Grace Hill 9AG5 2023 Washington Navel Oranges PDF

Grace Hill 9AG5 2023 Dithara’s Quizlets https://quizlet.com/au/828656923/washington-navel-oranges-flash-cards/?i=4rfv6t&x=1jqt https://quizlet.com/au/830987458/beef-cattle-flash-cards/?i=4rfv6t&x=1jqt Notes clarification: Highlighted yellow: program (topic outcomes) Highlighted g...

Grace Hill 9AG5 2023 Dithara’s Quizlets https://quizlet.com/au/828656923/washington-navel-oranges-flash-cards/?i=4rfv6t&x=1jqt https://quizlet.com/au/830987458/beef-cattle-flash-cards/?i=4rfv6t&x=1jqt Notes clarification: Highlighted yellow: program (topic outcomes) Highlighted green: advantage Highlighted red: disadvantage Grey box: Unrelated information from the program/additional information Sources were generally taken directly from the ag faculty/were used to teach Washington Navel Oranges https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/horticulture/citrus Program: 1. Choice of orange variety - State the nutritional value of oranges. - Explain why the Washington Navel variety was chosen for the school orchard. - State the importance of the citrus enterprise in NSW 2. Management - Construct a calendar of events for oranges including: fertiliser usage, pest prevention, pruning, harvest, irrigation, disease prevention. - Identify symptoms of nutrient deficiencies in orange trees. - Skirting/pruning 3. Pest and diseases - Outline for a major disease; effect on pest/symptoms, management in a commercial setting - Outline for a major pest; lifecycle, appearance, effect on plant/symptoms, management in a commercial setting, prevention. 4. Sustainability - Evaluate two sustainable management practices in the JRAHS orchard 5. Post-harvest treatment  Grace Hill 9AG5 2023 - Describe how technology is applied to oranges post-harvest and the treatment of oranges in preparation for marketing. 6. Marketing - Describe the markets the Washington Navel enterprise is trying to meet at James Ruse and in the wider industry. 7. Interactions - Draw a systems diagram representing a citrus enterprise. 1. Choice of orange variety Origins: - In 1820 a mutated sweet orange tree was discovered in a monastery orchard in Brazil. The fruit had a mutation at the bottom blossom end of the orange with a depression that looks like a human belly button, so it was called a navel orange. - In 1870 a cutting was sent to Washington, D.C., and the variety was named Washington navel orange. - Vegetatively propagated. Benefits of grafting/budding: - Seedless plants: only method to increase numbers - Resistant root stocks: provides a clean alternative in the control of soil diseases and pests by using (trifoliata is resistant to root rot) - Additional vigour: to the plant that can increase quality, number, and size of fruit. - Improve tolerance: to adverse factors (salinity, lack or excess of humidity), efficient use of water and nutrients and resistance to drought. This allows propagation of fruiting varieties that are not well adapted to local soil conditions or have weak root systems. - Establishment in a short time: of a plantation for commercial purpose. State nutritional value of oranges. Nutritional value of oranges - Vitamin C: Boosts immune system, healthy gums, prevents scurvy - Dietary fibre: keeps digestive system regulated - Vitamin A: good for vision and skin - Thiamin: (B1) fights fatigue/tiredness  Grace Hill 9AG5 2023 - Calcium: strengthens teeth and bones Explain why the Washington Navel variety was chosen for the school orchard. - Suitable climate (cool conditions favoured) - Fruit hold (extended harvesting time) - Early variety (suitable for school term) (valencia would ripen during school summer break) - Seedless variety - Fresh variety (Eaten as fresh fruit) (valencia is juiced) - Common and easily available as a young grafted tree to plant Washington navel is being compared to Valencia as they are the two most commonly produced commercial varieties. 