Test 3 Study Guide PSYCH 2203 Social Psychology (SP24) PDF

Test 3 Study Guide PSYCH 2203 Social Psychology Format The final is NOT cumulative. That is, it only covers material we have had since the last exam and just another test (although you have almost twice as long during the final exam period to do it). In class,...

Test 3 Study Guide PSYCH 2203 Social Psychology Format The final is NOT cumulative. That is, it only covers material we have had since the last exam and just another test (although you have almost twice as long during the final exam period to do it). In class, closed book, paper-and-pencil on score sheet (or pen for essay portion) 38 multiple-choice (2 points each) + 2 short essays (12 points each) = 100 points There will be an extra essay question so that you can skip one (total 3; answer just 2). Strong emphasis on the questions and things in this study guide You need to be able to APPLY concepts and identify examples to be successful. Make sure you’re not just rote memorizing definitions for things without really know what they mean. Specific names of people aren’t that important remember, but their ideas are. Six Research Tested Ways to Study Better 1. Remember and repeat. Overlearn the material, even after you think you know it and are able to remember it once, by continuing to practice remembering it multiple times and spaced apart. 2. Adapt your favorite strategies. Use flashcards for retrieval practice. Keep at it until you can get all of the answers correct. Then do it again every couple of days. Use concept mapping to visually represent relationships between concepts and ideas but without your textbooks or notes to allow you to practice retrieving the information on your own. 3. Quiz yourself. This is yet another form of retrieval practice that will make it a lot more likely that you will actually be able to come up with the information you studied when you need to remember it on test day. You can test yourself by retaking the chapter quizzes on ECLearn, answering the review questions in the textbook at the end of every chapter, and using Quizlet. 4. Make the most of study groups. Before an answer is given, allow sufficient time for both you and your other group members to silently think it to themselves and try to come up with it on their own. 5. Mix it up. Interleaving, mixing courses (or study methods), works better than blocked practice in which you study just one thing (or in one way) for an entire study session. This is because interleaving has the effect of spacing out the time you spend doing each thing over a more extended period of time. 1  6. Figure out what works for you. New college students in particular tend to be overconfident both in their mastery of the material and the effectiveness of existing study strategies that may have worked well for them in high school. (“But Prof. Shriver I really studied and was very confident that I knew it. I wasn’t expecting that grade I got on the test at all!”) To uncover learning myths and find out about what effective study strategies you should be using instead, I highly recommend an excellent short video series (five 7-minute videos) from Stephen Chew, a cognitive psychologist who is an expert in how students learn and remember: https://www.samford.edu/departments/academic-success- center/how-to-study Trust me when I say it is very much well worth your time, especially if this is your very first semester in college. Adapted: Stringer, H. (2020, February 19). Six research-tested ways to study better: Psychology’s latest insights for preparing students for their next exams. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/ed/precollege/psychology-teacher- network/introductory-psychology/study-better Study Questions Chapter 9: Group Processes What Is a Group? 1. What is the social psychological definition of a group? 2. Why is it according to researchers such as Baumeister and Leary (1995) that the need to belong to groups is present in all societies? 3. What are social roles? How does the Stanford prison study demonstrate the power of social roles to affect behavior? What real-life example closely mirrored this? According to Zimbardo, why did U.S. soldiers abuse the prisoners they were ordered to guard? Individual Behavior in a Group Setting 4. What is social facilitation? When is performance enhanced versus diminished? 5. What Zajonc et al.’s (1969) study of social facilitation and cockroaches show? 6. What does Zajonc (1965) theorize for why social facilitation occurs? What are the three theories to explain why the presence of others causes arousal? 7. What is social loafing? When might it actually help versus hurt performance? What are the steps you can take to minimize social loafing? What gender and cultural differences in social loafing are there? How do researchers explain these differences? 2  8. How can social facilitation and social loafing be compared and contrasted with each other (see Figure 9.3)? Does deindividuation always lead to aggressive or antisocial behavior? What does this depend on? Group Decision Making 9. What is process loss? 10. What is the shared information bias? What are two ways to get groups to focus more on unshared information? 11. What is groupthink? Under what conditions is groupthink most likely to occur? Identify and describe the symptoms of groupthink (Figure 9.4). What are the steps that a wise leader can take to avoid groupthink? 12. What is group polarization? Identify and describe the two main reasons it occurs. Which of these reflects a type of informational social influence versus normative social influence? Chapter 10: Interpersonal Attraction What Predicts Attraction 13. What is the propinquity effect? Festinger, Schachter, and Back (1950) traced friendship formations among couples in an apartment complex at MIT. What did they find predicted whether people became friends? What is functional distance? What is the psychological mechanism underlying the propinquity effect? 