Introduction To Psychology - Psychological Disorders - PDF

PSYCHOLOGICAL INTRODUCTION TO DISORDERS PSYCHOLOGY  OUTLINE Abnormal Behavior (individual, society, mental health professional) Common Models of Psychological disorders (biological, psychoanalytic, cognitive- behavioral, diathesis-stress and system models) DSM-V...

PSYCHOLOGICAL INTRODUCTION TO DISORDERS PSYCHOLOGY  OUTLINE Abnormal Behavior (individual, society, mental health professional) Common Models of Psychological disorders (biological, psychoanalytic, cognitive- behavioral, diathesis-stress and system models) DSM-V Categories of Psychological disorders Biological, environmental and psychological factors  ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR (DEFINITION) Behaviour that is deviant (DIFFERENT), maladaptive or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time Abnormal behavior is DEVIANT: is certainly atypical or statistically unusual. Abnormal behavior is MALADAPTIVE: behavior that interferes with a person’s ability to function effectively in the world. Abnormal behavior involves PERSONAL DISTRESS over a long period of time, the person engaging in the behavior finds it ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR (DEFINITION) Note that the CONTEXT of a behavior may help to determine whether the behavior is normal For example, a woman who washes her hands at least 10 times per day What if the woman is a doctor on duty? What if the woman works from home on her computer? AETIOLOGY: means the significant preceding condition  THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO P.D.- THE AETIOLOGY Biological Approach - Psychological Approach- physical mentality tributes psychological Emphasizes the sorders to organic, contributions of ternal causes experiences, thoughts, his approach mainly emotions and personality cuses on the brain, characteristics in enetic factors, explaining psychological eurotransmitter disorders nctioning as the urces of abnormality  THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO P.D. Bio-psycho-social Sociocultural Approach Model- mixture- -context ECLECTIC- mixture phasizes the social text in which a person Believes it can be s, including the influenced by biological vidual’s gender, factors (such as genes), nicity, socioeconomic tus, family relationships psychological factors (such d culture. It stresses the as childhood experiences); ys that cultural influence and socio- cultural factors understanding atment (such as gender) CLASSIFYING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR D S M -V C L A S S I F I C AT I O N S Y S T E M  CLASSIFYING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR To understand, prevent, and treat abnormal behavior, psychiatrists and psychologists have devised systems classifying those behaviors into specific behaviors into specific psychological disorders Classification provides a common basis for communicating It can also help clinicians make predictions about how likely it is that a disorder will occur, which individuals are most susceptible to it, how the particular disorder progresses, prognosis and treatment However, officially labelling can cause the risk of STIGMA for that individual- discrimination  CLASSIFYING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL-MANUAL +V In 1952, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) published the first major classification of psychological disorders in the United States, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V = 4000) The DSM-V classifies individuals on the basis of five dimensions or axes, that take into account the individual’s history and highest level of functioning in the previous year The system created meant to ensure that the individual is not merely assigned to a psychological disorder category but instead is characterized in terms of a number of factors-  CLASSIFYING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR DSM-V: AXES The five AXES of the DSM-V are; Axis I: All diagnostic categories except personality disorders and mental retardation Axis II: Personality disorders and Mental Retardation Axis III: General medical conditions Axis IV: Psychosocial and environmental problems Axis V: Current level of functioning (HOW WELL YOU INTERACT)  CLASSIFYING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR MAIN CATEGORIES (A.M.D.S.P) ANXIETY disorders (psychological disorders involving FEARS that are uncontrollable, disproportionate to the actual danger the person might be in, and disruptive of ordinary life. MOOD disorders (primary disturbance of mood, prolonged emotion that colours the individual’s entire emotional state). DISSOCIATIVE disorders (involve a sudden loss of memory or CHANGE IN IDENTITY due to the dissociation of the individual’s conscious awareness from previous memories and thoughts  CLASSIFYING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR MAIN CATEGORIES SCHIZOPHRENIA (severe psychological disorder characterized by highly disordered thought processes, referred to as psychotic because they are so far removed from reality PERSONALITY disorders (chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioural patterns that are thoroughly integrated into an individual’s personality)  CLASSIFYING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR ANXIETY DISORDERS(AMDSP) Generalized Anxiety Panic Disorder Disorder Psychological Anxiety disorder in disorder marked by which the individua persistent anxiety for experiences at least 6 months recurrent, sudden and in which the onsets of intense individual is unable apprehension (fear to specify the or terror, often reasons for the without warning and anxiety no specific cause  CLASSIFYING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR ANXIETY DISORDERS Phobic Disorder Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder (OCD) xiety disorder Anxiety disorder in which aracterized by an the individual has anxiety- ational, overwhelming, provoking thoughts that will rsistent fear of a not go away and or urges rticular object or to perform uation, For example, repetitive, ritualistic cial phobia: intense fear behaviors to prevent or being humiliated or produce some future mbarrassed in social situation uations  CLASSIFYING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR ANXIETY DISORDERS Post- Traumatic Stress Symptoms of PTSD may Disorder (PTSD) vary but include; Flashbacks in which the iety disorder that individual relives the event elops through Avoidance of emotional osure