2. Management Construct a calendar of events for oranges including: fertiliser usage, pest prevention, pruning, harvest, irrigation, disease prevention. Summer Pest control - Mineral (white) oil - fornightly (prevents Citrus Leaf Miner attack) (continue for aphids if necessary) Fertilise - Dynamic lifter/blood and bone plus - Epsom salts: magnesium sulfate (for deficiency) (MgSo4 - 2 tbps/9L or 2kg/tree) - Foliar Spray (Zinc Sulfate, ZnSo4 - 20-30ml/L) Autumn - Renew fruit fly lures (wild may baits) Winter Harvest - Harvest after first cold weather/frost - Collect fallen fruit - daily (reduce disease spread-Blue mould) Fertilise - Dynamic lifter/blood and bone plus - Epsom salts: magnesium sulfate (for deficiency) (MgSo4 - 2 tbps/9L or 2kg/tree) - Foliar Spray (Zinc Sulfate, ZnSo4 - 20-30ml/L) Spring Pest control - Mineral (white) oil - fortnightly (prevents Citrus Leaf Miner attack) (continue for  Grace Hill 9AG5 2023 aphids if necessary) - Bronze orange bug control (white oil and detergent spray 1L) (large populations: pesticide) Note: 1. Shoots growing from the rootstock/water shoot + dead wood are pruned off 2. Skirt to 300mm above ground (irrigation height) before flowering 3. Irrigate as necessary except for winter (using soil moisture probe and automatic i-core system) (total water = 1000-1250mm/year) Shoots from Rootstock: shoots growing underneath the grow union (from rootstock) Watershoot: growing from roots underground 2022 Washington Navel Orange Calender (1) Identify symptoms of nutrient deficiencies in orange trees. nitrogen - Yellowing of whole leaves (older → younger) - Premature falling (old leaves) - New leaves are stunted (small, thin, fragile, and light green) Magnesium - Yellowing with veins still green (older → younger) (core of - Distinct yellow pattern: Begins bear the edge + chlorophyll) towards leaf end Leaves triangle of green at base zinc - Yellowing with veins still green (mottle) - Leaves remain small and narrow with short stems. - Most severe in spring growth. skirting/pruning Skirting: removing branches near the ground (skirt to 300mm above), watershoots and suckers  Grace Hill 9AG5 2023 Pruning: removing branches that are dead + diseased, shaping the tree 3. Pest and diseases Outline for a major disease; effect on pest/symptoms, management in a commercial setting Collar Rot Phytophthora citrophthora (occurs in poorly drained soil) Effect: - death of a section of bark on the trunk near ground level - production of gum and splitting (as the bark dries) Management: - Treatment - Remove affected bark + paint with copper fungicide (also apply during autumn) - Phosphorous acid applied as a foliar spray - Prevention - Air: improve the air circulation near the trunk by keeping it clear of organic matter. - Moisture: Avoid wetting the trunk + improve soil drainage around the dripzone - Avoid injuries to the lower trunk + ensure the bud union is well above soil level. Outline for a major pest; lifecycle, appearance, effect on plant/symptoms, management in a commercial setting, prevention. Major pests: - Citrus leaf miner - Aphids - Fruit fly - Bronze orange bug Citrus leaf miner Phyllocnistis citrella Lifecycle: - 1 generation: 14-17 days (favourable conditions) - 1 day: hatching (eggs 0.3mm) - Young larvae burrow underneath surface of leaf in mines - 4 larval instars (stages) - 5-6 days: 3 stages (in summer) - 1 day: fourth instar (does not feed)  Grace Hill 9AG5 2023 - Pupate for 6 days - Moths lay eggs after 24 hours of mating - Adult: less than a week - 20 days Appearance: - Adult: - 2.5mm long, 4.5 wingspan - Light coloured with brown and white markings - black dot at the tip of forewing - Larvae: - Pale green → yellowish brown - Eggs: - 0.3mm - Flat, ovalish - translucent Effects/symptoms: - Eats leaf tissue (young leaves) - squiggly lines just beneath foliage surface - Curls and twists leaves - May affect growth on young trees Management: - managerial: - promote flush growth in spring by fertilising in winter (pest absent) - limit flush growth in late summer and autumn (limit fertiliser + water) - Biological: small parasitic wasps + lacewings - Chemical: Insecticides (as a spray) - Horticultural oil/white oil (female moths avoid laying eggs on leaves sprayed with oil) (used in JRAHS) 4. Sustainability Explain and evaluate the impact of sustainable management by examining current practices in the James Ruse orchard.  