Types of Communication or Speech Contexts PDF

ASSH2001 Types of Communication or Speech Contexts Speech is essential to our being human. It affects who we are and how we develop as individuals, learn and share what we know, and interact with others in our world. Speech does not take place in a vacuum but is always...

ASSH2001 Types of Communication or Speech Contexts Speech is essential to our being human. It affects who we are and how we develop as individuals, learn and share what we know, and interact with others in our world. Speech does not take place in a vacuum but is always contextualized. This means there is always a reason when we speak, including the purpose, audience, and situation or event. There are three (3) speech contexts: intrapersonal, interpersonal, and public. A. Intrapersonal It is communication within oneself. It involves thinking, remembering, and feeling. We do this silently in our head (internal discourse) to understand, clarify, or analyze a situation we find ourselves in. This type of speech is used when we talk to ourselves or when we are alone, thinking, or even in front of the mirror. B. Interpersonal This type of communication refers to face-to-face interactions between persons. It is communication among a relatively small number of people. We usually think of this as communication since it involves at least one other (dyad) or some others (group). Dyadic Triadic Small-Group This is communication between This communication is between More than three (3) people two (2) people, which may be three (3) people. This could be participate in this type of face-to-face conversations, conversations among siblings, communication. This is the dialogues, or interviews. A between parents and child, or enlarged type of telephone conversation is also among close friends. communication usually done to dyadic. solve problems. The committee, panel, symposium, brainstorming, and small business meetings are good examples of small group communication. Table 1. Kinds of Interpersonal Communication Source: SPEAC: Speak and listen in context There are at least five (5) contexts in which communication happens: 1. Psychological – It refers to the participants and what each brings to the interaction. Needs, desires, values, personality, and habits are all forms of psychological context. 2. Relational is concerned with the relations the interactors have toward each other and how close or distant that relationship is. 3. Situational – It deals with the psychosocial “where” the exchange happens. Interaction in a classroom will be very different from one at a picnic. 4. Environmental – It deals with the physical “where” they are communicating. The room arrangement, location, noise level, temperature, and time of day are examples of factors in the environmental context. 5. Cultural – It includes all the learned behaviors and rules that affect interaction. Some come from a culture where it is considered rude to make long, direct eye contact, so they will avoid eye contact out of politeness. Then there are those from a culture where long, direct eye contact 07 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 1 of 5  ASSH2001 signals trustworthiness. This difference in cultural context can cause misunderstanding and communication breakdown. C. Public Communication This involves communication between one and several other people. This is the large group type of communication. It is the heart of society, whether in economics, entertainment, or religion; it is in every aspect of life. Public speech uses ideas and images, persuasion and information, and strategy and tactics in a smart message targeted to the right audience creatively and innovatively. While public speaking can be frightening, it is also the most rewarding. Many doors of opportunity are opened to effective public speakers. The good news is that speaking in public can be learned. With appropriate planning and a lot of practice, anyone can be a skilled and effective public speaker. Speech Styles and Context Speech styles vary according to social context—who are we talking to, what, and for what purposes. One way of classifying speech styles is according to the directness of our speech. There are two (2) parts to our communication style: a) how direct we express our views, wants, and opinions, and b) the thought or consideration that the sender of the message gives to the opinions, wants, and needs of the recipient. In psychological terms, each participant in the communication process ends each communication as either a winner or loser. The ideal, of course, is to work toward a win-win situation. HIGH Openly Aggressive Behavior Assertive Behavior I express my needs, wants, I clearly express my needs, and opinions directly, and I wants, and opinions in a give no thoughts to other considerate way to others. Directness of Communication people. I win; you lose. I win, you win. Passive Aggressive Behavior Passive Behavior I make sure that others are I do not express my needs, aware of my needs, wants, wants, and opinions directly. I and opinions and that these put others’ needs above my are more important than own. theirs. I win; you lose. I lose; you win. LOW Thought Given to Others HIGH Graph 1. The Communication Style Self-Assessment Source: SPEAC: Speak and listen in context 07 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 2 of 5  ASSH2001 Language varies according to the use and users, where it is used and to whom, and who uses it. The more we know who we are concerning whom we are talking to, given the situation or event and the purpose we want to achieve, the more appropriate and effective we become as communicators. Language Register Register in linguistics is used to indicate degrees of formality in language use. Language register is the level of formality of which one speaks. Different situations and people call for different registers. Kinds of Language Register Kind Examples Casual Talking with friends This is the informal language used by peers and Personal letter to a friend friends. Experience with that person, slang, Talk with teammates vulgarities, and colloquialisms are normal. This is Chats