Communication Strategies Notes PDF

Communication Strategies Message Abandonment Happens when the speaker stops talking to express himself/herself MTUW LFCCU CAUA Topic Avoidance When the speaker tries to change the topic or talk about something else instead of the issu...

Communication Strategies Message Abandonment Happens when the speaker stops talking to express himself/herself MTUW LFCCU CAUA Topic Avoidance When the speaker tries to change the topic or talk about something else instead of the issue that needs to be discussed Use of All Purpose Words When you use a general expression to refer to an idea you think the other person already knows about in order to save you from using the actual word Ex: etc, so on and so forth Word Coinage When you invent a term based on your knowledge of rules in forming words in a particular language Literal Translation When you translate a word or expression from one language to another word-per-word even when its essence is compromised Foreignizing Happens when you pronounce a word in your native language as if it is a word in the target language Code Switching When you combine words in your native language and target language in one sentence Code Shifting Smoother transition to other languages in comparison to Code Switching Use of (GAP Fillers) When you try to use unnecessary words or expressions in order to stall your message or to avoid dull moments or dead air Circumlocution Happens when you try to work your way around an idea by describing it vividly instead of calling it by its real name Approximation When you try to look for a closely related word in order to refer to something Use of Non-Verbal Cues When you try to look for a non-verbal cue that would best say what you want to say Appeal for help happens when you ask someone else to explain what it is that you want to say Speech Contexts Intrapersonal Communication Intrapersonal Talk to yourself in making decisions Communication Refers to the process of communication that occurs within an individual. It involves the ways we talk to ourselves, process thoughts, make decisions, and reflect on our experiences Interpersonal Communication Intimate and Close and private Personal Formal And Not close Impersonal Group Communication Group All assuming the role of sender and receiver simultaneously Communication Working in teams Sender or failure is dependent of the behavior of the members of the group Controlling Dominates the discussion People Egalitarian Not only willingly gives information but allows others to do the same Dynamic Encourages other people to participate Withdrawing Does not want to have anything to do with the group Mass Communication Mass Several people involved Communication One sender and many receivers Geographically dispersed The message passes through different forms of channels and mediums (television, radio Listening Discriminative Most basic, simplest Babyhood stage DCCE Lowest level Identifying sound differences IBA SET DR Distinguish similar sounds (where the sound is coming from, who is producing it) Comprehension A level higher than discriminative Understand the message being what is communicated to you Making sense of what is heard Critical A level higher than comprehension If in comprehension you only try to understand, in critical you try to discern what is true or not Identifying truths from fallacies Evaluative A level higher than critical You make a stand Choosing a stand after critical listening Informative When you want to know or learn about something new Biased Bad example of listening Listening with a close mind Taking in only what the listener agrees to Ex: ○ When your friend chooses to tell you to about your partner’s red flags, but you do not listen because you are in love ○ Arguing about political views Appreciative Listen for pleasure or entertainment Taking in anything that appeals to the listener’s sense of beauty Sympathetic Knowing what the speaker feels Empathic Level higher than sympathetic You are also trying to understand why that person is feeling that way Putting yourselves in their shoes Understanding what the speaker feel Therapeutic Level higher than empathic Listen to the person not to simply understand but to know how you can be of help to that person Doing something about the speaker’s feelings Dialogic Learning through conversations with a speaker Relationship Getting the trust of the speaker Listening Process Receiving Sounds produced pass through your ear RePaIR Recognize sight words and printed codes Perceiving Knowing that there is a message associated with the sound Accompanied by the deliberate and conscious effort of the listener to focus his attention on the message by selecting, organizing, and analyzing the meaning of the stimuli Interpreting Interpreting the meaning attached to these symbols Relative to the listeners ability to make sense of the meaning assigned to the visual and aural symbols that are perceived Responding Form of feedback that indicates the entirety in the cycle of human communication We usually provide verbal or nonverbal feedback Responding to the thoughts of a person. Principles of Speech Writing Principles of Speech This refers to the different steps that the speaker needs to undertake. Writing to deliver a well-prepared Speech. Choosing A Topic Timely and Relevant One that is currently the talk or interest of most people Topic Which Most They find the information valuable for their needs or have many unresolved People Can Relate To questions about it Personally You lack energy on something we don't find interest in Interesting To You Analyzing Your Audience The more information you are able to gather from your target audience and elements related to them, the more you will easily be able to adapt to their needs. Demographic Age Religion Analysis Gender Group Membership Culture Education AGCGREOR Occupation Psychographic Perceptions of your audience about your own topic. Analysis Opinions Preexisting Notions (Topic, You) Attitudes Values Beliefs Interest and Needs Situational Analysis Physical Setting Occasion ○ Where this would ○ What type