14. Does the greatest amount of research support similarity or complementarity? What is the matching phenomenon? 15. What is reciprocal liking? Based on the research by Koranyi and Rothermund (2012), when do people pay less attention to an attractive face? 16. In Elaine Hatfield (Walster) and her colleagues’ first-year orientation dance, what was the only thing that influenced someone’s desire to date again the person with whom they were paired? Did men and women differ much in this regard? 17. What is the importance of symmetry in facial attractiveness? When researchers use computer graphics to generate composite faces that reflect the exact mathematical average of the facial features of a large number of individual photographs, which of these tend to be preferred?. 18. Based on the “what is beautiful is good” stereotype, what other positive attributes are very attractive people thought to possess? Why might there be a kernel of truth to this? How is this related to the self-fulfilling prophecy (behavioral confirmation)? 19. What does the evolutionary approach to mate selection say? Why is that? Love and Close Relationships 20. Distinguish between companionate love and passionate love? 3  21. According to Sternberg’s triangular theory of love, what are the major components of love? What kind of love has all of them? 22. Identify and describe the three types of attachment Ainsworth and her colleagues (1978) identified. How do these attachment styles affect relationships? 23. Identify and describe the two dimensions of attachment. Theories of Relationship Satisfaction 24. Describe social exchange theory and its basic concepts: rewards, costs, outcome, comparison level, and comparison level for alternatives. Be sure you know what each of them are and can differentiate among and apply them. 25. According to Rusbult’s (1983) investment theory, what are investments? What are the three things that predict whether people will stay in and commitment to an intimate relationship? Rusbult’s investment model of relationships, why do some women stay in abusive relationships? 26. What relationships are happiest and most stable according to equity theory? Although equity theory suggests that both partners who are overbenefited and underbenefited feel uncomfortable, in which of these two types of citations is the partner more likely to perceive inequality as a problem. 27. Distinguish between exchange and communal relationships. What different form does equity take in communal relationships? Chapter 11: Prosocial Behavior Basic Motives Underlying Prosocial Behavior: Why Do People Help? 28. Distinguish between prosocial behavior and altruism. 29. Identify and describe the three ways evolutionary psychology attempts to explain altruism. 30. According to social exchange theory, when will we be most likely to help others? 31. What are empathy and the empathy-altruism hypothesis? In a study by Tori and Batson (1982), under what conditions did people agree to help Carol with the work she missed in her introductory psychology class (see Figure 11.2)? Situational Determinants of Prosocial Behavior: When Will People Help? 32. What is the bystander effect? 33. Identify and describe the five steps in their correct order to helping in an emergency that are a part of Darley and Latané’s (1970) bystander intervention decision tree (Figure 11.4). 34. Differentiate between diffusion of responsibility and pluralistic ignorance. 4  35. Latané and Darley (1968) exposed participants to a faked seizure in one of three experimental conditions (participants were lone witnesses, one of three witnesses, or one of five witnesses). When were participants was most likely and fastest to help? 36. Darley and Batson (1973) conducted a study in which participants were provided the opportunity to help when they were on their way to deliver a brief speech on the Good Samaritan or on another topic. When were participants least likely to help a man slumped over in a doorway? 37. Latané and Darley (1970) had participants complete questionnaires alone, or in the presence of two others. When the experimental room filled with “smoke,” participants who were alone reported the potential emergency more quickly than did those who worked on the questionnaire in the company of others. What phenomenon explains why those in groups took longer to say something? Chapter 13: Prejudice 38. What are the three components of prejudice? Distinguish among the concepts of prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination. Be able to identify examples of each. 39. Why do we use stereotypes? In what way are stereotypes adaptive? WHat generally does Gordon Allport (1954) mean when he describes stereotyping as “the law of least effort?” In what ways can stereotypes be both harmful and beneficial? What are the ways that even positive stereotypes can be harmful? 40. Differentiate between hostile sexism and benevolent sexism? Be able to identify examples of each. How are both alike? 41. What are microaggressions? Be able to identify examples. 42. Researchers had participants look at photos of African American and White young men holding various objects in their hands. The participants’ job was to determine if the object in the hand was a gun or not, and to press a button labeled “shoot” if the object was a gun. What were the results of this study? Which race of young male targets were participants more likely to press the button and “shoot”? 43. What is outgroup homogeneity? How is the cross-race effect in face recognition at least in part an outgrowth of this? 5