Intro-Psych Module 2 Test Review PDF

Intro-Psych Module 2 Test Review Difference between Consciousness and attention: consciousness is the awareness of ourselves and our environment. Attention is how you take in information. Inattentional blindness: when people fail to notice something that is clearly visible be...

Intro-Psych Module 2 Test Review Difference between Consciousness and attention: consciousness is the awareness of ourselves and our environment. Attention is how you take in information. Inattentional blindness: when people fail to notice something that is clearly visible because they are focusing on something else. Change blindness: when someone fails to notice a significant change to a visual scene The cocktail party effect: the ability to focus on a particular stimulus, like a conversation, while filtering out other stimuli, like background noise. Circadian rhythms: Regular changes in mental and physical characteristics that occur during a 24 hour period. Disruptions in Circadian Rhythm: Delayed Sleep Phase System (DSPS)- adolescents and adults, interaction of hormonal changes and social pressure, sleep the same amount of time as other people but wake up later (noon), creates afternoon sleepiness. Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome (ASPS)- elderly adults, fall asleep early (6-7pm) and wake up between 2-3am, become sleepy in middle of day, can gradually move bedtime to later time The role of the hypothalamus in circadian rhythms: control centers affecting sleep and wakefulness. General characteristics of each stage of sleep focus on rem: Awake and relaxed, REM sleep, Stage I, Stage II, Stage III, Stage VI. REM (Active sleep): Rapid eye movements, Paralysis of large muscles, Fast, irregular heartbeat and breathing, Increased brain-wave activity, Vivid dreams. Hypnagogic hallucination: brief hallucinations that take place as you're falling asleep. The area of the brain involved in dreams and the emotional aspect of dreams: The amygdala and hippocampus are two areas of the brain that are involved in the emotional aspects of dreams Nightmares and night terrors: Nightmares happen during REM (dream) sleep, while night terrors occur during NREM (usually stage 3) sleep. Night terrors typically happen in the first three hours of sleep. Theories of dreams: Dreams as wish fulfillment (Freud). The problem-solving view (cartwright). Activation-synthesis model (Hobson). Freud's theory manifest and latent content: Manifest content- what you recall when you awaken. Latent content- the hidden or symbolic meaning of the dream. Often driven by unconscious conflicts. Sleep disorders especially Narcolepsy and sleepwalking: Insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, somnambulist (sleepwalking), somniloquy (sleep talking), night terrors Psychoactive drugs Tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, the different categories talked about in class, should be able to classify. Know what is happening in each.: Hallucinogens (drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. THC and LSD), stimulants (Are drugs that excite neural activity and speed  up body functions. Caffeine and nicotine), and depressants (Are drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. Alcohol) Physical and psychological dependence: Physical- Compulsive pattern of drug use in which the user develops a drug tolerance. Coupled with unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. Psychological- Craving or irresistible urge for the drug’s pleasurable effects. Drugs that may not be physically addictive may still cause psychological dependence. Hypnosis and meditation: hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness: a person feels, perceives, and behaves differently than in a conscious state. Meditation Def of learning: A relatively permanent change in behavior or the capacity for behavior that occurs due to experience. Classical and operant conditioning and be able to Compare and contrast: Classical conditioning- simultaneous, involuntary. Operant conditioning- sequential, voluntary Stimulus discrimination and generalization: Generalization- tendency to make a CR to a stimulus that is similar to the original CS. Discrimination- learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli so that the CR occurs only to the original CS but not to similar stimuli Extinction: weakening and eventual disappearance of the CR as a result of repeated presentation of the CS without the UCS. Spontaneous recovery: reappearance of an extinguished response after exposure to the original CS following a rest period. Know what conditioning is: explains how a person or animal's response to a stimulus can be learned over time Classical conditional all the parts: neutral stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, and conditioned response. Know the little albert study: “Little Albert” was conditioned to be afraid of white rats and other objects. Reinforcement and punishment (different types): Increase in behavior using reinforcement. Decrease in behavior using punishment. Schedules of Reinforcement- Schedules of reinforcement: Continuous reinforcement: rewarding behavior every time it occurs. Intermittent reinforcement: reinforcement of a behavior but not after every response. Fixed Ratio- pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which reinforcement follows a set number of responses. Variable ratio- pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which the number of responses needed for reinforcement changes. How memory is defined: A group of related mental processes that are involved in acquiring, storing, and retrieving information. Stage model of memory: sensory, short-term, and long term memory. General characteristic of each of the stages of memory: sensory-Everything you are taking in all the time. Holds large amounts of incoming information for a very short period of time. Short-term memory- A limited capacity memory system involved in the retention of information for brief periods; it is also used to hold information retrieved  from long-term memory for temporary use. Long-term memory- Conscious, intentional recollection of an event or of an item of information. Implicit and explicit memory: Declarative (explicit)- semantic memory and episodic memory- autobiographical memory. Nondeclarative (implicit)- procedural memory, classical conditioning, and priming. Procedural memory: the type of memory that stores how to perform tasks or skills, like riding a bike. Tests of long term memory: Encoding: transferring new information into a form that can be retrieved later. Serial position effect: The tendency for recall of first and last items on a list to surpass recall of items in the middle of the list. Chunking: a memorization method that begins with distilling large pieces of information into smaller pieces or chunks. Proactive and retroactive interference: Retroactive interference: a NEW memory interferes with remembering OLD information. Proactive interference: an OLD memory interferes with remembering NEW information. Cognition: Mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge. Functional fixedness: a cognitive bias that prevents people from using objects in new ways or solving problems creatively Linguistic relativity hypothesis: every child is born with a predisposition to learn any language. Thinking vs cognition: Thinking- Manipulation of mental representations of information in order to draw conclusions. What heuristics are the one ones we talked about: Availability- used when people predict that events that are easy to think about will be more frequent. Representative- leads people to estimate that stimuli which are similar to a prototype are more likely to fit the category than are stimuli which are different from the prototype. Affect- we use our emotional responses to each choice to guide our decisions. Alfred Binet and the first IQ test: practiced a modern form of intelligence testing by developing questions that were designed to predict children’s future progress in the paris school system. Aptitude and Achievement: aptitude tests focus on the potential someone has to learn new things while achievement tests focus on what has already been learned Reliability: consistency of a measurement. Validity: degree to which a test accurately measures what it purports to measure- construct validity, predictive validity. Standardization: a process that ensures that psychological tests are administered and scored in the same way for everyone who takes them Genetic and environmental contributions to intelligence: Biological- Brain structures and activity. Heritability of intelligence.