of event would be be taking place occurring Size Captive ○ How many will ○ Required to particpate be listening Voluntary ○ The size of the ○ Not required to participate room has to be appropriate for the audience present Sourcing Your Information Seek Reliable References Provide Supporting Information Extract Important Points Ethical Information Must Be Sought Cite Sources Headstart With Good Note-Taking ○ SPEECH Outlining and Organizing the Speech Contents What is the general Is it to inform, to persuade to entertain, or to inspire? purpose of your speech? What is the specific The main idea that you would like to say in your speech purpose of your speech? What are the These key points should be previewed in your introduction. keypoints you will Enables your audience to get an overview of your speech discuss? Principles of Speech Delivery Voice Variety Is one of the many things you need to build in speech delivery. You will have to sound intelligible which can be achieved through correct VASt MoFeR pronunciation and articulation, voice modulation, stage presence, facial expressions, and established rapport with your listeners. Articulation How we produce (articulate) sounds, and utter words through the use of The voice mechanism The clarity of sound production Stage Presence The speaker’s ability to maintain the audience’s attention and interest through the speaker’s style of presentation or delivery  Poise, gesture, posture, mannerisms, and movements can relevantly contribute to overall delivery Modulation Avoid sounding monotonous or high-strung For improvement, read aloud as part of your daily routine for voice exercise You may record and listen to your speech so you can work on the flaws that you may have noted. Facial Through eyes, mouth and facial expressions, you can create and sustain interest, Expression engage your audience, and convey important emotion Rapport Affinity, bond, empathy, a relationship where people understand each other’s ideas and able to relate well with one another Rapport in public speaking can be achieved between the speaker and the audience when ideas, feelings, or sentiments are presented effectively and a shared understanding is established. Types of Speech According To Purpose Expository To Inform Speaking to increase the audience’s understanding, sustain EPIS cream PIES interest on a topic, and increase recall Parts of An Expository Speech ○ Introduction Body State Elaborate Conclusion Persuasive To Call For Action A symbolic process where communicators convince others to change their attitudes/ behavior on an issue through a transmitted message in an atmosphere of free choice Intense internet exposure gravely affects teenager’s mental health. Parents of minors who are still out beyond curfew hours should be apprehended Inspirational To Uplift One's Emotions Special Occasions To honor a significant event According To Delivery Manuscript MMEI Reading from a prepared speech Memorized Delivered word for word from memory Extemporaneous Not a completely written speech, may use notecards Impromptu Off the cuff/spur of the moment/ without prior preparation Attention Getter Parts of An Impromptu Speech ○ Thesis Response Examples Memorable Conclusion/ Clincher Tips for effective Impromptu Speeches ○ Make use of the p-r-e-p method (point, reason, example, point) ○ Focus on answering the –wh questions ○ Frame your answers by talking about the past, present, and future  ○ Start by talking briefly about the issue, provide the pros and cons, Then end with your opinion Presentation And Audio Visual Aids We learn and retain 10% of what we read 20% of what we hear 30% of what we see 50% of what we hear and see Audiovisual Aids Aims to supplement your speech through a combination of the following: pictures, art forms, illustrations, and/or sound. Visual Aids Charts and Graphs Slides or Presentations Flip Chart Handouts Props Posters Audio Aids Recordings Music Sounds Audio Tapes Audio-Visual Aids Youtube RAID SHADOW LEGENDS DOWNLOAD NOW TO GET FREE 10000 SILVER UP YOUR ASS Canva A popular web-based graphic design tool that offers a wide range of visual aids to help users create engaging designs Canva’s visual aids can greatly enhance your creative process, making it more efficient and enjoyable DvD (who tf uses these) Characteristics of Good Audio Visual Relevant Appropriate Appealing Readable Varied Characteristics of Good Audio Visual Serves as memory aid Guides one’s speech delivery Captures audience’s attention Aids learning  Sustains interest Do’s and Don’ts in Audiovisual Preparation & Presentation Do Use appropriate color and images Label charts and graphs Keep the text short and simple Rehearse Talk to your audience; avoid staring too long at the presentation aid Have a backup plan Donts Experiment with fonts and colors Use flashing and distracting elements Fill a slide with too much information Simply recite your slides Persuasive Speech Persuasive Sparks changes in attitude, beliefs, and perceptions of people about a certain issue An art of convincing others through careful choice of clear arguments and sound evidence governed by reason Persuasion Defined as a symbolic process in which communicators try to convince other people to change their attitudes or behavior regarding an issue through the transmission of a message, in an atmosphere of free choice Propositions Propositions Are the defining elements of a persuasive speech, which are to be supported by data and reasons and are established to respond to any of the following questions: Questions of Fact Assertions that focus on whether or not an idea, objects, or Phenomenon exists, true or untrue. Ex: Intense internet exposure affect the mental health of teenagers. Questions of Value The speaker expresses and reveals his/her personal beliefs. He takes an evaluative stance, a value claim, a moral judgment, such as whether or not you find a belief, condition, phenomenon, or action as good or bad, right or wrong, just or unjust. Ex: Mercy killing is just when holding on to a loved one whose life brings more difficulty, misery, and deep financial woes to the family Questions of Policy Policy propositions advocate whether a particular course of action be undertaken, continued, discontinued, or changed. Ex: The government should implement a universal healthcare system to ensure that all citizens have access to affordable and quality medical care. Persuasive Strategies Ethos: Appeal to Credibility Is the appeal to the speaker's credibility or character. It involves convincing the audience that you are trustworthy, knowledgeable, EPL and reliable.  