to a experiences and of talking about emotions with others umatic event that Reduced ability to feel overwhelmed the emotions Excessive arousal, resulting in son’s ability to an exaggerated startle e response or an inability to sleep  CLASSIFYING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR MOOD DISORDERS (AMDSP) Major Depressive Disorder Symptoms include; Depressed mood most of the day chological disorder Reduced interest/ pleasure in all olving a significant or most activities pressive episode and Significant weight loss/ gain pressed Increase/decrease in appetite Trouble sleeping/ sleeping too aracteristics, for at much st 2 weeks. It impairs Physical agitation/ lethargy ly functioning Fatigue/ loss of energy Feel worthless/ guilty st have at least 5 of Problems thinking/ concentrating symptoms Recurrent thoughts of death & suicide  CLASSIFYING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR MOOD DISORDERS Dysthymic Disorder Mood disorder that is generally more chronic and has fewer symptoms than MDD The individual is in a depressed mood for most days for at least 2 years as an adult or at least one year as a child or adolescent  CLASSIFYING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR MOOD DISORDERS Types Bipolar Disorder Bipolar I Disorder: refers od disorder to the individuals who aracterized by extreme have extreme manic episodes during which they ood swings that include may experience e or more episodes of hallucinations nia, an overexcited Bipolar II disorder: refers te, unrealistically to the milder version, the timistic state- extremely individual may no d experience full- blown mania but rather a less extreme level of euphoria  CLASSIFYING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR MOOD DISORDERS - FACTORS Biological Factors Genetic influences play a role in mood disorders Research shows that individuals with mood disorders appear to have difficulty regulating the neurotransmitter serotonin/ too few receptors for serotonin and norepinephrine Psychological Factors Behavioral view of depression focuses on learned helplessness // /// Cognitive view believes the kinds of thoughts and beliefs can contribute to the mood. Sociocultural Factors- including religion Persons with low socioeconomic status are more prone Persons with less social support  CLASSIFYING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS (A.M.D.S.P) Dis-sociative Amnesia - The breaking up of the memory Dissociative Fugue esia: is the inability to recall Fugue means fight ortant events Dissociative disorder in which the individual not sociative disorder only develop amnesia but acterized by extreme is also unexpectedly mory loss that is caused by travels away from home nsive psychological and sometimes a new ess identity  CLASSIFYING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS Dissociative identity disorder (DID) Formerly called multiple personality disorder A dissociative disorder in which the individual has two or more distinct personalities or identities, each with its own memories, behaviors, and relationships  CLASSIFYING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR SCHIZOPHRENIA (AMDSP) Severe psychological disorder characterized by highly disordered thought processes, referred to as psychotic because they are so far removed from reality For many people with this disorder, controlling it means using powerful medications to combat symptoms The most common cause of relapse is that the individual stops taking their medications  CLASSIFYING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR SCHIZOPHRENIA Negative Positive Symptoms Symptoms They are called “positive” because they reflect something added above These symptoms refle and beyond normal behavior social withdrawal Hallucinations: sensory behavioral deficits, an experiences in the absence of real the loss or stimuli Delusions: false, unusual, and decrease of norm sometimes magical beliefs that are functions not part of an individual’s culture Flat affect: the displa Referential thinking: ascribing of little or no emotion personal meaning to completely  CLASSIFYING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR CAUSES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA iological Factors Heredity: research supports the notion that it is at least partially caused by genetic factors Structural Brain Abnormalities Problems in Neurotransmitter Regulation: links excess dopamine production to schizophrenic ociocultural Factors Socio-economic background is NOT considered a cause but it does affect the course of the disorder  CLASSIFYING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR CAUSES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA Psychological Factors Stress may contribute to the development of this disorder Diathesis- STRESS Model: argues that a combination of bio-genetic disposition and STRESS CAUSED schizophrenia Diathesis means ‘physical vulnerability or predisposition to a particular disorder’  CLASSIFYING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR PERSONALITY DISORDERS(AMDSP) Borderline Personality Social Personality Disorder Disorder (BPD) ASPD)-criminal/haters A psychological diso a psychological disorder characterized by a pervasive pa acterized by guiltlessness, law- of instability in interpers king, exploitation of others, ponsibility, and deceit relationships, self-image, ugh they may be superficially emotions, and of marked ming, individuals with ASPD do impulsivity beginning by play by the rules, and they often adulthood and present in a varie a life of crime and violence contexts more en common in men than BPD is far more comm D is not diagnosed unless a in women that men on has shown persistent ocial behavior before the age of  CLASSIFYING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR TREATMENT OPTIONS Biological therapies Drug therapy (medication/pills) such as antianxiety, antidepressants, antipsychotics Electro-convulsive therapy (shock therapy) Psychosurgery (removal/ destruction of brain tissue) Psychodynamic Therapies (Counselling) Psychoanalysis (free association, dream analysis) Humanistic Therapies (Psychiatry/Psychology) Client – centered therapy  CLASSIFYING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR TREATMENT OPTIONS Behaviour Modification Therapies Classical conditioning techniques- manipulate Operant conditioning techniques- bribe Cognitive Therapies Ellis’ Rational- Emotive behavior therapy Beck’s Cognitive therapy Cognitive – behavioral therapy