Human Anatomy PDF

Human Anatomy Anatomy Normal body parts to cut (tomy) apart (Ana) Macroscopic anatomy - human body to be studied by unaided eye (no need instrument like microscope) > systemic anat...

Human Anatomy Anatomy Normal body parts to cut (tomy) apart (Ana) Macroscopic anatomy - human body to be studied by unaided eye (no need instrument like microscope) > systemic anatomy - study different system in body structure > regional anatomy - study structures by body region > surface anatomy - study structures by body landmarks Microscopic anatomy - studied by aided eye (with instrument) > cytology - study of cell > histology - study of tissue Embryology - development of human body from fertilization Neuroanatomy - study of normal microscope, gross features -development of nervous system Physiology Normal body functions how body works Cell physiology - study of function of living cells Special physiology - study of functions of specific organs Systemic physiology - study of function of specific organ system Pathologic physiology - study of effects of disease on organ or system Six levels from chemical to organism 1. Chemical level - atom, smallest level 2. Cellular level - cells: basic unit of life, compartments, organelles 3. Tissue level - group of cells, similar structure and functions 4. Organ level - group of tissue, similar structure and similar function 5. Organ system level - group of organ, similar functions only 6. Organism - all organ systems are working Body regions 1. Head - brain, five senses, optic, acoustic, olfactory 2. Neck- connects head and trunk, cervical region. 3. Trunk contains: > thorax - with heart and lungs > abdomen - most parts of digestive and urinary > pelvic cavity (hallow space) and perineum - with reproductive organ and distal parts of digestive system 4. Upper extremities - shoulder, arm forearm and hands 5. Lower extremities - hips, thighs, legs, and foot. Body planes: Anatomical position - standing erect, supine position Anatomical planes - imaginary planes or lines > median plane - vertical line passing longitudinally. (Gitna) > saggital plane - separates the body into the right and left parts. > coronal plane - anterior (front) posterior (back) > horizontal plane - superior (taas), inferior (baba) Notes: doctor's order Octomy - open/cut Itis-inflammation Ectomy-removal Terms: General anatomical term: Superior (cranial) - taas Bio - living Cervix/column/colli - neck Inferior (caudal) - baba Ecto/exo - outside Thoracic / pectoris - chest Ventral (anterior) - harap Peri - around Abdomen - belly Dorsal (inferior) - likod Epi - upon Umbilical - navel Median - gitna Endo - inside Coxae - hip ! Lateral - gilid Cranial - skull Inguinal - groin Intermediate - gitna and gilid Facial - face Pubis - pubic Proximal - near origin Frontal - forehead Dorsal - back Distal - far origin (but still depends on origin) Oculi/orbit - eye S- Lumbar - loin Superficial - external Otic - ear Acromial - shoulder Deep - internal Bucal - cheek Oral - mouth Axiallary- armpit Brachial - arm Cubit - elbow · Gluteal - buttocks Joints - wherein movement takes place where 2 or more Femoral - thighs bones meet or articulate with one another Patellar - anterior surface knee Popliteal - behind knee · Terms of movement S Crural - leg Flexion/hyperextension - bending or decreasing · Pedal - foot i S Extension - straightening or increasing Tarsal - ankle Abduction - moving away from median (open) Digital/phalanges - toes Adduction - moving closer from median (close) Plantar - sole Rotation - moving around long axis Circumduction - flexion to adduction Enversion - exit G 8 Inversion - enter & ⑤ Supination - labas - Pronation - pasok S Protraction - forward - Retraction - backward · Opposition - 4 fingers on thumb Passive - si nurse ang gagawa kay patient Active - si patient ang gagawa cubit tail bone coxal /phalanges  Essential life processes Movement - either whole body or individual cells diff changes w/ environment using diff senses Responsiveness - the stimuli and output Digestion - breaking down of foods > mechanical digestion - using mouth, tongue, jaw, teeth, and saliva. > chemical digestion - using acid and peptide Note: food stays in stomach 2-4 hours when asleep metabolism slows down Metabolism - chemical process in body kahit hindi kumakain, may acid that causes ulcer perspiration- cooling system ng body Excretion - removing excreta (waste from body) Reproduction - production of offspring (baby) Growth - increase in size, increase in number of cell. Homeostasis Homeostasis - the body's ability to maintain relatively stable Homeo = the same Statis = standing - dynamic state of equilibrium Homeostasis regulation 1. Autoregulation - occurs when the activities of cell, tissue, organ, or organ system change automatically 2. Extrinsic regulation - results from nervous and endocrine > receptor - stimuli 5 senses > control center - the sympathetic (fight or flight), parasympathetic (during rest), and endocrine. > effector - output Negative feedback mechanism - response to stimulus, decrease all example: Labor and delivery labor: contraction on uterus (tumataan pain, stimulus, Positive feedback mechanism- increase the original stimulus; increase reaction mataas lahat.) postive feedback mechanism delivery: decrease pain, decrease all. negative Homeostatic