Grace Hill 9AG5 2023 Evaluate (4 marks) - Outline (one sentence) (1) - 2 Advantages (1) - 2 Disadvantages (1) - Judgement (one sentence, include a new/reworded adv and disadv) (1) Current practices: - Organic fertiliser - Drip irrigation - White oil - Mulching - (Kikuyu as a ground cover) Organic fertiliser Use of animal manure (Rooster Booster) to provide nutrients. Advantages: - Provides nutrients NPK - Adds organic matter (improves soil structure: more aeration and moisture retention) - Environmentally friendly (reduces residues/pollution) Disadvantages: - Bulky - Labour intensive - Odour - Not instantly available (2-2 months to break down and release nutrients) The use of organic fertiliser is a sustainable practice, however, it is difficult to assess how much of the nutrients become available depending on the decomposition process. Drip Irrigation: Drip irrigation is a method which involves setting up a system of tubes and pipes which will deliver water one drop at a time. Advantages: - Conserves water by reducing evaporation and runoff - Can be set up to deliver an exact volume of water in an exact amount of time  Grace Hill 9AG5 2023 Disadvantages: - Initial cost - Requires regular maintenance (plastic pipes become brittle) - Gets blocked easily - Suitable only for permanent crops/trees Drip irrigation is a sustainable method of irrigation, however, it can only be used in permanent crops or trees. White Oil White oil is mineral/horticultural oil that is used to control insect pests. Advantages: - Natural product + environmentally friendly - Does not leave any residue - Doesn’t kill any non-target species (ladybirds, honeybees) Disadvantages: - Expensive (for large scale applications) - Labour intensive (foliar spray) - Reapplication every two weeks (oil breaks down in sunlight) White oil is a sustainable practice, however, white oil should be avoided on very hot days as it burns the leaves. Mulching Mulching is the practice of spreading organic materials such as woodchips or straw around the base of the plant. Advantages: - Reduction in weeds → reduction in labour. (weeds can’t get sunlight and stop growing) - Retains moisture (so it does not evaporate quickly) - Regulates soil temperature when it is too hot or too cold. Disadvantages: - Cost (of mulch) - Labour intensive (spreading the mulching material) - Bacteria takes energy from organic material for the process of decomposition.  Grace Hill 9AG5 2023 Mulching is a sustainable practice because it reduces herbicide use. Sample answer: Animal manure, such as Rooster Booster, is used as an organic fertiliser on the JRAHS farm to provide nutrients. It provides the essential macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and adds organic matter, which improves soil structure and moisture retention. However, organic fertiliser can be bulky and thus labour intensive, and is not instantly available as it requires 2-3 months to break down and release nutrients. Overall, the use of organic fertiliser is a sustainable practice as it is environmentally friendly, but it is difficult to assess the quantity of nutrients that become available in the soil. 6. Post-harvest treatment Harvest: - Weight: heavy for size - Skin: Firm, finely textured - Colour: NOT an indicator of flavour or ripeness Describe how technology is applied to oranges post-harvest and the treatment of oranges in preparation for marketing. Describe: provide at least 3 details/pieces of information. Technology Mildura Fruit Company (MFC) 1. Integrated barcode scanning system: - Details ownership of the fruit throughout the whole process - Record all packed products so marketing staff can sell 2. Touchscreen: - Entering defects/insects/harvest damage - Segregating groups for specific markets - Assessment report sent back to growers within 24h 3. Colourvision system technology: - sizes and grades - Takes six images of each fruit as it rotates - Up to 80 oranges per second - Calculates volume and weight  Grace Hill 9AG5 2023 - The company determines blemishes and colour/shape variations allowed in each class 4. Fruit label (using Sinclair labelling heads) - Brand identification, PLU (price lookup detail) 5. Sunkist machine packers - Suction - Packing oranges Treatment Mildura fruit company - Fungicide treatment (minimises risk of disease) - Removal of unsound/decayed oranges - Presizer (removes small oranges) - High volume pressure wash (removes dirt) - Fungicide treatment - Wax application (seals the orange, reduces moisture and weight loss) - Drying (gas-fired dying tunnels) - Inspection + classing (through sorters) - Sizing, grading - Blemish sorter - Labelling with a sticker Gillette citrus - Washing/cleaning/fungicide - Grading (separating oranges, both machine and hand-checked) - Sizing (machine) - Labelled with a sticker In general: - Washing - Drying - Grading - Blemishes, sizes, colour - Fungicide + waxing - Packing Source: Mildura Fruit Compnay presentation video  