyapi 3 stringed guitar Kulintang array of bossed gong Dances Banog-banog Dance of Higaonon Movement of predatory birds Inamong Dance of Matigsalug Movement of monkeys Kadaliwas T’boli Movement of monkeys Kinabua Dance of Mandayas Movement of predatory birds Man-manok Dance of Bagobos Movement of predatory birds Pangalay Mimetic of the movement of seabirds Talip dance Dance of Ifugaos Courtship Movement of wild fowls Tinikling Tagalog folk dance Movement of crane Art: Carving Bulul Granary god Hagabi Wooden bench that marks socioeconomic status Santos Sculpture of saints Okir/ukkil Primary color + designs of: Sarimanok, Naga/Serpent, Pako Rabong/ Fern Torogan House of sultans Sunduk Grave markers Art: Pottery Manunggul Jar Discovered at Manunggul Cave, Palawan. Neolithic period Burial Jar during Found at Ayub Cave, Sarrangani Metal Age Examples of Pottery Palayok - for cooking  Banga, Tapayan - containers Art: Weaving Backstrap/Pedal - used to weave design that hold special meaning loom Ex: Pis Syabit - tausug’s headpiece Malong (with langkit) Mat and basket Tepo mat - tawi-tawi weaving Baskets made of nito and bamboo - head sling to carry harvest Bubo Fish traps in Ilocos region Ornamentation Boxer Codex Manuscript; compilation of narratives and descriptions of various ethnic groups and regions of Asia Islas de los Pintados refers to the Visayans Tattoos are protection from evil spirits, as well as a badge of maturity and bravery. Lotoans/betel nut Metal work boxes container for the various components or ingredients of betel chewing Lost wax or Cire technique in metal casting Perdue Kendi and Gadur Heirloom pieces Kendi - vessel for pouring liquid. Gadur- container with a tapered top. ISLAMIC COLONIAL People Sayyid Abbubakar Established sultanate of sulu Princess Piramisuli Wife of Sayyid Abbubakar Rajah Baguinda Father of Princess Piramisuli Mosque-related Quran Holy book Madrasa Religious school  Ummah Community of believers Doctrine of Tawhid Oneness of God Mihrab/Niche Wall of mosque Qibla Direction towards the Ka’bah Ka’bah Black temple built by prophet Muhammad Art Luhul/Canopy tapestry used to decoratively cover the ceiling Panolong Carved akin to the wing attached to torogan Burraq Horse with the head of woman SPANISH COLONIAL People “Lowland Christian” Inhabitants of central part of the Islands Juan Rodriguez Angel Established singing school that taught western church music Severino Reyes and Hermogenes Ilagan Wrote zarzuela in tagalog Honorata ‘Atang’ dela Rama Leading actress of S. Reyes and H. Ilagan’s Zarzuela Gaspar de Aquino Belen Wrote first sinakulo Francisco Balagtas Prominent komedya playwright Jose Dan Painter Painted Heaven, Earth, and Hell mural Fr. Pedro Murillo Velarde, Francisco Suarez, Produced CARTA HYDROGRAPHICA Y Nicolas de la Cruz Bagay CHOROGRAPHICA DE LAS YSLAS FILIPINAS Marcelo Adonay Recognized for his music composition based on western tradition of gregorian chants. Jose Honorato Lozano Practitioner of letras y figuras painting style Damian Domingo Established first art school at Binondo, Manila Ilustrado Enlightened ones  Rose with the opening of Manila to international trade in 1834 Painting Painting of Nuestra Senora del Rosario Inspired by Kuanyin, a deity of mercy in East Asian Buddhism. Via crucis Presented as a series of 14 painting Trompe l'oeil French for fooling eye Painting that give a heightened illusion of 3D Basi Revolt A series of 14 paintings Painted by Esteban Villanueva Tipos del país Painting style Letras y Figuras Painting style Primeras Letras A painting which features a woman teaching a child Spoliarium Painting by Juan Luna that won gold medal Vírgenes cristianas expuestas al populacho Painting by Felix Hidalgo that won silver medal Espanas y Filipinas A painting featuring two woman ascending a flight stairs Portrait of the Quiason Family Simon Flores’s painting Western Instruments 1. Pipe organ 2. Violin 3. Guitar 4. Piano Buildings Plaza Complex Basis of resettlement of natives Town center Municipio Local gov office Baroque Churches San Agustin Morong  Paoay Sto. Tomas de Villanueva Bahay na Bato Housed rich and prominent families Academia de Dibujo first art school at Binondo, Manila Prints Doctrina Christiana Printed copy of teaching of christianity Doctrina First printed book in the Philippines Estampas and Estampitas (smaller) Prayer