Mutualism 7 - PDF

7 Mutualism 22 Tuesday, 21 November 2023 7 Mutualism 22 12:07 There are different interactions defined on the outcome to eac Parasitism, commensalism, mutualism, Commensalism isn't likely to be the case, in closely co evolved o evolved organisms, such as egrets that get food that are kicked...

7 Mutualism 22 Tuesday, 21 November 2023 7 Mutualism 22 12:07 There are different interactions defined on the outcome to eac Parasitism, commensalism, mutualism, Commensalism isn't likely to be the case, in closely co evolved o evolved organisms, such as egrets that get food that are kicked Mutualism - both species benefit, cooperation from evolution p cooperation in human sense they aren't trying to help each oth Symbiosis just means closely interacting species - so evolved an just mutalism ) Interaction between oxpeckers and ungulates, birds going arou Was thought oxpecker was picking parasite off unuglate and this ch species. organisms, but more likely in loosely co d up by ungulates. perspective but doesn’t mean her. nd can be any of these three. ( it is not und sitting on their back heads etc. s was mutalism Interaction between oxpeckers and ungulates, birds going arou Was thought oxpecker was picking parasite off unuglate and this Study if this is true. Kids to scare away oxpeckers or not, Control or treated group. Change in tik load before and after control. Doesn’t really seem like oxpeckers have an affect on tik lo und sitting on their back heads etc. s was mutalism oad Doesn’t really seem like oxpeckers have an affect on tik lo However he measured other things With oxpeckers present there are more wounds per ox. This is beca peck at them, keeping them open but not creating them just not let Also that they are eating their ear wax Doesn’t seem like a mutualism at all now oad ause any scab they gave the birds tting them heal Mutualism is now seen more as mutual exploitation now rather th Seen as dynamic Mutualism is conflict of interest, and whose getting what and ho Visitor mutualism - interacting partners come together on occasi Cleaner fish - like oxpecker interaction, fish come to cleaner stati cleaner wrasse are also sometimes eating mucus off fish or eatin relationship. han altruistic interactions ow it doesn’t spiral into parasitism ional basis ( but can be repeated ), ions - there's work done to show that ng some of scales etc - testing Visitor mutualism - interacting partners come together on occasi Cleaner fish - like oxpecker interaction, fish come to cleaner stati cleaner wrasse are also sometimes eating mucus off fish or eatin relationship. Pollinator- plant and frugivore- plant relationships Symbiotic mutualism - closely co evovled, normal microorganism Mycorrhizal - fungi and plant roots Animal endosymbionts, e.g., zooxanthellae and coral Lichens Not been hugely examined from evolution perspective Mutualisms also display arms races, two interacting species driving Orchid on left called Madagascar star, - Darwin predicted this plan tongue, which it was. Extreme pair of traits that have obviously co evolved. Clear co evolution ional basis ( but can be repeated ), ions - there's work done to show that ng some of scales etc - testing m g each other down a path nt was pollinated by insect with huge Clear co evolution How it worked, Foraging efficiency, is selected by length of tongue, moth with lon spur and get nectar. If plants have shorter spurs moths wont get so close to have cont nectar spurs. nger tongue can get further into nectar tact for pollination so they grow deep In European species, orchid platanthera. They have long tube hanging off back of flower, Specialist pollinators ( sphinx ligustri ) Observational data Observational data Distribution of tongue lengths of the moths Plant also needs long spur for pollination to take place, as plants pollinated Experimental data tying tubes off and effectively shortening tubes - Reproductive success of orchid decreases as you shorten tub Scott Hodges on columbines - adaptive radiation of plants in SOUT Darwins idea previously explained about tongue length with longer tubes are more likely to get be H AMERICA Other explanation for this adaptive radiation Do this bit again maybe - next 4 slides Three different types of pollinators all of which pollinate sp Set of traits of the plant determines what pollinato Increases of spur length the less related the pollinators are pecific plants for or pollinates you Increases of spur length the less related the pollinators are Lots of different flowers