Lecture 2: Articulation Disorders (SLP 322) PDF

Lecture 2: Articulation Disorders SLP 322 Mohammed Alqahtani Plan 1. What is articulation disorder? 2. Types of Articulation disorders 3. Causes of Speech Sound Disorders Cette photo par Auteur inconnu est soumise à la licence CC BY-SA  1. Wh...

Lecture 2: Articulation Disorders SLP 322 Mohammed Alqahtani Plan 1. What is articulation disorder? 2. Types of Articulation disorders 3. Causes of Speech Sound Disorders Cette photo par Auteur inconnu est soumise à la licence CC BY-SA  1. What is articulation disorder? Articulation Articulation is the process people use to produce sounds, make syllables, and pronounce words. It includes everything from tongue placement to how the lips move. A person with articulation disorder may have trouble pronouncing words or speaking clearly. This is typically most evident in certain sounds, like replacing “th” with “s” or “r” with “w.” Articulation disorder is also called: Functional speech disorder Articulation delay Function speech sound disorder Speech articulation disorder Articulation disorder occurs in children but may last into adulthood without appropriate intervention. What is the difference between articulation disorder and phonological disorder? Phonological disorders are more complex. Some sounds, like the K and the G, require subtle tongue or mouth movement changes. Sometimes, children unknowingly take shortcuts as they are learning to speak, like saying “gog” instead of “dog” or substituting “wat” for “rat.” While these shortcuts are often a normal part of speech development, overreliance on shortcuts can cause a systematic problem in a child’s speech that goes beyond one or two articulation problems. An articulation error only affects a single sound, resulting from difficulties moving the mouth or tongue. On the other hand, when there is an inconsistent pattern of these articulation errors, it is called a phonological disorder. Articulation disorders (Phonetic Disorders) Articulation disorders refer to errors in the production of speech sounds. These speech sound issues can be identified in many ways, including: Substitutions (replacing one sound with another, for example, wabbit for rabbit ) Omissions (leaving out a sound from the word, for example, bo for boat) Distortions (altering the sound quality of a word, for example, shlip for sip) Additions (inserting extra sounds in the word, for example, “Ismayil” for “Smile”) Any type of such issue can be identified as a problem with articulation. Phonological disorders (Phonemic Disorders) Phonological disorders refer to the linguistic aspects of speech. These disorders focus on predictable, rule-based errors. The issue is more about systematic patterns of errors that affect an individual’s speech intelligibility. Examples of such disorders can be Assimilation (Actual sound is pronounced like a neighboring sound) Cluster reduction (grouping neighboring consonants and reducing to one sound) Final consonant deletion (omitting final consonant sound in a word) Backing (replacing the sounds produced at the front of the mouth with the sounds produced at the back of the mouth) Fronting (replacing the sounds produced at the back of the mouth with the sounds produced at the front of the mouth) Initial consonant deletion (omitting the initial consonant sound of a word)  Every individual with this disorder doesn’t produce the same error. These patterns can vary from person to person. Phonological disorders are considered both speech and language disorders because the language system is affected, but they are also speech sound disorders in that the errors relate to the use of phonemes (speech sounds). This makes it different from specific language impairments, which are primarily disorders of morphology (word structure), syntax (grammar), semantics (meaning), and pragmatics (usage) of language rather than the sound system. 2. Types of Articulation disorders Articulation disorders can be of two types: Functional Articulation disorders Organic Articulation disorders.  Functional Articulation disorders Articulation Disorders: Articulation disorders involve difficulties in producing individual speech sounds. Children with articulation disorders may substitute, omit, or distort certain sounds, making their speech challenging to understand. Phonological Disorders: Phonological disorders affect the systematic sound patterns used in language. Children with phonological disorders may have difficulties with sound contrasts, leading to errors in multiple words. 2. Organic Speech Sound Disorders: Organic refers to speech difficulties caused by physical or physiological factors, such as structural abnormalities, vocal cord dysfunction, or oral-motor impairments. Functional Functional speech sound disorders are two types: speech sound Articulation disorders disorders Phonological disorders  When structure, hearing and all Functional observable physical systems appear to be normal, the articulatory Articulation problem is termed as functional in nature , and its origin attributed to Disorders faulty learning. Most articulation disorders are considered to be of this type.  If the cause of defective utterance Organic is related to a structural deformity or physical defect, the articulatory Aticulatory problem is classified as ORGANIC in nature. disorders Organic articulation disorders arise due to damage to the speech mechanism. Damage may be To the CNS To the peripheral nervous system To the structure of oral mecanism  Organic speech sound disorders include those resulting from issues relating to various areas. They can be: Motor/Neurological disorders (relating to execution, such as Dysarthria, or planning, such as Apraxia) Certain neurological conditions, such as apraxia of speech or dysarthria, can impact the motor control and coordination necessary for precise speech sound production. The muscles involved in speech need to move in a coordinated manner in order to produce Speech Sounds. These movements are controlled by the brain and are also dependent upon speech muscle strength. In Apraxia, the speech muscles are normal and of normal strength, but the brain signals that control movements of these muscles during speech become abnormal. In Dysarthria, the brain signals that control the movement of speech muscles during speech are normal, but speech muscles are weak and not able to move.  Structural disorders (relating to issues of cleft palate or other orofacial abnormalities or structural deficits due to trauma or surgery) Some individuals may have physical abnormalities in their oral structures, such as cleft palate or tongue-tie, which can affect speech sound production. Sensory/Perceptual disorders (such as Hearing impairment) Problems in hearing and auditory processing can make it challenging to perceive and produce speech sounds accurately. Some Organic Disorders Apraxia of speech Dysarthria Cerebral palsy Cleft palate Degenerative Neurological Disease  3. Causes of Speech Sound Disorders Developmental factors Many children go through a phase of speech sound errors as they learn to speak, but some continue to struggle with the correct production of sounds longer than expected. These may be categorized as developmental speech sound disorders. Structural or physiological factors Physical abnormalities, such as cleft palate or missing teeth, can affect the production of speech. These again refer to developmental factors affecting speech production. Hearing impairments Hearing loss can impact an individual’s ability to hear and produce speech sounds correctly, especially if the hearing loss occurs during critical periods of language development. Neurological conditions Certain neurological conditions, such as apraxia of speech or dysarthria, can lead to speech sound disorders. Apraxia involves difficulty planning and coordinating the movements needed for speech, while dysarthria results from weakness or paralysis of the speech muscles. Environmental Causes of Speech Sound Disorders Speech sound disorders can have various causes, and they may result from a combination of factors. Speech sound disorders can also result from environmental influences, like exposure to non-standard dialects or a lack of speech modeling in the home. When people with speech issues are around, it can be understood that children learn to speak in the same way.