Grace Hill 9AG5 2023 5. Marketing Describe the markets the Washington Navel enterprise is trying to meet at James Ruse and in the wider industry. James ruse - Ruse community - Fresh fruit (no processing facility), $4 for 10-12 oranges Wider industry: - Mostly fresh fruit (60%) - Export + domestic marketing - Asia (China, Japan, Malaysia) - small fruit - China: important factors = sweetness, rind/texture Orange export season in full swing (more info on exporting) 7. Interactions Draw a systems diagram representing a citrus enterprise. Black box model - Identifies basic inputs and outputs of a system at an enterprise level. - Not concerned with the processes happening to transform inputs into outputs. Static systems model - Includes the process - May also indicate relationships between the process (order of events) Dynamic agricultural systems - Shows interactions between subsystems - Indicates flow of material or information between parts of the system (subsystems)  Grace Hill 9AG5 2023 Boundary: the JRAHS school/orchard fence - Memorise diagram above (this is the exact answer and WILL be in the yearly) (5 marks) - Do NOT answer with a drawing of the orchard Must include: - Boundary - Inputs - Processes - Output - Monitoring - Evaluation - Feedback  Grace Hill 9AG5 2023 Beef Cattle https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20040915215814/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/41315/20040406-0 000/www.agric.nsw.gov.au/reader/lotfeeding.html Program: 1. Cattle breeds - Explain why identified cattle breeds have been used in commercial beef production: Angus, Hereford, Brahman, Simmental, Limousin - Identify desired traits used in selective breeding programs 2. Breeding programs - Compare pure breeding to cross-breeding programs. 3. Production systems - Describe advantages and disadvantages for each of pasture finished and feedlot finished production systems. 4. Beef marketing - Assess the effectiveness of one marketing strategy. - Outline the role of value-added beef products. 5. Feeding programs - Differentiate between native and introduced pasture - Identify local pasture types - Associate pasture growth with local climate patterns - Identify local pasture weeds - Evaluate different grazing systems - rotational grazing - strip grazing - zero grazing 6. Management - Calendar of operations and purpose (how and why) of husbandry practices performed on the James Ruse Angus Stud Herd. 7. Sustainability - Compare impacts of past and present management practices - Compare short term and long term effects of current practices  Grace Hill 9AG5 2023 8. Animal welfare - Examine short and long term effects of dehorning - Describe a method of disbudding and dehorning - Describe an alternative to disbudding and dehorning - Identify the acceptable age for castration before anaesthetic must be used 1. Cattle breeds Explain why identified cattle breeds have been used in commercial beef production: Angus, Hereford, Brahman, Simmental, Limousin Different breed types - British (Bos Taurus) - European (Bos Taurus) - Bos indicus (Zebu) Breed Cattle - Composite British vs European British European - Early maturing - Late maturing + more muscles - Less feed - More feed - Good fertility - Some also have good maternal traits - Good maternal traits - Some used for their marbling qualities for the Japanese feedlot market. Many successful crossbreeding herds cross European bulls over British breed cows to produce faster growing, higher yielding calves. Bos Indicus - Used in parts of Australia with lower nutrition - Higher survivability, adaptation to poorer environments and greater parasite resistance. - Sometimes crossed with British - Characteristics: fatty hump shoulders, drooping ears, a large dewlap Composite A combination of 2 or more breeds.  