converge on same morpho pollinated by hawkmoths. Red shows tube length and blue and red show hawk ology of long nectar spurs due to all being kmoth length and they seem to correlate. Close mutualism investigated is, yucca moth and yucca plant Never sets seed in uk Yucca moth has specialist mouth parts to cut through ovary wall a Lays eggs on ovules inside, which hatch and eats seeds. And isn't d It sometimes lays eggs and sometimes doesn't. and get to ovules. dispersal Mutual exploitation How these two co evolve and realise their fitness. Success of moth comes at cost of decreased seeds to plants that its Yuca needs plant to be pollinated, as it transfers plants pollen so ne Moth could become parasitic, could lay loads of young and eat all s plant Inherent conflict How does the yucca plant prevent exploitation - Developed mechanism for policing interaction ( policin - Can abort flowers on which moths have laid eggs flowers retained when can, when there's lower number of eggs s laid on. Cost to plant. eeds yucca to eat some seeds. seeds and destroy reproductivity of ng interaction are common ) on them. flowers retained when can, when there's lower number of eggs Aborts plants when there's too many yucca moth eggs on flower Brings moth to Also aborts flowers with 0 scars ( from moths ) and with loads flowers that haven't been pollinated at all, or attacked too mu Keeps flowers in middle that have been pollinated, but not ov Has some mechanism to detect eggs and abort flowers Figs and fig wasps Syconium inverted flower part - a fleshy hollow receptacle tha fig. Female part of flower( become seed ) and male part of floiwer Female wasps come along and they saw hole in wall of fig and lay on them. s of scars from moth as don’t want to keep uch. ver populated with eggs. s based on their density. at develops into a multiple fruit, as in the r eggs on ovules like the yucca. Female part of flower( become seed ) and male part of floiwer Female wasps come along and they saw hole in wall of fig and lay Young wasp hatch and eat fruit , males remain on the flower and p fruit, females Fly elsewhere and find figs. Wasp success comes at cost of females wasp eating seeds and less For the fig it has a conflict as, part of it relies on being pollinated, b How do the figs control this? Fig wasps can be passive pollinators - pick up pollen on bodies a Active pollinators have patch on their thorax Some active pollinators are cheaters and don’t pollinate as muc Some are pollen free see here r eggs on ovules like the yucca. pollinate the females as they leave s being available but it also leads to seeds being eaten and carry to fig ch Some are pollen free see here Fig can selectively abort these figs that don’t pollinate Variation of sanctions can be inposed by figs Sanction strength increases in those pollen cheater wasps populations. Third party parasitoid ( watshamiella ) that plays a role, Feeds on fig wasp offspring, on larvae of fig wasp that are on fig Cant get its ovipositor the whole way into the fig s and doesn’t occur in non cheating g. Cant get its ovipositor the whole way into the fig The inner ovules are least likely to be parasites Leguminous plants form relationships with rhizobia to fix nitrogen Bacteria to fix nitrogen out of atmosphere to supply to plant, Bacteria normally live in soil, but in certain cases form nodules wit n. th roots in soil. Not clear how plant can prevent itself from being exploieted. Why doesn’t the bacteria just take nutrients and oxygen and not p Way of policing again from plant. Experiment done, in none and high nitrogen atmosphere so Rhizobium are less fit in low environment Seems the plant reduces supply of oxygen to bacteria Ant and acacia interactions Ant provides protection to plant from competition to neighbo other and herbivores. The plants stop ants from leaving by extra floral nectarines provide nitrate? o no fixing could occur. ouring plants because they snip each Ant provides protection to plant from competition to neighbo other and herbivores. The plants stop ants from leaving by extra floral nectarines Droplets of sugar forms and contain glucose and fructose. Chitinase inhibits invertase the enzyme that converts sucr plant inhibiting ability of ant to turn sucrose to glucose to Makes ant less able to leave. When ants realised on plant, the level of their invertase d anywhere other than the acacia ouring plants because they snip each . By action of invertase rose to glucose. o make them reliant on nectaries. drops making it hard from them to go