تاريخ الحوسبة PDF

## معا الى القمة ## في ## تاريخ الحوسبة ### Prehistory of computing (the world before 1946) - **Fingers:** used for calculation aids - **Abacus:** - is a decimal device, operating in base ten, each column represent a single decimal digit - the two beads at the top each represent a count...

## معا الى القمة ## في ## تاريخ الحوسبة ### Prehistory of computing (the world before 1946) - **Fingers:** used for calculation aids - **Abacus:** - is a decimal device, operating in base ten, each column represent a single decimal digit - the two beads at the top each represent a count of five - the five beads at the bottom each represent one - وهي اول الة حاسبة لميكنة العمليات الحسابية في تاريخ البشرية ، اخترعها قدماء المصريين للعد فقط - وكانت عبارة عن جهاز عشري قائم علي نظام عشري وكل عمود يمثل رقم عشري واحد. - **Drawing a device:** - produced by Leonardo da vinci - capable of addition and subtraction - قام بتصميمها العالم لو نارده دا فينسي وهي الة قادرة علي الجمع والطرح - **Logarithms:** - produced by joost buerghi - اخترع العالم جو ست بير جي اللوغاريتمات - **Calculating clock:** - produced by wilhiem schickard - capable of addition and subtraction up to 6 digit numbers - اخترعها العالم ويليام شيكارد وهي الة قادرة علي الجمع والطرح حتي ستة ارقام. - **Pascaline:** - produced by pascal - capable of addition up to 8 digits - الآلة الحاسبة لباسكال - اخترعها عالم الرياضيات الفرنسي باسكال وهي الة قادرة علي اداء عمليات الجمع حتى ثمان ارقام. - **Mechanical calculator:** - produced by Leibniz - capable of division and multiplication - حاسبة ليبنز - اخترع العالم الالماني ليبنز الة قادرة علي القسمة والضرب - **Adding machine:** - capable of addition - ابتكرها ويليام بورز الاجراء عمليات الجمع وطباعة النتائج علي شريط من الورق للتغلب علي - روتين الجمع والفص حيت كان يعمل بأحد البنوك - **Multiplying calculator:** - produced by Charles Stanhope - capable of only multiplication - اخترع العالم شارل ستان هوب الة قادرة علي الضرب فقط - **Loom:** - produced by jacquard - اخترع الفرنسي جوزيف جاكار : الة لعبت دورا هاما في اختراع الحاسب ، رغم انها لم تكن - مصممة للتعامل مع الارقام، فقد اخترع جاكا ر نولا اوتوماتيكيا لنسج القماش بأنماط مختلفة طبقا - لتعليمات تعطي له ، باستخدام كروتا من الورق يتم تثقيبها لتتحكم في ابر النسيج. - **Difference engine / analytical engine:** - produced by Babbage - الة الفروق لبا بيج بني العالم الرياضي الانجليزي «تشارلز با بيج هذه الآلة لاستخراج جداول - اللوغاريتمات بطريقة ميكانيكية ثم طورها وسماها «الآلة التحليلية» - **Binary algebra:** - produced by George Boole - استطاع جورج بول ان يكتشف الجبر الثنائي - **Practical logic machine** - produced by William Stanley - **Reworked difference engine:** - produced by Martin Wiberg - **AND logic gate** - produced by Walther Bothe - استطاع وزر أن يكتشف بوابة AND - **Turning:** - Produced by Alan "the father of computer science" - **Calculating device to solve mathematical problems:** - Produced by Konrad - استطاع كونراد أن يخترع الة حاسبة لحل مشاكل الرياضيات - كما استطاع ايضا اختراع اول لغة برمجة - **Flip flop circuit design:** - produced by Eccles-jordan - **ABC which found solutions to systems of linear equations:** - produced by Atansoff - استطاع العالم اتانا سوف ان يخترع نظام لحل المعادلات الخطية - **The mark 1:** - produced by Hopper-Howard - قام هوارد « مدرس الرياضيات بجامعة هارفارد ببناء حاسب «مارك ١ » - استخدم فيه مفاتيح معدنية تدخل في دوائر الكهرباء للتحكم في مرور التيار - الكهربي واستخدم شريطا مثقبا علية تعليمات فتح واغلاق هذه المفاتيح - **Hollerith machine:** - Hollerith investigated a suggestion by Dr. john shaw said: there aught to be some mechanical way of tabulating census data - بناء علي اقتراح د جوهان انه لابد ان يكون هناك بعض الطرق الميكانيكية لجدولة البيانات قام - د. هولريث بعمل الة لجدولة البيانات باستخدام البطاقات المثقبة ## اسئلة على الفصل الاول **Put (true) or (false) and correct** 1. George Boole discovered binary codes algebra (true) 2. Jost Buerghi discovered logarithms (true) 3. Calculating clock could perform division and multiplication up to 6 number digits (false) (addition) (subtraction) 4. Pascaline capable of addition operations up to 8 digit numbers (true) 5. Leibniz's mechanical calculator could perform division and multiplication operations (true) 6. Plankalkuel, the first high level programming language discovered by Konrad (true) **Q2:Write the difference between:** 1. Calculating clock and pascaline 2. Pascaline and leibniz calculator | Calculation Clock | Pascaline | | ----------------- | ---------- | | Capable of addition and subtraction up to 6 digit numbers. | Capable of addition up to 8 digit. | | Pascaline | Leibniz's