Psych 349 Test #4 PDF

Psych 349 Test #4 CHP 10, 11-12, 13 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g0grhy 1. Constructivist Ap- -learner centered and student directed. proach to Teaching -students actively construct their own knowl- edge and unde...

Psych 349 Test #4 CHP 10, 11-12, 13 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g0grhy 1. Constructivist Ap- -learner centered and student directed. proach to Teaching -students actively construct their own knowl- edge and understanding with guidance from the teacher. 2. Direct Instruction Ap- -teacher centered and highly structured. proach -limited distractions or non academic behaviors. 3. Criticism of Construc- -not enough focus on content. tivist Approach -can be difficult to assess in a standardized and uniform way. -takes more time. 4. Criticisms of Direct In- -turns students into more passive learners. struction Approach -may not challenge students to think in critical and creative ways. -more focus on being in class. 5. T/F Using both ap- True proaches is the best route. 6. No Child Left Behind -set high standards measured by standardized test Act scores in math and reading. 3rd-12th grade. -school districts paid harsh penalties if they were underperforming. 7. Every Student Suc- replaced NCLB act ceeds Act -requires states to set standards and create as- sessments in reading, math and science. -gives states more flexibility in implementing the law. 8. The Every Student report card Succeeds Act made school districts pro- duce a __________ _______ showing how they are doing in acade- 1 / 18  Psych 349 Test #4 CHP 10, 11-12, 13 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g0grhy mic and non-academic performance areas. 9. T/F, over time high False, they have decreased. school dropout rates have increased. 10. What are the drop out american indian/alaska native: 9.6%. rates among different pacific islander 8%. races? hispanic 7.7%. african american 5.6%. two or more races 5.1%. white 4.1%. asian 1.8%. 11. T/F, men make up more true. (except for pacific islanders the women have of the percentage of the a larger drop out rate by a small percentage) high school drop out rate. 12. Levels of income from low income, 11%. most drop out rates to middle-lower income, 9%. least. middle-upper income, 5%. high income, 3%. 13. What are the risk fac- -school related problems. tors that may cause -economic and family related issues. someone to be a po- -peer-related issues. tential high school drop -personal reasons. out? 14. What are the solutions -early detection of school-related difficulties. to reduce the dropout -encouraging positive youth engagement with rate? school. 15. What are the factors -classroom rules and guidelines. that shape the class- -consistency of rule enforcement. room climate? -physical structure of the classroom. -classroom management style. 2 / 18  Psych 349 Test #4 CHP 10, 11-12, 13 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g0grhy 16. Dropout Preven- Provides low income students mentoring, tutor- tion Programs: Talent ing, academic skills training, career development Search Program coaching and help with financial aid and college admissions applications. 17. Dropout Prevention keep at-risk students together with same teachers Programs: Gates Foun- throughout HS. dation Initiative 18. Dropout Prevention community sponsors 'adopt' an entire grade of ele- Programs: I Have a mentary grade students from low-income schools Dream Foundation. and provide them with academic, social, cultural and recreational opportunities; even provide tuition assistance for college. 19. Authoritative Class- -encourage students to be independent thinkers room management and active participants, with effective monitoring style and consistent rule enforcement. 20. Authoritarian Class- restrictive and punitive, with the focus mainly on room management keeping order rather than on meaningful learning. style 21. Permissive Classroom teacher offers students considerable autonomy, management style but do not academically challenge them. 22. What are the benefits of -fosters meaningful learning. a well managed class- -prevents academic and behavioral problems. room? -keeps students busy with active, appropriately challenging tasks 23. T/F: The more involved True parents are in their children's learning the higher the level of achievement their child attain. 24. T/F: Adolescents bene- False, they benefit more from a variety of extracur- fit more from being in ricular activities than from focusing on a single one. 3 / 18  Psych 349 Test #4 CHP 10, 11-12, 13 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g0grhy one extracurricular ac- tivity rather than many. 25. Participation in ex- -higher grades. tracurricular activities -school engagement. is linked to:... -lower likelihood of dropping out. -improved probability of going to college. -higher self esteem. -lower rates of depression, delinquency and sub- stance abuse. 26. T/F: according to a na- true tional survey of 15,000 students grade 6-10, nearly 1 in 3 have ex- perienced either occa- sional or frequent bully- ing. 27. T/F: males report to false, females reported experiencing more cyber- have been cyberbullied bullying in their lifetime and in the past 30 days more than females. than the males. 28. What are the risk fac- -most likely not rejected by the peer group tors of someone being - they are average or above-average students who a bully? are trying to gain higher status via aggressive be- haviors. 