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Chapter 1 - (Evolution of Nursing) - TFN diagnosis and treatment and maintained a INTRODUCTION TO NURSING THEORY written record of his pts while caring for the NURSING sick. The a...

Chapter 1 - (Evolution of Nursing) - TFN diagnosis and treatment and maintained a INTRODUCTION TO NURSING THEORY written record of his pts while caring for the NURSING sick. The art and science of assisting individuals to learn to care for themselves and of caring ROMAN EMPIRE for them when they cannot meet their own The first hospitals were established in needs. Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire). Assists clients to a higher level of wellness. They were primarily religious and charitable Focuses on client's response to illness institutions housed in monasteries and rather than on the illness. convents. These caregivers, mostly female had no HISTORY OF NURSING formal training. The study of nursing history helps us better understand the issues of: MIDDLE AGES ○ Autonomy (self-directed) initiative Women continues to care for the sick in ○ Profession unity teamwork/collaboration rural areas as it was believed there natural ○ Education study nurturing nature to do so. ○ Supply and demand people/materials RENAISSANCE Learning from role models, nurses can Art and science played a significant role increase capacity to make positive changes during this time. now and set goals for the future. Universities were established in renewed interest of Science. EVOLUTION OF NURSING Still no formal training for nurses. Primitive humans derived nursing care practices by watching animals (e.g. wild RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES turkeys feeding young wild berries rich in Began in India and spread to Greece and Vitamin C to ward off chill or the snipe bird Ireland by 3 BC. splinting injured legs with straw and sticks) The priests served as nurses and were Early civilizations used wet nurses in male. Babylonia and Assyria. Florence Nightingale was a student of Ancient Greeks honored the Goddess of Kaiserworth. wealth, Hygiea, where temples were built to house spa type settings. THEODOR FLIEDNER Hippocrates, a Greek physician is a pastor from Kaiserworth Germany considered the Father of medicine. He used established the first school of nursing for a systematic approach in assessment, Deconesses in caring for the sick.  Professor of Florence Nightingale ○ Became nurse because of her late mother FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE (1820-1910) ○ July 27,1841 - April 16, 1930 Strong minded and intelligent. Studied (88 years Nurse) Greek, Latin mathematics, history, Mary Eliza Mahoney philosophy. ○ first african-american nurse to Her beliefs were opposed by her family and graduate from the nursing school friends. Mary Adelaide Nutting (1858-1948) Her social class was thought to be above ○ the first nurse appointed as a this kind of work. university professor Basis of Nursing practice and Principles of Lavinia Lloyd Dock (1858-1956) Nursing ○ 1st to write and be the editor to american journal (nursing) THE CIVIL WAR AND NURSING Isabel Adams Hampton Robb (1860-1910) NURSING PIONEERS Civil War (1861-1865) ○ 1st president of american nursing Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) association ○ During the Civil War, she served as ○ Superintendent of Illinois Training Superintendent of Army Female School for Nurses at the Cook Nurses of 1861. Later concentrated county Hospital in Chicago on reforming the treatment of the Lillian D. Wald (1867-1940) mentally ill. ○ founder of public health nursing ○ Social Reformer ○ social worker, teacher Clara Barton ○ american ○ was a pioneer American. She has Mary Breckinridge (1881-1965) been described as having a "strong ○ delivered healthcare system in rural and independent spirit" and is best america remembered for organizing the Mamie Hale American Red Cross in 1881. ○ upgraded educational programs for ○ Dec 25,1821 - Apr 12,1912 (90 midwives years) ○ improved mortality rate for mothers ○ Teacher, nurse, humanitarian, never and infants married Four Periods of Nursing History NURSING PIONEERS Intuitive Period/ Primitive/Instinctive Period Linda Richards ○ (Primitive times - 6th century) ○ First professionally trained american Apprentice Period nurse ○ (6th Century-18th Century)  Educative Period ○ Captain Salomen ○ (18th Century - 20th Century) revolutionary leader in nueva Contemporary Period ecija ○ (21st century) provided nursing care to the wounded when not in combat Staff Development ○ Melchora Aquino Continuing Education tandang sora Trends in Nursing Education gave shelter and food PH Nursing Organizations: PNA, OHNAP, ORNAP, ○ Agueda Kahabagan MCNAP, PDNA, CCNAP, etc.. revolutionary leader in Laguna Summary of History of Nursing in the also provided nursing Philippines services to her troops Early hospitals during the Spanish ○ Trinidad Tecson Regime Ina ng Biak na Bato ○ 1st hospital established: Hospital Real de Manila Schools Nursing & Laws ○ 2nd hospital: San Lazaro Hospital Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing Philippine Revolution ○ Hospital and School of Nursing ○ Josephine Bracken UST (1946) Prominent nurse in the ○ First College of Nursing Philippines 1919 - The 1st Nurses Law (Act #2808) Installed hospital at their ○ Enacted regulating the practice of house that provides care for the nursing profession in the the wounded night and day Philippines islands Wife of Rizal ○ Provided the holding of exam for the practice of nursing on the 2nd Prominent nurse in the Philippines monday of June and December of ○ Rose Sevilla de Alvaro each year converted their house into 1920 quarters for Filipino soldiers ○ 1st board examination for nurses during the Phil-American War was conducted by the Board of in 1899 Examiners ○ Hilaria de Aguinaldo 1921 wife of Emlio Aginaldo ○ Filipino Nurses Association was organized the filipino red established (now PNA) as the cross  National Organization Of Filipino nursing as an academic discipline with a Nurses substantive body of knowledge PNA: 1st President - Rosario Delgado In the mid-1800s, Nightingale wrote that Founder - Anastacia Giron- nursing knowledge is distinct from medical Tupas knowledge. She described a nurse's proper 1953 function as putting the patient in the best condition ○ Republic Act 877, known as the for nature (God) to act upon him or her. "Nursing Practice Law" was approved. Despite this early edict from Nightingale in R.A. No. 9173 the 1850s, it was 100 years later, during the 1950s, ○ An act providing for a more that the nursing profession began to engage in responsive nursing profession serious discussion about the need to develop, ○ This Act shall be known as the articulate, and test nursing theory. "Philippine Nursing Act of 2002" Until the emergence of nursing as a science SIGNIFICANCE OF NURSING THEORY in the 1950s, nursing practice was based on HISTORY principles and traditions that had been passed on The history of professional nursing began through an apprenticeship model of education and with Florence Nightingale. hospital-kept procedure man. Nightingale's pioneering activities in nursing The prevailing nursing paradigms (models) practice and subsequent writings describing provided perspectives for nursing practice, nursing education became a guide for establishing administration, education, research and further nursing schools at the beginning of the twentieth theory development. century. The theory utilization era restored balance Nursing began with a strong emphasis on between research and practice for knowledge practice, but throughout the century, nurses worked development in the discipline of nursing. toward the development of nursing as a profession through successive periods recognized as historical eras. Nightingale's vision of nursing has been practiced for more than a century, and theory development in nursing has evolved rapidly over the past 5 decades, leading to the recognition of Chapter 2 - (Evolution of Nursing) - TFN What is SCIENCE? HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY & SCIENCE Is a logical, systematic & coherent way to PHILOSOPHY solve problems and answer questions. is a systematic study of general and Collection of facts known in area and the fundamental questions concerning topics process used to obtain that knowledge. like existence, reason, knowledge, value, and language. RATIONALISM The word "philosophy" comes from the Epistemological position in which reason is ancient Greek words φίλος (philos: "love") said to be the primary source of all and σοφία (sophia: "wisdom"). It mean knowledge, superior to the senses. “love of wisdom” Believe that abstract reasoning can produce It is a rational and critical inquiry that undeniable, absolutely certain truths about reflects on its own methods and nature, existence, and the whole reality assumptions Theses truths are called a prior or innate, It is an approach for thinking about the ideas nature of people, the methods that should Descrates stands not only as the “father of be used to create a scientific knowledge modern philosophy” but as the original and the ethics involved. It denotes a archetype of the modern rationalist. perspective, implying certain broad, "taken for granted" assumptions. RENE DESCRATES (1596-1650) Studies concepts that structure thought Father of modern rationalism processes, foundations, and presumptions. REASON is the source of knowledge, not EXPERIENCE. All our ideas are INNATE EPISTEMOLOGY God fashioned us with ideas A branch of philosophy that is concerned We discover basic truths by INTUITION; with the nature and scope of knowledge by grasping basic connections between the Referred to as the “theory of knowledge” ideas we have. We deduce of DEMONSTRATE more PHILOSOPHY OF NURSING complex truths An approach to nursing, usually created by individual nurses in their own daily practice PLATO (424/423-348 BC) in the field. An ancient Greek philosopher born in Addresses a nurse’s ethics as it relates to Athens during the classical period. the practice of nursing In Athens, Plato founded the Academy, a Guides a nurse as he or she practices each philosophical school