calculator | | ---------- | ------------------- | | Capable of addition up to 8 digit. | Capable of division and multiplication | ## Generations of computers ### First generation - **ENIAC:**-using nearly 18,000 vacuum tubes. storage all the vacuum tubes required nearly 167 square meters to keep the cool - **vacuum tubes:** worked by a large amount of electricity to heat a filament inside the tube. - عكف «جون موشلی» و «بروسبر ایکارت» في جامعة بلسلفانيا علي صناعة حاسب أسموه انياك وهو اول حاسب الكتروني في التاريخ لأنة استخدم الصمامات المفرغة التي تتميز بفتح واغلاق الدائرة الكهربية في جزء من المليون في الثانية وكان وزن هذا الحاسب ٣٥ طنا ويستخدم ۱۸۰۰۰ صمام مفرغ واحتل مساحة ١٥٠٠ قدما مربعا لذلك كان يستهلك قدرا كبيرا من الحرارة لكنة كان يؤدي في اليوم الواحد عمليات حسابية كانت تتطلب لأتمامها فيما سبق ٣٠٠ يوما ### Second generation - **Transistor:** its smaller, cheaper, less power, more reliable - **electronic components:** needed to be soldered together - مميزات الترانزستور - عيوب الترانزستور - وقد ظهر في الجيل الثاني الترانزستور وكان من مميزاته انه صغير الحجم ورخيص ويستخدم طاقة قليلة واكثر مرونة الا ان التوصيلات الكهربية كانت تتطلب ان تلحم ببعضها البعض ### Third generation - **Integrated circuit:** a collection of tiny transistors which are connected together - **save spacing:** - **the speed of the machine was increased:** since there was a diminished distance that the electrons had to follow - **TRS-80:** the home of the computer manufactured by tandy Radio - **TRS-80|l:** complete with 64,000 character memory and disk driver to store programs and data on - وقد ظهر في الجيل الثالث الدوائر المتكاملة وهي عبارة عن مجموعة من الترانزستورات المترابطة مع بعضها وكان اهم ما يميزها المسافات وان سرعة الآلة زادت وكان من عيوبها انه لا يمكن اصلاحها اذا تلف احد مكوناتها كما استطاع «تا ندي راديو ان يخترع TRS المزودة بمساحة ٦٤.٠٠٠ للذاكرة حيث تستطيع تحزين البرامج والبيانات عليها ### Fourth generation - **Micro processor:** responsible for everything in the computer, control internal and external devices.. etc - **GS/OS:** developed by apple computer.responsible for, accessing the file system, controlling output and input devices - **Apple I:** had an intel4004 microprocessor - **Apple II:** had Motorola microprocessor - وقد ظهر في الجيل الرابع الميكرو بروسيسور ### Fifth generation - **This generation will be artificial intelligence.** - **They want the computer to have some of human intelligence:** but this goal has been disappointing - وقد ظهر في الجيل الخامس الذكاء الاصطناعي فكانوا يريدون اكساب الحاسوب بعض من ذكاء الانسان الا ان السعي وراء هذا الأمر كان محبطا ## اسئلة على الفصل الثاني **Put (true)or (false) and correct** 1. Transistor appeared in the second generation(true) 2. Integrated circuit appeared in the second generation(true) 3. The human intelligence appears in the fourth generation(false) (fifth) 4. Apple II had an intel4004 microprocessor(false) (Motorola) 5. Apple I had intel4004,8008 microprocessor(true) **Explain Hardware processing:** اتكلم عن الاجيال بصورة مختصرة ## Internet History and Growth - **ARPANET:** Is advanced research projects agency which aims to support the united state and its superiority over the soviet union in the field of technology - وكالة الاربا نت هي وكالة مشاريع بحثيه متقدمة تهدف الي دعم الولايات المتحدة وتفوقها في الاتحاد السوفيتي في مجال التكنولوجيا - **IPTO:** Is one of Arpanet offices which aims to link between the American universities and research laboratories - منظمة الا بتو: احد مكاتب وكالة الا ربانت التي تهدف الي ربط الجامعات الامريكية بالمعامل البحثية - **TCP/IP:** Allows different kinds of computer to talk to each other - وهو بروتوكول يسمح لأجهزة الحاسوب الاتصال ببعضها البعض - **Packet switching:** sending information in small units, routed on different paths, and reconstructed at destination - **Circuit switching:** all transmitted data into switching sized blocks. - **NSFNET:** handle more than 75 million packet in a day - **Internet relay chat(IRC):** is communications program that extended the capabilities of the talk program for his employer and discovered by jarkko oikarinen - **Fiber optic link around the globe(FLAG):** became the longest single cable network in the world, providing infrastructure for the next generation of internet applications - **Protocols:** Set of signals between different computers that open communication channel between them - **WWW:** Is an information space where documents, other web resources are identified by URL, interlinked by hypertext and can be acceded via the internet. ## اسئلة على الفصل الثالث **Write short notes about** 1. ARPANET 2. IPTO 