29. What are the risk fac- -boys are more likely to be bullies and to get bul- tors of being a victim of lied. bullying? -younger middle school students. -anxious, socially withdrawn or aggressive chil- dren. 30. What are the negative -worse mental and physical health outcomes. outcomes of being a -higher rates of depression, suicide ideation, at- victim of bullying? tempted suicide. -higher rates of agoraphobia. -higher rates of excess weight gain. -difficulties forming lasting relationships. 4 / 18  Psych 349 Test #4 CHP 10, 11-12, 13 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g0grhy 31. Bullies = increased _____________ likeli- hood of antisocial and criminal behavior. 32. School-based bullying -identify bullies earlier and implement social skills prevention/intervention training. -help victims of bullying find friendships. -have bullying rules and anti-bullying messages posted throughout the school. -encourage parental involvement in messaging and enforcement of bullying protocols. 33. T/F: school-based bul- False, they are more effective. lying prevention pro- grams are less ef- fective than classroom lessons. 34. Schools in low income -low achievement scores. areas are more likely to -low graduation rates. have: -small % of students going to college. -young teachers with less experience. -more non-credentialed or non-qualified teachers. -more substitute teachers who regularly fill in. -rote learning. -inadequate support for english language learners. 35. African American stu- -be in remedial or special education programs. dents are more likely -be perceived as a troublemaker and get harsher to... punishments for rule violations. 36. African American stu- -they like school. dents are more likely to -they perceive their school environment as safe. attend college if... -they are pressed to do well academically. 37. T/F: U.S. schools are False, they are doing a poor job. doing a great job of 5 / 18  Psych 349 Test #4 CHP 10, 11-12, 13 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g0grhy meeting the needs of latino/latina students. 38. What are the three -dyslexia. types of learning dis- -dysgraphia; (writing). abilities as listed in the -dyscalculia; (math). slides from class? 39. What are the charac- -an inability to build or maintain satisfactory inter- teristics of emotional personal relationships with peers/teachers. behavioral disabilities -consistent/chronic inappropriate behavior. (EBD)? -displayed pervasive mood or other emotional problems. 40. T/F: Diagnoses for False, they have increased substantially. ADHD have decreased substantially. 41. Individuals with Dis- abilities Act (IDEA) 1990 42. What is an IEP? An Individualized Education Plan: a written state- ment that spells out a tailored program. 43. What is an LRE? Least Restrictive Environment: a setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated in. 44. Extrinsic motivation involves external incentives such as rewards and punishments. 45. Intrinsic motivation based on internal factors such as self-determina- tion, curiosity, purpose 46. T/F: Both intrinsic and True extrinsic motivation are usually at work for ado- lescents. 6 / 18  Psych 349 Test #4 CHP 10, 11-12, 13 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g0grhy 47. What is the most op- The "flow" state. timal learning experi- -involves high perceived challenge and high per- ence one can have? ceived skill level. 48. Apathy (learning envi- low perceived challenge and low perceived skill ronment) level. 49. Anxiety (learning envi- HIGH perceived challenge and LOW perceived ronment) skill level. 50. Boredom (learning en- LOW perceived challenge and HIGH perceived vironment) skill level. 51. Attribution Theory How one perceives the underlying causes of their own performance and behavior. These percep- tions can impact outcomes. -the reasons for things that occur to you. 52. Attributional Style/Lo- Perceived causes of outcomes we experience. cus of Control 53. Internal Locus of Con- Outcomes based on one's actions. trol -effort, skill, persistence, practice, etc. 54. External Locus of Con- Outcomes based on outside factors/actions. trol -luck, destiny, environmental conditions, etc. 55. Motivation Orientation the source of motivation that drives an individual to perform a specific action. 56. Mastery Orientation task focused -focus on learning the strategies/skills needed for achievement and feelings of self efficacy. 7 / 18  Psych 349 Test #4 CHP 10, 11-12, 13 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g0grhy 57. Performance Orienta- outcome oriented. tion -focus on the end result rather than skill develop- ment. 58. Helpless Orientation doomsday-oriented. -focus on the difficulties of the task and attribute them to one's lack of ability. 59. Mastery + performance success! goals = 60. Mindset The view regarding one's abilities 61. Fixed mindset vs. fixed mindset = intelligence is biologically set and Growth mindset unchanging growth mindset = intelligence is changeable if you learn more those with growth mindset accomplish more in careers 62. Studies have shown growth that students from low in come families are less likely to have a _________ mindset. 63. T/F: Low income stu- False, they can prevent these stereotypes from dents cannot pre- undermining their achievement. vent negative stereo- types from undermin- ing achievement. 64. Students will under- the brain stand growth mindset 8 / 18  Psych 349 Test #4 CHP 10, 11-12, 13 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g0grhy if you explain _____ ________ to them. 65. What do parents do -in order to "protect" their child, they set their ex- that hinders their child pectations of their child too low. rather than helps them? -without being challenged, adolescents set low standards for themselves. -fragile self confidence can be shattered if they fail. 66. Forethought stage of assess demand task, set goal, estimate ability to self monitoring achieve them. 67. Performance stage of implement self-regulating strategies during the self monitoring process -time management, attention focus, help seeking 68. Self reflection stage of evaluate performance and satisfaction level with self monitoring final outcome. 