where he taught the day.  philosophical doctrines that would later Empiricists deny that any ideas or even become known as Platonism intellectual structure is inscribed on the Sense experience fails to provide us with mind from birth- the mind is a blank tablet. any guarantee that what we experience is, The implication is that anything “written” on in fact, true. the tablet is written by the 5 senses. What is Philosophy of RATIONALISM? ARISTOTLE Encompasses several strands of thought all He is a student of Plato and the teacher of of which usually share the conviction that Alexander the Great REALITY is rational in nature and that He opposes the idea of his teacher, Plato making the proper deductions is essential in Like Plato, Aristotle believed that knowledge achieving knowledge necessarily involves general or universal Latin word ratio, meaning reason-point of ideas - man, dog, table, chair, etc. view that states that reason plays the main Aristotle believed that our knowledge of the role in understanding the world and general comes from our experience of men, obtaining knowledge table, chairs, dogs, oceans. is "any view appealing to reason as a How do we arrive at universal ideas based on source of knowledge or justification”. The our limited and fluctuating experience of truth is not sensory but intellectual and things? deductive Aristotle’s answer is that the universal and The philosophical view that regards reason necessary elements of knowledge- the as the chief source and test of knowledge foundations of all subsequent reasoning- are built up in the mind through INDUCTION EMPIRICISM The view that all knowledge of reality is FRANCIS BACON derived from sense experience. Is popularly known for being a philosopher There are so many sorts of experience, but and specifically contributing to philosophy here experience mean “sense experience” surrounding the nature of science and that is perceptions derived from the five epistemology, or the study of knowledge senses: He is the “Father of Empiricism”, which is ○ Sight the idea that knowledge come from the ○ Sound senses ○ Touch Francis Bacon's theory was that scientific ○ Taste knowledge must come from the careful ○ Smell observation of nature filtered through Pain (sixth senses in nursing) inductive reasoning. THE EMPIRICISM OF JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704) ○ Learning and behavior change are An early Enlightenment philosopher, in the the result of reinforcement and first two books of his Essay Concerning punishment. Human Understanding (1690). The most elaborate and influential RATIONALISM AND EMPIRICISM presentation of empiricism Empiricism JOHN LOCKE Knowledge is based on sensory He disagreed with Descartes’ concept of experience and experimentation. innate ideas. Experimental science is the paradigm of He sought to create a "simpler" philosophy - knowledge. through the application of Ockham's Razor - Experience and experiment rarely, if ever, that would prove Descartes wrong and put produce certainty. forth his own idea of the tabula rasa Some empiricists believe that mathematics Tabula rasa means "blank slate." Locke can be certain. believed that we were all born with a mind Research then theory like a blank slate - containing NO innate ideas. He asserts that all our knowledge Rationalism comes from observation. Knowledge is based on the use of reason or logic BURRHUS FREDERIC SKINNER (B.F. SKINNER) Mathematics is the paradigm of knowledge The behavioral Psychologist Genuine knowledge is certain Strict empiricist view is reflected in the work Relation to experience: of the behaviorist Skinner Experience does not produce certainty and Skinner's philosophy is found to be a does not conform to reason. version of materialistic monism and radical Thus, experience is at best second-class empiricism. knowledge Operant Conditioning Theory Theory-then-research strategy ○ It is also known as the “Skinner’s box” Issues in Nursing Philosophy and Science ○ It explains how behavior is shaped Development by its consequences, such as Progress in the Discipline of Nursing rewards or punishments. (Meleis) ○ His learning theory states that a 1. Practice person is exposed to a stimulus, 2. Education and Administration which evokes a response, and then 3. Research the response is reinforced Development of Nursing Theory Peplau developed the first theory of nursing  practice in her book, Interpersonal Relations in Nursing (1952) Journal of Nursing Research (1952) 1960s and 1970s - analysis and debate on he metatheoretical issues related to theory development Postpositivism ○ focuses on discovering the patterns that may describe a phenomena. Interpretive paradigm ○ tends to promote understanding by addressing the meanings the participants social interaction that emphasize situation, context and multiple cognitive constructions that individuals create on everyday events. Critical paradigm ○ for knowledge development in nursing, provides framework for Inquiring about the interaction between the social, political, economic, gender and cultural factors and experiences of health and illness.