The Evolution of Nursing Science PDF

The Evolution of Nursing Science Freslyn Lim-Saco, Ph.D., RN [email protected] Follow me on: @LeXaLim  The Evolution of Nursing Science: Introduction Nursing history demonstrates the significance of theory for nursing as a division of education (...

The Evolution of Nursing Science Freslyn Lim-Saco, Ph.D., RN [email protected] Follow me on: @LeXaLim  The Evolution of Nursing Science: Introduction Nursing history demonstrates the significance of theory for nursing as a division of education (the discipline) and a specialized field of practice (the profession) (Alligood, 2014). The evolution of nursing as a science has occurred within the past 70 years (1945-2015); however, before nursing became a discipline or field of study, it was a healing art (Smith & Parker, 2015). Throughout the world, nursing emerged as a healing ministry to those who were ill or in need of support (Smith & Parker, 2015).  The Evolution of Nursing Science: The mother of Modern Nursing Although there were healers from other countries who can be acknowledged for their importance to the history of nursing, Florence Nightingale holds the title of the “mother of modern nursing” and the person responsible for setting Western nursing on a path toward scientific advancement. She not only defined nursing as “putting the person in the best condition for nature to act,” she also established a phenomenological focus of nursing as caring for and about the human– environment relationship to health.  The Evolution of Nursing Science: The first nurse-scientist Nightingale’s pioneering activities in nursing practice and education and her subsequent writings became a guide for establishing nursing schools and hospitals in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century (Kalisch & Kalisch, 2003; Nightingale, 1859/1969). While nursing soldiers during the Crimean War, Nightingale began to study the distribution of disease by gathering data, so she was arguably the first nurse-scientist in that she established a rudimentary theory and tested that theory through her practice and research.  The Evolution of Nursing Science: The 1800s-1900s It was during the mid-1800s that Nightingale recognized the unique focus of nursing and declared nursing knowledge as distinct from medical knowledge. Nightingale set forth the following: that care of the sick is based on knowledge of persons and their surroundings—a different knowledge base than that used by physicians in their practice (Nightingale, 1859/1969). Until the emergence of nursing as a science in the 1950s, nursing practice was based on principles and traditions that were handed down through an apprenticeship model of education and individual hospital procedure manuals (Alligood, 2010a; Kalisch & Kalisch, 2003).  The Evolution of Nursing Science: The 1900s-1940s emphasis on curricular content and progression toward standardizing curricula focus of this era emphasizes on what nurses needed to know to practice nursing and it led to an expansion of curricula beyond physiological and pathophysiological knowledge to include social sciences, pharmacology, and formal classes on nursing procedures (Judd, et al., 2010). nursing education moved into institutions of higher learning where students were taught by nurses with higher degrees.  The Evolution of Nursing Science: SUCN established in 1947 1947 - Silliman University College of Nursing was established by an American Missionary, Mrs. Mary Marquis Smith SUCN started as a 4-year nursing program under the College of Arts and Sciences with Ms. Letty Wood as Dean Miss Ma. Concepcion M. Roble was the first Filipino dean of the college, from 1954 until her retirement in Mary Marquis Smith Hall 1980  The Evolution of Nursing Science: 1950s serious discussion of the need to develop nursing knowledge apart from medical knowledge to guide nursing practice. This beginning led to awareness of the need to develop nursing theory (Alligood, 2010a; Alligood, 2004; Chinn & Kramer, 2011; Meleis, 2007; Walker & Avant, 2011). publication of the journal Nursing Research in 1952 was a milestone, signifying the birth of nursing as a fledgling science (Peplau, 1987). early nursing scholars such as Hildegard Peplau, Virginia Henderson, Dorothy Johnson, and Lydia Hall established the distinct characteristics of nursing as a profession and field of study.  The Evolution of Nursing Science: What happened in the Philippines after WW II? During the first half of the twentieth century, the Philippines trained its nurse workforce primarily for domestic use (Brush, 2010). After the country’s independence in 1946, however, that practice reversed. Nurse education in the Philippines was driven largely by US market demand in tandem with local messages linking work and nationalism and explicit policies to send nurses abroad (Brush, 2010). Nursing education in the Philippines since then had been greatly influenced by US Nursing Education.  