and emails “group” language. One must be a member to Personal blogs engage in this register. Intimate Finishing each other’s sentences This communication is private. This is the Spouses language shared between couples, twins, very Boyfriend and girlfriend close friends. It is reserved for close family Siblings members or intimate people. Parent and children Very good friends Frozen Pledge of allegiance Also called static register, this style of Words to a song communication rarely or never changes. It is Poetry “frozen” in time and content. Prayer Preamble to the 1987 Philippine Constitution Alma Mater Formal Presentations This language is used in formal settings and is Academic paper one-way. This use of language usually follows a Essays in school commonly accepted format. Sermons Speeches Announcements Interviews Consultative Strangers who interact This is a standard form of communication. Users Adults at work engage in a mutually accepted structure of Teachers with students communications. Two-way communication used Talking with a lawyer or doctor in conversation with professional discourse is a Counselor and client good example. It also shows no experience with that person. Table 2. Kinds of Language Register Source: SPEAC: Speak and listen in context 07 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 3 of 5  ASSH2001 Types of Speech Styles Every person possesses a unique speech style. We do not speak in the same way all the time as we communicate for various purposes and belong to different life orientations. The communication transactions and contexts we engage in are inextricably linked with and are shaped by relationships, social behavior, cultural traditions, values, beliefs, and social class. In turn, these transactions and contexts determine the appropriate speech style. Linguists have categorized a speech style as a register. Register is the form that language takes in different circumstances. Code-switching is shifting from one register to another guided by the context. It is an essential social skill that provides flexibility and demonstrates competence in various speech contexts and appropriate social norms. In other words, as speech styles perform these functions, they can be interchangeably called registers. Let us now discuss the five speech styles – intimate style, casual style, consultative style, formal style, and frozen style. Intimate Style Intimate speech style is used among intimate family members, lovers, or close friends who do not need complete language with a clear articulation. The intimate language style is the language used in these types of relationships. In intimate speech style, it is enough to use short utterances. Rules of grammar are not necessarily followed as they may change the purposive intentions of the intimate style. Casual Speech Style Casual speech is the most common speech style used among friends and coworkers. It includes slang, frequent interruptions, and animated speech. It is adopted in personal conversations with friends or family members, and where the overall atmosphere is informal. It is sometimes referred to as the language between friends. This speech style uses loose sentence structure and vernacular speech. Consultative Speech Style Consultative Speech Style is best used for business and professional relationships. This speech style works in negotiating with strangers or colleagues at work. Example situations where consultative speech style is used are group discussions, regular conversations between teacher and student, doctor and patient, expert and apprentice, and employer and employee. It is characterized by short sentences and less well-planned or spontaneous language. The nature of spontaneity of this speech style makes persons who use it tend to repeat unnecessary words, choose the wrong word, or use slang. Less formal standard English is used in this speech context. Formal Speech Style Formal speech style is characterized by sharing information using established professional rules, standard English, processes, and procedures. This style avoids the use of slang terminology. This style is used in public speaking contexts such as graduation speeches or classroom lectures. There are two qualities of the casual speech style that make it different from formal and consultative speech styles. The first one is using ellipsis or the omission of some words. Examples are I believe I can find a way (consultative style), can find a way (casual style), thank you (consultative style), and thanks (casual style). 07 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 4 of 5  ASSH2001 The second one is using slang terms and nonstandard and very informal words that certain groups use, such as teenagers who call a young female girl (formal register) in the formal language and chick (casual register) in the slang language. In Tagalog, we would call a drunk “lasing” (formal register) in the formal language, but his friends would describe him as “may amats” (casual register) in the slang language. Frozen Speech Style Frozen speech is the most formal speech style usually used in formal contexts such as speech for state ceremonies, court proceedings, religious rituals like weddings (wedding vows), Eucharistic prayer, and liturgies at church. This type of speech style is described as a language that never changes. The different social contexts influence our speech styles or registers in our lives. The following four (4) factors shape speech styles in the various contexts we engage in and determine whether these registers are appropriate or suitable for the communicative context. The first factor involves the participants or who is speaking and to whom. The way a person speaks reflects the characteristics of his/her identity, such as age, sex, gender, and social background. Reference: Fernandez, A. & Suarez, E. (2016). SPEAC: Speak and listen in context. Phoenix Publishing House. Pinzon, M. J. L., & Jamandre, N. K. F. (2017). The Principles of Communication. In Power Speak: Oral Communication In Context (pp. 5–6). essay, ABIVA Publishing House, Inc. 07 Handout 1 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 5 of 5