How it works: By demonstrating your expertise, experience, or authority on a subject, you can gain the trust of your audience and make them more likely to believe your arguments. Example: A doctor recommending a particular treatment because of their extensive medical experience. Pathos: Appeal to Emotion Is the appeal to the audience's emotions. It involves evoking feelings such as fear, anger, sadness, or joy to persuade the audience to agree with your point of view. ○ How it Works: You can create an emotional connection that makes your message more persuasive by telling compelling stories, using vivid language, or appealing to the audience's values and beliefs. Logos: Appeal to Logic Is the appeal to reason or logic. It involves using evidence, facts, and arguments to persuade the audience. ○ How It Works: By presenting clear and logical arguments, supported by evidence, you can convince the audience that your claims are valid and reasonable. The Three Levels of Speech Acts Speech Acts Started out as a theory proposed by John Austin and later on extended by John Searle Speaking is performing Speech acts are communicative functions that convey meaning beyond the literal interpretation of words Understanding SPEECH ACTS helps in analyzing meaning in language and improving communication skills John Austin He gave a series of lectures, the William James Lectures at Harvard University. These lectures were published posthumously as a bonk with the title "How to Do Things with Words" in 1962. John Rogers Searle American philosopher and professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley John Austin's concept was extended by Searle To understand a language one most understand the speaker's intention. Locutionary Acts Locutionary Acts The literal meaning of an utterance. Focuses on what is said, NOT what is meant. ○ Example: “Ït’s cold in here.” ○ Interpretation: Stating a fact about the temperature. Phonic Act This is the act of producing an utterance inscription. Includes the production of sounds in oral communications, and written symbols in written communication Phatic Act Act of constructing relevant and meaningful groups of symbols and sounds that may consist of word clause, phrase, sentence, or discourse, Propositional Act Can be either expressed or implied with the idea of concern or incrimation. Eg: “I warn you that cigarette smoking is dangerous.” This statement is an implied "illocutionary act" because it doesn't ask the listener to do something in the future. Instead, it describes something about cigarettes.  Illocutionary Acts Illocutionary Acts The INTENDED meaning behind the utterance. Refers to the intention of the speaker when the statement is uttered Represents what the speaker aims to accomplish through their statements such as asserting, questioning, commanding, requesting, promising, etc John Searles Category Representatives These are utterances which commit the hearer to the truth of the expression. RDCED Stating, asserting, denying, confessing, admitting, notifying ○ Eg: I love UST ○ Pres Rodrigo is the first president from Mindanao Directives These utterances are attempts by the speaker to get the addressee to do something. Requesting, ordering, forbidding, warning, advising, suggesting, insisting, recommending ○ Eg: Leave me and you’ll never see me again. ○ Could you bring my other bag, please? ○ It will be best to work on our PeTa now Commissives These utterances commit the speaker to some future course of action. Promising, vowing, volunteering, offering, guaranteeing, pledging Expressives An expressive is an utterance used to express the emotional state of the speaker. apologizing, congratulating, welcoming, objecting ○ Eg: Congratulations to you for passing SHS with flying colors! Declarations It is an utterance used to change the status of some entity. This act includes: appointing, naming, resigning, baptizing John Austins Category fu and ur annoying ass nanes wtf is behabitives Verdicitives These consist in the delivering of a finding official or unofficial upon evidence or reasons as to value or fact so far as these are distinguishable VECEB Eg: Acquit, Hold, Calculate, Describe, Analyzing, Estimate, Date, Ranking, Assessing, and Characterize Excercitives One of these is the giving of a decision in favor of or against a certain course of action or advocacy of it Deciding to either approve or disapprove of something, rather than just judging if it's true or not. These involve giving decisions in favor of or against something, or advocating for a certain course of action. Eg: order, command direct, plead , beg , recommend, enr=treat. advise , appoint, dismiss, nominate, veto declare, open declare closed Commissives The whole point of a commisssive to commit the speaker to a certain course of action Eg: Vow Pledge, Covenant, Contract, Guarantee, Embrace Expositives Are used in acts of exposition involving the expounding of views, the conducting of arguments, and the clarifying of usages and reference Eg: Affirm, Deny, Emphasize, Illustrate, Answer, Report, Accept Behabitives This class with which Austin was very dissatisfied These involve reactions to others' behavior or expressing feelings and attitudes.  Eg: Apologize, Thank, Deplore, Commiserable, Congratulate, Welcome, Applaud, Criticize, Bless, Criticize Perlocutionary Acts Perlocutionary Acts Refers to the effect of the statement to the receiver of the message This also refers to the listener's reaction to the statement. Eg: “It’s cold in here.” ○ Illocutionary: Stating a fact about the temperature. ○ Perlocutionary: Lower the AC’s temperature.