69. Belonging Mindset the belief that people like you belong in your school 70. Peers influence achievement ______________ via so- cial goals, social com- parison and peer sta- tus. 71. peer acceptance = -more social skills. -better academic achievement. -positive achievement motivation. 72. Influence of Ethnicity one's ethnic identity can have varying degrees of influence on academic motivation. 73. Socio economic status has shown to be a greater indicator of academic (SES) impact on acade- achievement than race/ethnicity. mics 74. What are the obstacles -procrastination. to achievement? -perfectionism. 9 / 18  Psych 349 Test #4 CHP 10, 11-12, 13 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g0grhy -anxiety. -avoiding failure. 75. Largest increases of early adolescence with tv and video game use. screen time = 76. Short and long term -an increase in aggressive thoughts, angry feel- harmful effects of me- ings, physiological arousal, hostile appraisals and dia violence: aggressive behavior. -desensitization to violence. -decrease in prosocial behavior and empathy 77. One longitudinal study had an effect on the seriousness of criminal acts found that the amount as an adult. of violence viewed at age 8 = 78. A second longitudinal aggressive behavior of young people. study found that child- hood exposure to TV vi- olence was linked to... 79. T/F: we cannot con- True clude that TV violence causes individuals to be more aggressive, only that watching tv violence is associated with aggressive behav- ior. 80. The ________ MORE that children/adoles- cents watch TV, the low- er their school achieve- ment is. 81. Viewing educational TV -higher grades. is associated with... -reading more books. 10 / 18  Psych 349 Test #4 CHP 10, 11-12, 13 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g0grhy -less aggression. (in adolescence, especially for boys.) 82. What are positive out- -increased self esteem. comes of social media -providing a context for safe identity exploration. use? -increased social support and connections. -improved opportunities for self disclosure. 83. What are the negative -physical health problems. outcomes of social me- -mental health problems. dia use? -cyberbullying. -exposure to developmentally inappropriate con- tent. -sexual behaviors. 84. Stress the response to stressors which are circumstances and events that are threatening and tax ones cop- ing abilities. 85. T/F; Experiencing ma- true jor life events can lead to a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease and early death 86. T/F; daily impact of false, it can still have strong effects dealing with smaller stressors doesnt mean it will have strong ef- fects. 87. What do college stu- wasting time, being lonely, and worrying about dents worry about meeting high achievement standards. most? 88. Sociocultural factors -which stressors are likely to be encountered. can influence: -how stressful events are perceived. -what strategies are used to deal with stressors. 89. Acculturative Stress 11 / 18  Psych 349 Test #4 CHP 10, 11-12, 13 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g0grhy stress due to conflicts adjusting and confirming to the majority group. 90. Lack of control over higher stress things in ones life = 91. Poverty is the sin- young gle most important so- cial problem facing _____________ people in the US. 92. females during stress- tend and befriend strategy ful times = 93. males during stressful flight or fight strategy times = 94. coping with stress managing taxing circumstances, expending effort to solve life's problems and seeking to master or reduce stress 95. coping capacity having coping skills. -use of planful problem solving. 96. Problem focused cop- squarely facing ones stress and finding ways to ing strategies reduce/resolve it. 97. Emotion focused cop- responding to stress one is experiencing by tend- ing strategies ing to one's emotional and psychological well be- ing 98. Avoidant coping strate- ignoring the stress and hoping it will just go away. gy 99. Coping Flexibility ability to modify coping strategies to match the demands of the situation. 100. context 12 / 18  Psych 349 Test #4 CHP 10, 11-12, 13 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g0grhy strategies for coping are __________ depen- dent. 101. Biopsychosocial Ap- focuses on 3 different factors that interact to pro- proach to Problems duce the problems experienced by people. biological; genes, hormones, and brain function- ing. psychological; personality traits, decision making and self control. social; family, peers, schools, neighborhoods, SES 102. Developmental Psy- focuses on describing and exploring the develop- chopathology Ap- mental pathways of problems proach 103. Developmental Path- focus on the link between: ways -early precursors; such as risk factors and early experiences. -problematic outcomes; such as substance abuse, delinquency, depression. 104. Risk Factors factors that predispose or elevate the likelihood of developing problems. 105. Protective factors factors that might shield individuals from develop- ing problems. 106. T/F: Over controlled true and internalizing be- haviors are more likely for middle SES adoles- cents and girls. 