The Evolution of Nursing Science: 1960s Faye Abdellah, Ida Jean Orlando, Joyce Travelbee, Ernestine Wiedenbach, Myra Levine, and Imogene King followed during the 1960s, elaborating their conceptualizations of nursing. The American Nurses Association (ANA) set forth the need for nursing theory development in 1965 various perceptions among nursing leaders as to what nursing theory development meant because most had advanced degrees from various disciplines and perspectives of knowledge and theory  The Evolution of Nursing Science: 1970s nursing theory development became a priority for the profession and the discipline of nursing was becoming established Martha Rogers, Callista Roy, Dorothea Orem, Betty Newman, and Josephine Paterson and Loraine Zderad published their theories and graduate students began studying and advancing these theories through research It was during this era that early versions of nursing frameworks began to be published. The works by Johnson (1974, 1980), King (1971), Levine (1967), Neuman (1972), Orem (1971), Rogers (1970), and Roy (1970) are evidence of the general recognition that nursing theoretical approaches were needed.  The Evolution of Nursing Science: 1980s grand theories such as Parse’s man-living- health (later changed to human becoming); Newman’s health as expanding consciousness; Leininger’s transcultural nursing; Erickson, Tomlinson, and Swain’s modeling and role modeling; and Watson’s transpersonal caring were disseminated. the Society for Rogerian Scholars held the first Rogerian Conference; the Transcultural Nursing Society was formed, and the International Association for Human Caring was formed. Fewer grand theories emerged; only Boykin and Schoenhofer’s nursing as caring grand theory was published during this time.  The Evolution of Nursing Science: 1980s-1990s Fawcett (1984, 1989) contributed significantly to our understanding of the nature of nursing knowledge. She proposed a metaparadigm of nursing knowledge for nursing, specifying discipline boundaries of person, environment, health, and nursing. Her application of this metaparadigm in criteria for analysis and evaluation of nursing theoretical works in early publications clarified types of nursing conceptual and theoretical works and a structure of knowledge at different levels of abstraction. Fawcett (1984, 1989) led the way by presenting a collective view of nursing’s theoretical works using criteria to clarify their conception as a metaparadigm (person, environment, health, and nursing) in a uniform structure of knowledge.  The Evolution of Nursing Science: 2000s Fawcett’s use of the structure demonstrated how nursing theory linked to conceptual models which then led to an understanding of conceptual-theoretical- empirical linkages for nursing knowledge development and the development of nursing science (Fawcett, 2005). From 2000 to the present, there has been accelerated development of middle-range theories with less interest in conceptual models and grand theories.  The Evolution of Nursing Science: 2000s Reality: There seems to be a devaluing of nursing theory; many graduate programs have eliminated their required nursing theory courses, and baccalaureate programs may not include the development of conceptualizations of nursing into their curricula. Possibility: This has the potential for creating generations of nurses who have no comprehension of the importance of theory for understanding the focus of the discipline and the diverse, rich legacy of nursing knowledge from these theoretical perspectives.  The Evolution of Nursing Science: The 21st Century Theory Utilization Nursing is now in the era of theory utilization—nurses using philosophies, models, and theories for theory-based nursing practice. What is This important era in the history of nursing continued to thrive and be recognized as vital to nursing’s future (Algase, 2007; Alligood, 1994; the focus Colley, 2003; Pearson, 2007). There is a trend toward valuing theories from other disciplines over nursing theories. of Interprofessional practice and interdisciplinary research are essential for the future of health care, but we do not do justice to Nursing? this concept by abandoning the rich, distinguishing features of nursing science over others  The Evolution of Nursing Science: Conclusion Progression of nurses to theory utilization and theory-based practice is best explained by nursing history. If nursing is to advance as a science in its own right, future generations of nurses must respect and advance the theoretical legacy of our discipline. Scientific growth happens through cumulative knowledge development with current research building on previous findings. To survive and thrive, nursing theories must be used in nursing practice and research. The words of Martha Rogers are as true today as they were in 1970: “Nursing’s potential for meaningful human service rests on the union of theory and practice for its fulfillment” (Rogers, 1970, p. viii).  Video Resources: Click these links for supplemental information: History of Nursing in the Philippines by Anne Michelle Oliveros-Cruz (9:17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F2Hr_D4bIsY&list=LLQYQTeOH qCPXTVXw6OgRY4w&index=3 Nursing Now for International Nurses’ Day by WHO (1:59) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGbT8EKP-2I Nurses Change Lives by Johnson & Johnson Nursing (2:06) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uJ31xLnqigE  References Alligood, M.R. (2018). Nursing Theorists and their Work (9th ed.). Singapore: Elsevier Pte. Ltd. Alligood, M. R. (2014). Nursing Theory Utilization & Application. (5th Ed, Vol. 1542). Elsevier Mosby. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 Smith, M. C., & Parker, M. E. (2015). Nursing Theories and Nursing Practice. (M. C. Smith & M. E. Parker, Eds.) (4th Ed). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0703993104