3. TCP/IP 4. Protocols 5. FLAG 6. NSFNET 7. Internet relay chat 8. WWW **Write scientific term** - Sending information in small units, routed on different paths, and reconstructed at destination( **Packet switching** ) - All transmitted data into switching sized blocks ( **Circuit switching** ) **Write the difference between** - ARPANET and NSFNET ## History of telecommunications - **Telecommunication:** is the science of communication over a long distance using radio technology or telephony - **Analog communication:** is like a dimmer switch for light because it has almost unlimited number of brightness settings - **Digital communication:** is like a simple light switch - **Telephony:** is a traditional voice communication - **Our voice** is sent from our telephony to the others regardless the distance - **The drawback is:** (channel must be connected together during the call) ## Telephony Evolution | Period | Description | | ------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | From mid 70s to mid 80s | Managing telecommunications costs from AT&T | | From mid 80s to mid 90s | Telecommunication networks adding message services | | From 1995 to 1997 | Digital networking | | Mid 90s to 2000 | Tele computing, Image-video-voice, to the desktop | ## Data telecommunications evolution | Period | Description | | ------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | Mid 70s to mid 80s | Terminals----Hosts, DECNET and SNA | | Mid 80s to mid 90s | Pcs --------Hosts. Windows acting like terminals | | 1995 to 1997 | Clients-----servers , Windows95-windows NT-, TCP/IP | | Mid 90s to 2000 | Client-server-global network-, war to dominate the internet | ## LAN(local Area Network) - Has an effective role in pcs and communication - Designed to facilitate sharing file and printer - Later, business connected pcs together with network ## اسئلة على الفصل الرابع **Put (true) or (false) and correct** - Digital communication is like a dimmer switch for light with unlimited number of brightness settings(false) (Analog) - Analog communication is like a simple light switch(false) (digital) **B)explain telephony evolution** **c)explain data telecommunication evolution** ## The IT profession **It skill standards** - Anything to do with the computer - Set up the computer system - Decide what hardware and software needed - Improving education, training of information technology - Increasing cooperation between education and business - Establishing critera assessment - certification - Business, education must work together to link between work expectation and curriculum - Skill standard must be reliable - Integrated skill must define work duties - Skill standard must represent broad career cluster rather than narrowly defined jobs **Skill standard used for purpose** **It skill standard principle are developed** ## Career cluster - Is a grouping of representative job title associated with set of techniqual skills, knowledge, abilities - **Tier 1:** is a set of foundation such as skills, abilities ,knowledge which are required to any person who works in technology - **Tier 2:** is a set of techniqual skills, knowledge, abilities - **Tier 3:** is a set of industry specific techniqual skills ,knowledge, abilities **The It skills pyramid** **There are eight NWCET IT cluster** 1. Digital media 2. Techniqual support 3. Techniqual writing 4. Programming and software engineering 5. Data base development and administration 6. Web development and administration 7. Network designs and administration 8. Enterprice systems analysis and integration ## Employers want employees who can: 1. Apply systematic to solve the problem 2. Research who else know about the problem 3. Finding a possible solutions 4. Document solutions for others 5. Verify that the solution is solved 6. Test the solution cost and efficiency ## Some skills such as: 1. Techniqual skills 2. Communication skills 3. Employability skills 4. Professionalism 5. Organizational skills ## E-commerce - Is generally limited to using internet technology in the selling process only - Describes internet sales to the end users ## E-business - Is the intersection of intersection of internet technology with criteria enterprice applications.thoughtful applications of internet, intranet, external technologies. - Defines enterprice-level transctions that may occur between the distributers, manufacturer and a vender ,manufacturer and distributer, suppliers and retailer ## اسئلة الفصل الخامس **Write short notes about** - Career cluster - It skills pyramid **B)explain** - E-commerce and E-business