imbalance - results from different disturbance (sakit) feedback mechanism  Body Cavities Dorsal/Posterior Cavity > inside spanial cavity is spanial cord. 1. Cranial Cavity - the space inside the skull, brain is in the cranial cavity. > spanial/vertebral cavity ≠ vertebral column > spanial bone = vertebral bone 2. Spanial/Vertebral Cavity - extends from the cranial cavity nearly to the end of vertebral column. > bone + bone = column > column + column = cavity Ventral/Anterior Cavity 1. Thoracic Cavity - contains vital organs. (lungs, heart, diaphragm) - protected by rib cage and thoracic region 2. Abdominopelvic Cavity - inferior to the diaphragm 2.1. Abdominal Cavity - not protected of bone but protected by fats 2.2 Pelvic Cavity - inside the pelvic bone - includes reproductive organ - pelvic cavity of girl (circle) - pelvic cavity of boy (heart) Four quadrants of abdominopelvic cavity 1. right lower quadrant may apendix kapag ito masakit 2. right upper quadrant may tama ang liver/pancreas/gall bladder 3. left lower quadrant descending colon 4. left upper quadrant Nine region of abdominopelvic umbilical region - center epi = upon/above epigastric region - superior to umbilical region gastric = stomach hypo = below hypogastric region - inferior to umbilical region gastric = stomach iliac = superior right and left iliac/inguinal region - lateral to hypogastric region part of hip bone right and left lumbar region - lateral to the umbilical region right and left hypochondriac - lateral to epigastric region  The Cell Cell - smallest unit and basic living unit of life Three main parts of Cell 1. Nucleus 2. Cytoplasm 3. Cell/Plasma Membrane Nucleus > control center of the cell > gene containing (namamana physiologically) > deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the blueprint of our body and made us unique > chromosome : girl = xx ; boy = xy (either x or y) > protected by nuclear membrane/envelope > has building blocks called nucleoli Cytoplasm > cellular material outside the nucleus, inside the plasma membrane > liquid part of the cell > factory area 1. Organelles > specialized cellular compartments each performing its own job to maintain the life of the cell > each type of organelle act as an organ within the cell Mitochondria > tiny threadlike or sausage shaped > powerhouse of the cell (stores and release ATP) > synthesize Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) or energy Ribosomes > tiny and dark bodies of CHON (protein) > synthesize protein > actual site of CHON (protein) > commonly attached to endoplasmic reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum > chanels, canals, or tubules > path to nucleus > network within cytoplasm > has rough and smooth Rough E.R/Granular > attached to ribosomes > rough because of proteins from ribosomes Smooth E.R/Non-Granular > detoxify and synthesis > anything but protein ang dadaan  Golgi body/aparatus > waste collector (janitor) > not all waste like crystalline solids Lysosome > fight with foreign substances note: virus can easily replicate > will eat or itatapon or tutunawin > abundant in white blood cells (wbc) but active on all cells Primary lysosome - not engaging in any fight with foreign substances Secondary lysosome - has history of fight or digestive activity Residual lysosome - terminal phases Types of intracellular digestion: Autophagy - controlled degradation of organelles in a healthy cells Heterophagy - foreign substance, degradation of exogenous material taken into cell Peroxisomes > detoxify alcohol note: alcohol is depresant, all activities of cell will shut > handling harmful or poisonous substances Vacuoles > collects crystalline solids (salt) > trap incurvature 2. Inclusions > maybe functioning or not > maybe present to a cell to another cell or not > ex. pigments, lipids, or glycogen 3. Cytoskeleton > framework of cells Microfilament - thinnest cytoskeleton Intermediate filaments - help form desmosomes Microtubule - overall give shape of the cells > Centrioles - rod shape > Basal bodies - anchoring points > Cilia - whiplike/hair like projection > Flagella - long tail like centrioles Plasma Membrane > Head of cell membrane - hydrophilic (water loving) > Tail of cell membrane - hydrophobic (water fearing) Functions: 1. Give shape to the cell 2. Separates the cell from its environment 3. Serves as recognition site acting as antigenic determinants 4. Serves as barrier Solution - mixture of two or more components Solvent - larger amount, liquid Solute - smaller amount in a solution Membrane transport 1. Passive transport - without ATP/energy A. Diffusion > Simple diffusion - from high concentration to low concentration > Osmosis diffusion - simple diffusion of water > Facilitated diffusion - need protein carrier but is similar to simple diffusion B. Filtration - hydrostatic pressure to lower hydrostatic 2. Active transport - with ATP/energy A. Solute pumping - transport of a solute through a cell membrane B. Bulk transport > Exocytosis - from inside of cell membrane to outside of cell membrane. uses atp to open cell membrane. > Endocytosis - from outside of cell membrane to inside of cell membrane. C. Phagocytosis - cell eating insoluble substances are engulfed and are enclosed in a vesicle known as phagasome. (solids) D. Pinocytosis - cell will going to drink liquid substance ·