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Questions and Answers
Which process is specifically used to reduce moisture and weight loss in oranges?
What percentage of the wider citrus fruit industry is primarily focused on fresh fruit?
Which method is NOT employed by the Mildura fruit company during the treatment of oranges?
To which markets does the Washington Navel enterprise primarily target within the James Ruse community?
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What is a key factor influencing the orange export market to China?
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What is the primary reason for choosing the Washington Navel variety for the school orchard?
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Which of the following is NOT a management practice for Washington Navel oranges?
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What significant feature distinguishes the Washington Navel orange?
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Which pest management factor involves understanding the lifecycle and symptoms of the pest?
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Which of the following is an example of sustainable management practice in the orchard?
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What year was the Washington Navel orange variety named following its transport to the United States?
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What type of origin does the Washington Navel orange have?
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Which aspect is crucial for post-harvest treatment of Washington Navel oranges?
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What essential macronutrients does animal manure provide when used as an organic fertiliser?
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Why is organic fertiliser considered a sustainable practice?
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How long does organic fertiliser typically take to break down and release nutrients?
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What is one function of the integrated barcode scanning system used by Mildura Fruit Company?
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What does the touchscreen technology used by Mildura Fruit Company allow staff to do?
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What does the Colourvision system technology assess for each orange?
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What is indicated by the fruit label using Sinclair labelling heads?
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What capacity does the Colourvision system have in assessing oranges?
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What is a primary advantage of using TV and radio commercials for promoting beef?
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What is a major disadvantage of TV and radio commercials?
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Which of the following is a benefit of social media marketing compared to TV and radio commercials?
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What is the main goal of producing value-added beef products?
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Which of the following is an example of an introduced pasture type?
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How do native pastures typically differ from introduced pastures?
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What is one characteristic of native pastures?
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What is a potential drawback of using social media for product promotion?
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What is one major advantage of pure breeding?
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Which trait is NOT commonly evaluated in breeding programs?
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What is heterosis in the context of cross breeding?
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What is a potential disadvantage of cross breeding?
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Which of the following traits would a sire with a 200-day weight of +40 likely pass to its progeny?
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Outcrossing involves:
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Which of the following describes inbreeding?
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One disadvantage of pure breeding is:
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What is a common reason for farmers to choose a sire based on its EBV?
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What is a key reason farmers engage in cross breeding?
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Study Notes
Washington Navel Oranges
- Washington Navel oranges were chosen for the JRAHS school orchard due to their nutritional value and commercial importance in NSW.
- The Washington Navel orange variety originated in Brazil in 1820 from a mutated sweet orange tree with a navel-like depression at the blossom end, leading to its name.
- The variety was named after Washington, D.C., after a cutting was sent there in 1870.
- Washington Navel oranges are vegetatively propagated.
Orange Management
- Fertiliser: Organic fertilisers like Rooster Booster are used to provide nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and improve soil structure and moisture retention.
- Pest Prevention: Practices include hand-picking pests and using pesticides.
- Pruning: Skirting removes lower branches that are in contact with the ground and promotes sun penetration.
- Harvesting: Oranges are harvested when they are heavy for their size, have a firm, finely textured skin, and are not necessarily coloured.
Orange Diseases and Pests
- Major Diseases: The text focuses on a major disease but does not specify which one.
- Major Pests: The text focuses on a major pest but doesn't specify which one.
Sustainability
- The text highlights the use of organic fertilisers in the JRAHS orchard as a sustainable management practice.
Post-Harvest Treatment
- Technology: Mildura Fruit Company (MFC) uses barcode scanning to track fruit ownership and packed products.
- Technology: Touchscreen technology allows for defect recording, segregation for different markets, and assessment reports sent to growers.
- Technology: Colourvision system technology grades oranges based on size, colour, shape, and blemishes. It can process up to 80 oranges per second.
- Technology: Sinclair labelling heads are used to brand and label fruit with PLU (price lookup details).
Marketing
- James Ruse: The orchard sells fresh oranges to the Ruse community for $4 for 10-12 oranges.
- Wider Industry: Washington Navel oranges are primarily sold fresh (60%) and exported to markets like China, Japan, and Malaysia.
- Export: China is a significant market, valuing sweetness and peel/texture qualities in oranges.
Beef Cattle
- Black Box Model: Identifies basic inputs and outputs of a beef cattle enterprise without focusing on the specific processes.
- Black Box Model: Accessed through organisations like BREEDPLAN and TACE (TransTasman Angus Cattle Evaluation). Its purpose is to facilitate sire selection based on desired traits.
- Sire Trait Information: Sires' traits are recorded in a black box model, which can be used to compare and choose sires that produce calves with desired traits.
- Calves Inheritance: Calves inherit approximately half the traits from their sire as it contributes half its genetics.
Breeding Programs
- Pure Breeding: Aims to produce offspring specific to breed standards (stud breeders).
- Pure Breeding Advantages: Creates offspring with superior genotypes and predictable, consistent characteristics.
- Pure Breeding Disadvantages: Increases the chance of undesirable recessive traits being passed down.
- Cross-Breeding: Used for commercial beef production, mating purebred animals from different breeds.
- Cross-Breeding Advantages: Combines desirable traits from different breeds, resulting in hybrid vigour (heterosis), and overcome breed weaknesses.
- Cross-Breeding Disadvantages: Maintaining pure parent lines is essential; crossbreeding with crossbred animals decreases predictability and productivity.
- Hybrid Vigour: A hybrid animal's superiority over its parents in terms of growth, fertility, and disease resistance.
Comparing Breeding Programs
- Pure Breeding: More predictable, but with a lower production and increased chance of unwanted recessive traits.
- Cross-Breeding: Combines best breed traits (heterosis), requires the maintenance of pure lines.
Types of Pure Breeding
- Outcross: Mating unrelated animals of the same breed.
- Inbreeding: Mating closely related individuals compared to the average of the population.
- Linebreeding: Using a superior breeding animal for multiple generations.
Value-Added Beef Products
- Purpose: Processes beef scraps and offcuts into sellable products like sausages and pies.
- Value Increase: Processes like marination, dicing, and ready-to-eat preparations enhance sale value.
Feeding Programs
- Native Pastures: Plant communities that originated in Australia (e.g., kangaroo grass, wallaby grass, saltbush, spinifex).
- Native Pastures Characteristics: Often spiky, thorny, with little leaf material, and tough to chew.
- Introduced Pastures: Plant communities introduced from overseas (e.g., kikuyu, ryegrass, clover, lucerne).
- Introduced Pastures Characteristics: Abundant green material, palatable, and easier to chew.
Promotion Strategies
- TV and Radio Commercials: Effective in reaching a large audience, particularly older consumers, and informing them about the nutritional value of beef.
- TV and Radio Commercials Disadvantages: Very costly, with 30 seconds potentially costing $30 million.
- Social Media: Enables product promotion through accounts and sponsored posts, reaching audiences quickly.
- Social Media Disadvantages: Time-consuming and susceptible to negative feedback, potentially damaging reputation.
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Description
Discover the origins and cultivation practices for Washington Navel oranges, a vital variety in NSW. This quiz covers their nutritional value, propagation methods, and effective management strategies including fertilisation, pest prevention, and pruning techniques.