Grace Hill 9AG5 2023 Beef breeds: breed qualities description (colour) image Angus - marbling abilities (good black (British Bos taurus) carcase quality) - easy calving - early maturity Hereford - adaptable (grazed or feedlot) red and white (British Bos taurus) Brahman (Bos for tropics grey, red, or black indicus) - parasite and heat resistance - can utilise low-quality feed - often used in crossbreeding programs for new breeds Simmental - muscular and late maturing blonde/chestnut/ (European Bos - milking ability cherry red taurus) - good FCR white markings - ideal for crossbreeding (even lines with good traits) Limousin (European - heavily muscled Rich gold Bos taurus) - slow maturing but heavier weights Identify desired traits used in selective breeding programs Favourable characteristics of breeds: - Growth rates - Adaptation to the environment - FCR  Grace Hill 9AG5 2023 - Carcase merit/suitability - Reproductive fitness (maternal ability, fertility, calving ease) - Resistance to pests/diseases - Marbling EBV Estimated Breeding Value: - An animal’s genetic merit for several traits - Expressed by comparing an animal’s traits to its breed (weight, fertility/calving and carcase) - EBVs are expressed in the same units as the recorded trait (%, days, kg, cm, mm) EVB baselines - The EBV baseline for a breed is used to compare an animal’s traits to the typical traits of the breed. - Each breed’s baseline was typically set in 1980 - The baseline for each trait is 0, and the traits for a particular sire will be - positive no. = higher - negative. no. = lower Example EBV How/Why are EVBs used? - Accessed through organisations (BREEDPLAN and TACE, TransTasman Angus Cattle Evaluation) - Used so farmers can - know and compare traits of sires - Choose sires that can produce calves with desired traits - The calves of the sire will have half of its traits (the sire is expected to pass down half of its genetics) - e.g., if a sire’s 200-day weight is +40, that means its progeny’s 200-day weight will be 20kg  Grace Hill 9AG5 2023 heavier compared to progeny with a bull with a 200-day weight of 0. Common traits - Weight (birth + other stages’ weight, milk weight) - Fertility/calving (Scrotal Size, days to calving, gestation length, calving ease - Carcase (eye muscle area, fat depth, retail beef yield, intramuscular fat, carcase weight, shear force) - Other (docility, net feed intake, structural soundness, flight time, disease resistance) EBV (For elaboration on traits + further resources) 2. Breeding programs Compare pure breeding to cross-breeding programs. Pure breeding Cross breeding outline To produce offspring specific to their breed Offspring used to supply the fresh meat standard (stud breeders) market (commercial) adv - Attempt to create offspring with a superior - Mating purebred animals from different genotype - Getting better traits from breeds parents - A farmer can create offspring with certain - Consistent, predictable characteristics genetic traits - Hybrid vigour (heterosis- The tendency of a cross-bred animal to show qualities superior to both of its parents) - Can provide the ability to overcome a breed weakness disadv increases the chance of undesirable pure parent lines still need to be maintained recessive traits being passed down (further breeding with crossbred animals → decreased predictability and productivity) Summary: Pure breeding - Predictable - Lower production, increased chance of unwanted recessive genes being passed down Cross breeding  Grace Hill 9AG5 2023 - Heterosis, combines the best traits of each breed - Need to maintain pure lines Types of purebreeding - Outcross: mating unrelated animals of the same breed - Inbreeding: mating individuals that are more closely related than the average of the population to which they belong - Linebreeding: a particular superior animal is used over several generations of mating. (form of inbreeding) 3. Production systems Describe advantages and disadvantages of pasture finished and feedlot finished production systems. Pasture: Advantages: - Cheaper production: management costs low (no harvesting, delivering feed + infrastructure) - Animal welfare: natural behaviours, social behaviour, no bullying and diseases, shelters in extreme weather. Disadvantages: - Environmental impact: soil compaction (hooves), land degradation (overgrazing), degrade riparian zones (polluting waterways through erosion) - Animal handling and supervision: not observed on a daily basis, injuries/pests/diseases may remain undetected for long periods. Mustering required for routine husbandry. - Rotational grazing (more land + labour required) - Number of animals/ha is limited, therefore production can’t be expanded - Takes longer to reach market weight Feedlot: Animals are kept in confined spaces and fed a high quality grain diet (80% grain) to reach market weight quickly Advantages: - Dietary control: higher feed quality + control → higher growth rates + faster maturity. Feed suited for target markets (e.g. wagyu) - Climatic control: e.g. drought has has less impact on animals as water and feed can be supplied.  