Appendicular Skeleton Anatomy & Physiology PDF

Anatomy and Physiology, 1e Chapter 9: The Appendicular Skeleton Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserve...

Anatomy and Physiology, 1e Chapter 9: The Appendicular Skeleton Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1  The Appendicular Skeleton (Figure 9.1) Composed of: Bones found in the upper and lower limbs Humerus, ulna, radius, carpal bones, bones of the hand Femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsal bones, bones of the foot Bones that attach the limbs to axial skeleton Shoulder girdle – clavicle and scapula Pelvic girdle—os coxae Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2  Timeline of Skeletal Development (Figure 9.2) Appendicular skeleton development begins before birth Continues through early adulthood Completion occurs around age 25 Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3  Anatomy of a Limb Mammals have similar limb construction Single, strong bone close to trunk A hinge joint connecting two distal bones A complex joint made of a series of short bones A hand, foot, or wing made of rows of small bones Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 4  Bones of the Shoulder Girdle (Figure 9.3) The clavicle and scapula compose the shoulder girdle Anchor the upper limb to the axial skeleton Facilitate movement of the upper limb Serve as attachment sites for muscles that move shoulder and arm Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 5  Clavicle (Figure 9.4) Also known as the collarbone Loosely-anchored, S-shaped bone Articulates medially with manubrium of sternum Forms sternoclavicular joint Articulates laterally with acromion of scapula Forms acromioclavicular joint Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 6  Scapula (1 of 2) (Figure 9.5) Located on posterior of shoulder Glenoid cavity articulates with head of humerus Forms glenohumeral joint Coracoid and acromion processes Scapular spine Supraspinous, infraspinous, and subscapular fossae Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 7  Scapula (2 of 2) (Figure 9.5) Three borders: Superior, medial and lateral borders Superior and inferior angles Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 8  Bones found in the Arm (Figure 9.6) Humerus Ulna Radius Carpal bones Metacarpal bones of the hands Phalanges of the fingers Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9  Humerus (Figure 9.7) Head of humerus articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula at shoulder Multiple sites for muscle attachment Distal end forms elbow Trochlea and olecranon fossa articulate with ulna Capitulum articulates with radius Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10  Additional Bony Markings of the Humerus (Figure 9.7) Anatomical neck Surgical neck Common site of fractures Greater and lesser tubercles Intertubercular (bicipital) groove Body (shaft) of the humerus Medial and lateral epicondyles Coronoid and radial fossae Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 11  Ulna (Figure 9.8) Medial bone of antebrachial region Proximal end resembles shape of the letter “C” Olecranon and coronoid processes form trochlear notch Articulates with trochlea of humerus at elbow Allows hinge-like motion of forearm Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 12  Radius (Figure 9.8) Lateral bone of antebrachial region Head articulates with capitulum of humerus at elbow Rotates around ulna to allow pronation and supination of forearm Interosseous membrane is between radius and ulna Distal end articulates with carpal bones Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 13  Supination and Pronation (Figure 9.9) Movements that occur as the radius rotates around the ulna When the elbow is flexed: Pronation occurs as the palm faces inferiorly Supination results in the palm facing superiorly Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 14  Bones of the Wrist: Carpals (Figure 9.10) Eight bones arranged into two rows Proximal row (lateral to medial) Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform Distal row (lateral to medial) Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 15  Bones of the Hand: Metacarpals and Phalanges Five metacarpals in the palm of hand Fourteen phalanges found in fingers (three in each finger, two in the thumb) Named according to relative position Proximal, middle, and distal phalanges Thumb only has proximal and distal phalanges Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 16  Fractures of Upper Limb Bones Usually occur as a result of breaking a fall Outstretched hand sends force through upper limb Force may result in fracture Surgical neck, transverse, supracondylar, and intracondylar fractures of the humerus Colles’ fracture of the radium Scaphoid fractures in the