booklets Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las First scientific map of the Philippines Yslas Filipinas Flora de Filipinas Compilation of Philippine plants by Fr. Manuel Blanco. Arts Zarzuela or Sarswela Operetta which features singing and dancing Moro-moro and comedya Two local theater forms influenced by catholicism Araguio or arakyo Sinakulo in Nueva Vizcaya Comedia de San Miguel Sinakulo in Iligan Carinosa, Pandanggo, Polka, Dansa, etc. Folk dances Kiping Rice wafers in Lucban, Quezon. Siete Palabras and Via Crucis Procession celebrated during christmas Parol Folk decoration Panunuluyan, Pastores, and Tatlong Hari Theatrical forms born in Christmas season Flores de Mayo, Pabasa, or the sinakulo Social Gatherings Pasyon o Pabasa Biblical narration of Christ’s passion Awit and corrido Music forms Kundiman and Balitao Love song and lullabies Kundiman ni Abdon Feature protest during Martial Law in 1970s Bayan Ko A kundiman Baybayin Script A script used to compose poems Pre-colonial writing system Retablo Decorative altar niche Plateria Technique applied in the body of carroza, where santos are paraded during town precession. Virina Bell-shaped glass case Urna Humbler, domestic version of retablo Reading Material 2 I. Outline your learning from the readings. (You are free to add more bullets or letters) A. American Colonization The Philippines' independence after the 1896 revolution was cut short. In 1898, Spain surrendered the country to the United States through the Treaty of Paris, leading to American colonial rule. B. Changes brought by Americans 1. Sedition Law banned writing, printing, and publication regarding Philippine independence. 2. Drama Simbolico - one-act plays that represent a deep and profound yearning for freedom. Name Plays Juan Abad Tanikalang Guinto (Golden Chain), 1902 Juan Matapang Hindi ako Patay (I am not Dead), 1903 Aurelio Tolentino Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas (Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow), 1903 This served as a medium for political protest, openly attacking the Americans. 3. English was the lingua franca of this period. A Modern Filipina - first Filipino play written in English authored by Lino Castellejo and Jsus Araullo. 4. Vaudeville - a form of theater introduced during the 1920s. It is locally known as Bodabil. 5. Neoclassical architecture to government buildings and parks. 6. Graphic design emerged. In 1909, the School of Fine Arts of UP was opened. Painter Painting Fabian Dela Rosa Planting Rice, 1921 El Kundiman, 1930 Fernando Amorsolo Drawings and illustrations from textbooks: The Philippine Readers and The Independent 7. Sculptures emerged. Ex: Guillermo Tolentino’s Oblation and Bonifacio Monument. 8. Modern Art Movement. Victorio Edades upheld modernism. C. Modern Art Triumvirate of Modern Art:  Edades’ modernist sensibility was shared. Carlos “Botong” Francisco known for magisterial murals Mural: Filipino Struggle Through History Galo Ocampo known for indigenizing western icons Brown Madonna, 1938 Nature’s Bounty, 1935 - collaborative work of the three ^^. Art Nouveau and Art Deco - painting styles also found in architecture. Example of Art Deco architecture: Metropolitan Theater of Manila Thirteen Moderns: Victorio Edades Diosdado Lorenzo Arsenio Capili Anita Magsaysay-Ho Bonifacio Cristobal Galo Ocampo Demetrio Diego Jose Pardo Carlos Francisco Ricarte Purugganan Cesar Legaspi D. Japanese Occupation 1. The Japanese occupation of Manila (1941-1945) slowed the progress of the modernist art movement. 2. Art production was influenced by the new colonial order, reflecting Japanese propaganda and ideologies. Art that was deemed subversive or anti-Japanese faced severe penalties, including torture and death. Despite the restrictions, artists continued to produce work. Traditional and genre paintings, like Harvest Scene, 1942 and Rice Planting of Amorsolo, that depicted rural life and idealized daily existence were favored. Music and other cultural expressions also adapted to the period. Ex: Sylvia La Torre's "Sa Kabukiran" provided an escape from the war's troubles. Portraits of high officials and representations of pre-colonial traditions were produced. Art often depicted neutral or idealized images of Filipino life to align with Japanese preferences. 