Grace Hill 9AG5 2023 - more efficient use of land because more animals can be raised in a smaller piece of land (stocking density per hectare is higher) - Husbandry practices are easier - Higher profit (higher meat quality) Disadvantages: - Animal welfare: bullying + diseases, limited shade = potential heat stress, dust = eye and respiratory problems - Environmental impact: large amount of waste/sewage in a small area that needs to be sustainably managed, large altering of environment. 4. Beef marketing Assess the effectiveness of one marketing strategy. Marketing campaigns/strategies: - TV/Radio commercial - FB page - Free recipe book “entice” TV/radio commercials TV and radio commercials, such as “you are thinking beef”, are commonly used to persuade consumers to buy beef. advantages: - Target audience: people who buy beef - Educates people about nutritional value Disadvantages: - High cost (around 30 secs = $30 million with celebrities) Overall, TV and radio commercials are a very effective way to promote a product, but can only be used by companies with large budgets. Sample response TV and radio commercials is a popular method to promote something to an audience. It is an effective method as it targets an older audience buying beef in a large capacity, and has the capacity to educate people about its nutritional value. The main disadvantage is that this strategy is very  Grace Hill 9AG5 2023 costly, with 30 seconds potentially requiring $30 million. Overall, TV and radio commercials are a very effective way to promote a product, but can only be used by companies with large budgets. Social media Sample response Social media is a platform where promoting a product through an account or sponsored posts is possible. It is an effective method of promotion as it reaches a large audience very quickly. However it is time-consuming and it allows negative feedback, which may negatively damage the company's reputation. Overall, social media is a relatively effective way to promote a product, but has large risks. Outline the role of value added beef products. To process beef to increase its sale value (make it sellable/increase the price) 1. Sellable - Offcuts of beef that would not sell otherwise are minced and processed as sausages, pies etc. 2. Increase in value - By processing such as marination, dicing, kebabs, ready roast by adding spices. 5. Feeding programs Differentiate between native and introduced pastures Identify local pasture types Native pastures Introduced pastures Plant communities that originated in Australia Plant communities introduced from overseas - Kangaroo grass - Kikuyu - Wallaby grass - Ryegrass - Salt bush (grows in salty marshes/soils) - Clover - Spinifex - Lucerne 1. Spiky, thorny, very little leaf material, 1. A lot of green material tough to chew/woody 2. Very palatable 2. Low palatability + digestibility 3. Can support a high stocking density 3. Not very nutritious (australian soil lacks 4. Extra irrigation + fertiliser NPK) Advantages of native pastures 1. Can survive through drought (stored until it rains)  Grace Hill 9AG5 2023 2. No fertiliser + irrigation 3. Supplement for grain-fed diet Pastures were introduced as they were more suitable for the introduced livestock species. Identify local pasture weeds - Fireweed - Scotch thistle Associate pasture growth with local climate patterns. Summer growing pastures: clover, kikuyu Winter growing pastures: rye, oats Evaluate different grazing systems: rotational, strip, zero. Rotational grazing Moved from one paddock to the next (lucerne = 6-8 weeks) - Avoids overgrazing - Helps to avoid buildup of a pest (worms) - Can selectively graze over more palatable species - Reduces movement of nutrients Strip grazing Stock are put into each strip and moved to the next when it is eaten (moveable electric fencing, strip 1-2 days). - Uniform use of pasture - Reduces movement of nutrients - Requires labour to manage movement  Grace Hill 9AG5 2023 - Needs to have water source available in each section - Decline in per head animal production as they graze less nutritious plant species. Zero grazing Pasture cut + fed to livestock in feeders. - Used for lots and when pasture is too dense/high. - Reduces pasture damage (soil compaction) - No opportunity for selective grazing - Costs (machinery + infrastructure) - Labour - Manage large waste - Soil nutrients carried