wrist Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17  The Pelvis (Figure 9.11) The pelvis is formed by: Two hip bones (each called an os coxae) The sacrum The coccyx Largely immobile, weight-bearing structure Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 18  Os Coxae (Figure 9.12) Formed by three fused bones 1. Ilium 2. Ischium 3. Pubis Anchored anteriorly by the pubic symphysis Anchored posteriorly to the sacrum Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 19  Ilium (Figure 9.13) Large, fan-shaped superior portion of the os coxae Site of large muscle attachments Move lower extremity Bony markings: Iliac crest Iliac spines Greater sciatic notch Iliac fossa Iliac spines Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 20  Ischium (Figure 9.14) Posterior portion of os coxae Site where large muscles attach Bony markings: Ischial tuberosity Ischial ramus Lesser sciatic notch Ischial spine Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 21  Pubis (Figure 9.15) Anterior portion of os coxae Bony markings: Pubic body Pubic tubercle Superior and inferior rami Pectineal line Inferior pubic ramus Pubic bodies joined by pubic symphysis Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 22  Features of the Pelvis (Figure 9.16) Acetabulum forms at fusion site of ilium, pubis, and ischium Head of femur articulates here to form hip joint Obturator foramen Large opening filled with connective tissue that allows a nerve to pass through and reach the anterior leg Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 23  Boundaries of the Pelvis (Figure 9.17) Pelvic brim divides greater pelvis from lesser pelvis Greater pelvis lies superior to lesser pelvis Greater pelvis contains mainly abdominal organs Lesser pelvis contains bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs Pelvic inlet is the roof of lesser pelvis Pelvic outlet is the floor of lesser pelvis Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 24  Male versus Female Pelvis The male pelvis is larger and heavier The female pelvis is structured to meet the needs of pregnancy and childbirth Wider and shallower Pelvic inlet is oval and rounded Changes attributable to hormones Testosterone and estrogen Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 25  Hormone-Induced Pelvic Changes Posterior tilting of coccyx in female pelvis; anterior tilting of coccyx in male pelvis Narrower sciatic notch in female pelvis Greater distance between ischial tuberosities in female pelvis Greater distance between anterior iliac spines in female pelvis Wider subpubic angle in female pelvis Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 26  Bones found in the Leg (Figure 9.18) Femur Tibia Fibula Tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges of the foot Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 27  Femur (Figure 9.19) Found in thigh region Longest, strongest bone of the body Head articulates with acetabulum of os coxae to form hip joint Multiple markings for muscle attachment Medial and lateral condyles articulate with the tibia to form knee joint Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 28  The Distal Femur (Figure 9.20) Medial and lateral condyles articulate with tibia to form knee joint Intercondylar fossa accommodates ligaments of the knee Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments Patellar surface articulates with patella Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 29  Patella (Figure 9.21) Largest sesamoid bone of the human body Only sesamoid bone found in all humans Increases leverage power of thigh muscles Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 30  Tibia and Fibula (Figure 9.22) Found in lower leg Tibia—medial bone Condyles articulate with femur to form knee joint Tibial tuberosity Medial malleolus Fibula—Lateral bone Head and lateral malleolus Used for muscle attachment Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 31  Bones of the Foot: Tarsals (Figure 9.23) Proximal row of tarsals: Talus—articulates with tibia and fibula to form ankle Calcaneus—heel bone Navicular Distal row of tarsals: Cuboid, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 32  Bones of the Foot: Metatarsals and Phalanges Metatarsals Make up the arch of the foot Numbered 1–5 (I–V) starting at the medial side of the foot 14 phalanges in the toes Toes numbered 1–5 starting at the big toe (hallux) Named proximal, middle, and distal according to relative position Hallux only has proximal and distal phalanges Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 33  Arches of the Foot (Figure 9.11) Help the bones of the foot distribute and absorb the force of impact Flatten upon impact Medial longitudinal arch Lateral longitudinal arch Transverse arch Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 34