Mental Health Models PDF

# Mental Health Models ## Cognitive-Behavior Model (Cont.) - Cognitive distortions/biases (Beck 1960s) - **Treatment:** - Psychoeducation - Understanding automatic thoughts - Cognitive restructuring (challenging negative thoughts and themes) - Behavioral experiments - Exposure...

# Mental Health Models ## Cognitive-Behavior Model (Cont.) - Cognitive distortions/biases (Beck 1960s) - **Treatment:** - Psychoeducation - Understanding automatic thoughts - Cognitive restructuring (challenging negative thoughts and themes) - Behavioral experiments - Exposure - **CBT** ## DSM: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual - Defines Psychology - Helpful but guideline only - **We are now on DSM-5-TR (2022)** - Reflects the medical/biological model - No assumptions & clear explicit criteria ## Humanistic Model - Branch off a reaction to the psychoanalytic model - Begins with psychological health - Self-actualized (Maslow) - Fully functioning (Rogers) - Maladjustment: Self-actualization thwarted - Treatment: Empathy - **Critiques/Limitations:** These form elements of therapy but not sufficient ## Behavioral Model - Born to Psychoanalysis, very unfalsifiable - **Classical conditioning (Pavlov)** - US-UR & CS-CR - **Operant conditioning (Skinner)** - Reinforcement and Punishment - Learning by doing - **Suggests excitement and punishment and abnormal behavior** - **Critiques/Limitations:** Overemphasis on behavioral aspects and emotional elements - **Treatment:** Many applications like exposure ## Cognitive-Behavioral Model - Current dominant psychological model - **Critiques:** Reductionistic/invalidating - **Thoughts, feelings, behaviors based** - Maladjustment: Negative core beliefs (Aaron Beck) - Interpretations of experiences or consistent with earlier experiences - Comes from early life experiences ## 19/8 W4 Lecture 1 ### Mental Health Models #### Biological/Medical model: - Dominant in Psychiatry - **Key assumptions of mental disorders:** - Can be diagnosed similar to physical illness - Can be explained in terms of a biological disease process. - Medication or ECT used to treat - **Criticisms/limitations:** - Need to avoid extreme reductionism - Over extrapolation from animal research - Presuming causation from treatment efficacy ## Psychological Model - **Psychoanalytic** - Most dominant in 1st half of 20th century - Personality (as described by Freud): - Id (Principle Pleasure, Instictual drive) - Ego (Reality Principle) - Superego (Moral Principle) - Constant conflict between Id and Superego - Maladjustment: Excessive use of defense mechanisms results in treatment. - **Significance** : Revolutionized the concept of mental illness - **Critiques/limitations:** This model lacks evidence.