3. After 1945, artworks began to address the realities of war more directly, as seen in works by Diosdado Lorenzo and Dominador Castañeda. E. Neo-Realism, abstraction and other modern art styles 1. New kind of modernism, named by E. Aguilar Cruz, included artists like Manansala, Legaspi, and HR Ocampo. - Manansala's "The Beggars" (1952) portrays poverty. - "Tuba Drinkers" (1954), involves the soft fragmentation of figures. - Legaspi's "Gadgets II" (1949) illustrates the dehumanizing effects of machinery - "Bar Girls" (1947) reflects his use of distortion and composition.  - HR Ocampo's "The Contrast" (1940) presents a stark view of human conditions against modernity - “Genesis" (1968) is known for its vibrant colors and geometric shapes Institutions like the Art Association of the Philippines (AAP), founded in 1948, and the Philippine Art Gallery (PAG), established in 1951, played crucial roles in supporting modern art. 2. In the early 1950s, a divide emerged between traditionalists and modernists. The disagreement over artistic direction led to the formation of the Mabini painters, who protested by exhibiting their works on the streets. 3. Abstraction, emphasizing non-representational forms and the relationships of line, color, and space, became prominent. Arturo Luz’s "Street Musicians" (1952) exemplifies his use of stark linear elements, and Nena Saguil was known for her circle and cell-like forms in abstraction. F. 70s to Contemporary 1. In the 1970s, the concept of "modern" in Philippine art was shaped by the regime’s vision of merging traditional elements with aspirations for modernization. This era saw the establishment of significant cultural institutions like the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP), which became central to art acquisition, exhibitions, and grants. Artist Roberto Chabet - CCP's first museum director. Promoted conceptual and avant-garde art, often challenging conventional norms. His critical works, like "Tearing into Pieces" (1973), questioned established art practices and institutions. The CCP, alongside Chabet and later director Raymundo Albano, supported diverse experimental art forms. Albano, introduced a more populist curatorial approach, embracing "developmental art" and alternative exhibition venues. 2. Social Realism - a protest art that expresses issues and struggles. Confined not just on paintings or canvas, but also on posters and illustrations, or street art. Ex: Itak sa Puso ni Mang Juan, 1978, by Antipas Delotavo. Kinupot, 1978, by Edgar Talusan. Salingpusa - group of UP Fine Arts Students. They made collaborative murals with a strain of social realism. Basically, artists engaged with new spaces and practices, leading to a rise in alternative and artist-run galleries and regional festivals in the 90s. This shift highlighted art’s role as a dynamic, cultural methodology, integrating various practices beyond traditional studios and enriching artistic discourse.  Context of Art 1. Artist Background - artist’s age, gender, culture, economic conditions, social environment, and disposition affect creation. Traditional Arts - learned from elders Inspiring Arts - obtained by training Artists: Abdulmari Asia Imao - Tausug national artist (visual arts) Rodelio “Waway” Saway - the mentor of all; explored soil painting Salima Waway - world-renowned artist specializing in soil painting. Julie Lluch - Iligan City Artist ○ Cutting Onions Always Makes Me Cry (1998) - shows reality of women as they suffer from customs and systems in a male dominated society. 2. Nature - source of inspiration and a wellspring of materials for art production. ○ Tinikling - inspired from local birds tryna escape a farmer's trap. ○ Traditional Ivatan houses - designed to withstand harsh winds. Luis E. Yee Jr. (Junyee) - installation artist - Kwarantin - Ephemeral installation ex: Angud A Forest Once & Wood Things Roy Lagardes - photography - Effects of Typhoon Yolanda 3. Everyday Life - Its significance lies not only in its aesthetic appearance but also in its functionality and its resonance to the community that produced it. 4. Society, Politics and Economy, History - Changes in society, politics and economy affect artists, the work that they do, and the structures that support their production 5. Mode of Reception - when, where, and how we encountered art - Reception is very much affected by our level of exposure to artforms that may be unfamiliar to have startling to shocking images