107. T/F Under-controlled, false, lower SES externalized behaviors are most characteristic of higher SES adoles- cents and boys. 13 / 18  Psych 349 Test #4 CHP 10, 11-12, 13 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g0grhy 108. Risk factors predict -poverty. what adolescent prob- -ineffective parenting. lems? -mental health problems of parents and children. 109. What are the devel- -internal assets: commitment, positive values, so- opmental assets that cial competencies and sense of identity. serve as protective fac- -external assets: support, boundaries, empower- tors? ment, constructive time. 110. T/F: adolescents with True more developmental assets engage in few- er risk taking behaviors such as alcohol and to- bacco use, sexual inter- course and violence. 111. T/F: the levels of un- false, they are going down. derage drinking for 8th, 10th, and 12th graders are currently going up over time. 112. Risk Factors in Alcohol -Heredity: genetic predispositions. Abuse -Family influences: lack of positive relation- ships/stress in family environment. -Peer relations. 113. What is the most com- marijuana monly used hallucino- gen? 114. T/F: daily use of true cannabis was nearly 3x as high among high adults not attending college compared to peers in college. 115. Stimulants 14 / 18  Psych 349 Test #4 CHP 10, 11-12, 13 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g0grhy -Increase the activity of the central nervous sys- tem. -the most widely use stimulants are caffeine, nico- tine, amphetamines, and cocaine. 116. Nicotine smoking and vaping is one of the most serious yet preventable health problems. 117. T/F: the chance of you False, the peer group is an especially important smoking and/or vaping influence on smoking/vaping. is greater if your par- ents do it, rather than your peers. 118. T/F: college students True have higher rates of va- ping compared to non college students. 119. Depressants Slow down the central nervous system, brain and body functions, and impair behavior. -among the most widely used depressant is alco- hol. -opiates are especially dangerous due to addictive nature and powerful effects. 120. What are the different -peer pressure. risk factors for drug -family history. use? -mental health disorders. -curiosity and experimentation. -stress and coping mechanisms. -media influence. -low self esteem and body image issues. 121. (drug use) Higher lower rates of drug use. parental monitoring = 122. _____________ suc- Educational cess is a strong buffer for the emergence of 15 / 18  Psych 349 Test #4 CHP 10, 11-12, 13 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g0grhy drug problems in ado- lescence. 123. Juvenile Delinquency a broad range of behaviors, from socially unac- ceptable behavior (acting out in school), to status offenses (skipping school) to criminal acts. 124. Predictive factors of -conflict with authority. delinquency -aggression. -low self control, expectations, and neighborhood quality. 125. Erik Erikson's Theory of Adolescents who have restricted access to accept- Negative Identity For- able social roles or made to feel that they cannot mation measure up to the demands placed on them may choose a negative identity. 126. Contributing Factors -males. for Juvenile Delinquen- -low expectations and low grades. cy -parental monitoring (low), support (low), discipline (ineffective). -older delinquent sibling. -peer influence is heavy with low resistance. -SES is low. 127. Conduct Disorder The psychiatric diagnostic category for the oc- currence of multiple delinquent activities over a six-month period. These behaviors include truan- cy, running away, fire setting, cruelty to animals, breaking and entering, and excessive fighting. 128. Risk factors for a con- -difficult temperament. duct disorder -ineffective parenting. -living in a neighborhood where crime and violence is common. 129. Major Depressive Dis- experiencing a major depressive episode and de- order pressed characteristics for at least two weeks or longer, and daily functioning becomes impaired. -15-20% of adolescents experience this. 16 / 18  Psych 349 Test #4 CHP 10, 11-12, 13 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g0grhy -adolescent females are twice as likely to experi- ence this. -depression often goes undiagnosed in adoles- cents. 130. Certain genes are Depression. dopamine and serotonin related linked to adolescent genes were associated with depressive symptoms _________________. in adolescents. 131. Family factors involved -Ineffective parenting. in adolescent depres- -parent-adolescent conflict. sion -low parental support. -mother-daughter co-rumination. -exposure to maternal depression. 132. How can peer relation- -not having a close relationship/best friend. ships increase depres- -having less contact with friends. sive tendencies? -being rejected by peers. 133. Statistics of suicide in -suicide is the third leading cause of death in 10 - Adolescence 19 year olds. -suicide rates among emerging adults is triple that of adolescents. -in emerging adulthood, males are 6x more likely to commit suicide as females 134. Risk factors of Suicide the most significant factor in a first suicide at- tempt during adolescence is a major depressive episode. -history of family instability and unhappiness. -physical or sexual abuse. -negative peer relations. 135. Anorexia Nervosa the relentless pursuit of thinness through starva- tion. 136. Research findings have -body image. linked adolescent eat- -parenting. ing disorders to: -sexual activity (sexual abuse). -role models and the media. 17 / 18  Psych 349 Test #4 CHP 10, 11-12, 13 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g0grhy 137. Bulimia Nervosa a binge and purge eating pattern. 18 / 18