away in the cut material Pastures require both legumes (40%) and grasses (60%). - Legumes: symbiosis with rhizobium bacteria (builds up levels of nitrogen) Factors that need to be considered when selecting species/cultivars for a pasture: 1. Supplies food all year 2. Easily eaten and digested 3. Palatable (tasty) 4. Drought resistant 5. Succulent (contains sufficient moisture) 6. Protects soil by providing good surface cover 7. Regenerates quickly after grazing 8. Persistent (able to survive and disperse) 9. Prevents weed growth 10. Non-toxic to stock. Establishment techniques: - Prepared seedbed - Direct drilling or sodseeding - Broadcasting or aerial sowing 6. Management Calendar of operations and purpose (how and why) of husbandry practices performed on the James Ruse Angus Stud Herd.  Grace Hill 9AG5 2023 Joining: 10 weeks - Timed so calving is during term time + spring/summer (for kikuyu + clover pasture growth) Calves: - Castration: first week of life (Elastrator rings), + Ruse ear tag and NLIS (national livestock identification system) ear tag applied also at this time - Vaccination (5-in 1 Vaccine): 4-6 weeks of age, then later a second vaccination 4-6 weeks after, and then 6 months after that. Female calves are tattooed, ear tagged (yellow Ruse), NLIS ear tag applied at the first vaccination. Adult cattle are given a yearly booster of 5-in 1 vaccine when the first calf is given its initial vaccination. - Weaning: 6 months of age Pests - Lice treatment (winter) with a lousicide if itching. (2020: Ivermectin based pour-on treatment). - Buffalo flies (summer) - Backline pour-on insecticide treatment: protects cattle for 21 days from buffalo fly. (Also controls brown stomach worms, ticks, lice. Active ingredient = Ivermectin) - Tea Tree backrubs for cattle to access to relieve irritation - Paddock rotation - Dung beetle ‘friendly’ chemical applications to eliminate manure and nhibit fly lifecycles. - Term 4: Fly traps Feed - Rotationally grazed - Supplementary feed of Lucerne Hay throughout the winter feed gap - The bull is fed a mixed grain ration throughout winter. - Given access to a sown pasture mix of grasses, clovers and Lucerne via strip grazing in the resting vegie plot area for short periods of time (to prevent Bloat). Calendar of Ops 2023 Angus Stud Cattle Enterprise (full 2023 calendar + 2023 herd info) 7. Sustainability Compare impacts of past and present management practices. Aim: to kill internal and external parasites  Grace Hill 9AG5 2023 Past: Arsenic/DDT Dip Present: pour on drench liquid adv Effective - Effective - Less stress - Less environmental impact - Chemicals easier + safer to use disadv - Resistance - Resistance - Bad animal welfare (stress) - Still requires labour (muster and yard) - Environmental impact: contamination (residues can be taken up by plants/animals) - Chemicals→ health complications - Infrastructure + labour requirements Sustainable approach: Integrated Pest Management (IPM), including breeding programs to develop tick resistant animals utilising Bos indicus genetics. Compare short term and long term effects of current practices. Pour on drench liquid Short term effects: 1. Effective: kills parasites (internal + external: worms, ticks, flies) 2. Relief from itching and biting + less stress 3. More grazing/feeding peacefully Long term effects: 1. Efficient weight gain due to less stress, no parasites and better grazing. 2. Drench residue in the droppings unless it is broken down into harmless compounds over time. 3. Resistance buildup to the pour on active ingredient. 8. Animal welfare Examine short and long term effects of dehorning. Dehorning Removal of horns from an animal of a young age. Short term: - Removal of horn producing tissue - Knife method: - Bleeding  Grace Hill 9AG5 2023 - Potential infection of wound Long term: - Less aggressive to farmer (safety to farmer) - Doesn’t damage fence (safety to animal) - Easier to transport - Prevents bruising of meat Describe a method of disbudding and dehorning When the animal is young the horn is just a bud, and it is scooped out with 1cm of skin around it. Hot Iron Up to 8 weeks - Apply heated iron firmly over emerging horn bud - Roll hot iron over the horn bud several times (ring of tissue around the bud is burnt through the full thickness of the skin), transfer heat evenly - In due course the horn bud will drop off - No bleeding or open wound, any time of the year Knife (also can be done with spoon/tube dehorners - Curved knife - Start cut 1-2cm away from base - draw the knife through the skin towards and through the horn, slicing off the horn level with the skull - Elliptical piece Afterwards: - Heat cauterising (older calves) - Dusting powder (may also include fly repellent) - Dehorning pads Notes: - Skilled operator required (clean cut, no hesitation, quicker, correct equipment). - In groups of 5-6, reunite with mother as soon as possible. - Do it early in the morning for good lighting and enough time to call for help. - Not windy (less dusty). Be mindful of the season (not many flies). - If the animal is 6 months or older, they must be dehorned by a vet (law) Describe an alternative to disbudding and dehorning  Grace Hill 9AG5 2023 Breeding polled animals (naturally hornless) Identify the acceptable age for castration before anaesthetic must be used. 6 months, afterwards it is not legal to do it without being a vet. Pracs Observe and apply safe operating procedures for cattle handling during mustering from paddock to paddock and within the cattle yards and crush Generally - Move quietly (loudness and violence creates stress) - Small groups (make pen half to 3 quarters full) (Our school holding cell = not more than 3 animals at a time) - Understand behaviour (flight zone) - Cattle can kick (don't use dogs) - Point of balance (move in the opposite direction), at their shoulder - Behind point of balance: animal moves forward - Infront: animal moves backwards - Tail twisting to move cattle (let go when they do) - Avoid getting into single file chute (injury can occur) Source: Cattle Handling Safety Observe behaviour of cattle Herd instinct - Don’t separate an individual animal from the group (agitation when removed from the herd) - Always use the group to get them where you want to go Social order - When herds are moved/mixed, aggression occurs until the new order is established - Adult bulls commonly fight (especially in crowded areas) - Individual cattle may be picked on by more dominant individuals Flight zones - Flight distance: the point at which the animal starts to turn and move away - Flight zone: the distance measured around the animal in a circle - The flight zone gets bigger when it is excited (moved, transported, yarded, exposed to stimuli)  Grace Hill 9AG5 2023 Conduct a risk assessment associated with mustering cattle and administering drench 1. Identify hazard 2. Assessing risk + Conduct a risk assessment 3. Controlling the risk Mustering cattle 1. Identify hazard - Injuries from aggressive cattle behaviour (charging, trampling, kicking, biting) - Diseases transferred from animals - Heat stress, skin cancer (sun and other elements) 2. Assessing risk - Likelihood: possible - Consequence: moderate - High risk 3. Controlling the risk - Follow safe work practices (conduct yourself responsibly and use equipment appropriately) - Wear protective gear such as eyewear, footwear, clothing. - Learn cattle behaviour Drench 1. Not administering a correct dose 2. Unlikely, moderate/medium risk 3. Read instructions, check that the dose on the drench gun is accurate by measuring the volume WHS report for mustering cattle  Grace Hill 9AG5 2023 When mustering cattle, there are a few safety points we should be considering. The most prominent one is aggressive cattle behaviour. Cattle can potentially be aggressive and inflict injuries on the person mustering, which may be from charging, trampling, kicks and animal bites. This is a medium risk as it is relatively likely and the consequences are high in severity. This risk can be controlled by having PPE and being appropriately trained in how to properly muster cattle and understand their behaviour. Additionally, animal diseases may be passed on. These zoonotic diseases may include salmonella, listeriosis and ringworm, and are generally transmitted through direct contact with infected animals. This is a medium risk as the potential of infection is high and some diseases may be severe. This risk can be controlled through PPE and effective sanitisation aftrer handling with cattle. Lastly, the sun and other elements can cause heat stress and skin cancer due to working long hours. This is a medium-low risk as it is somewhat likely and can potentially cause a severe consequence, although it is not likely. This risk can be controlled by PPE, effective sun protection, and taking breaks from the sun.