Aerodromes & Airspace 2024 PDF

AERODROMES & AIRSPACE AER100 MICHAEL SARTOR  AERODROMES How do we leave the gate? What signs & signals should we follow? How do we know where to taxi? Flying to a new aerodrome: What do you do? What should you expect? What rules must you follow? Set standards applied...

AERODROMES & AIRSPACE AER100 MICHAEL SARTOR  AERODROMES How do we leave the gate? What signs & signals should we follow? How do we know where to taxi? Flying to a new aerodrome: What do you do? What should you expect? What rules must you follow? Set standards applied to every aerodrome Standardized aerodromes ensure consistent procedures for pilots Promotes safe and efficient operations AERODROME Aerodrome: Any area of land, water (including the frozen surface thereof) or other supporting surface used, designed, prepared, equipped or set apart for use either in whole or in part for the arrival, departure, movement or servicing of aircraft and includes any buildings, installations and equipment situated thereon or associated therewith What does this mean? REGISTERED AERODROME Aerodrome that is not certified but is registered for the purpose of publishing aeronautical information in the Canadian Flight Supplement (CFS) Access may be private or public Must ensure the status of aerodrome condition is sufficient for operations AIRPORT Airport: any aerodrome in respect of which a certificate is in force Airport = certified aerodrome This is accomplished by ensuring the site is inspected periodically for compliance with Transport Canada Standards SURFACE MOVEMENT Apron: area intended for loading/unloading of pax and cargo, fueling, servicing, maintenance, parking etc. Movement Area: parts of an aerodrome used for the surface movement including the maneuvering areas and aprons Maneuvering Area: parts of an aerodrome intended for Runways and Taxiways take-off, landing and movement of aircraft  RUNWAY NUMBERING Identification Corresponds to bearing, rounded to nearest 10 ֯ N Last zero is omitted Ex: 018 ֯ = 020 ֯ = Runway 02, 090 ֯ = 090 ֯ = Runway 09 W E What about North? 000, 360? S Displayed on the approach end – opposite end is 180 ֯ apart Runway 27/09, 15/33 etc. Magnetic bearing while in Southern Domestic Airspace – True bearing while in Northern Domestic Airspace Left, Centre, Right – L, C, R  RUNWAY MARKINGS - PAVED Threshold: Beginning of usable runway Displaced threshold: Unusable portion is displaced as it is not suitable for landing Obstacle clearance during approach Paved area behind can be used for taxiing, landing roll-out, and initial take-off roll - NOT FOR LANDING Temporary vs Permanent RUNWAY MARKINGS - PAVED Relocated threshold: Section is closed – no taxiing, take-off or landing, White X Pre-Threshold Area: Overrun and undershoot areas Can be non-load bearing – normally marked with white X Can include Stopways for rejected take-off (or blast pads) – yellow chevrons EMAS – Engineered Material Arrestor System RUNWAY MARKINGS RUNWAY MARKINGS  TAXIWAYS Movement to and from the runway Yellow line in the centre Broad yellow hold short line – otherwise 200ft Identified by letters, A, B, C etc. Green “follow me” lights AIRSIDE GUIDANCE SIGNS AND MARKINGS RUNWAY MARKINGS What if the runway is What would this look How is this possible? not paved? like?  RUNWAY MARKINGS - UNPAVED Perimeter are required to be delineated with frangible, weatherproof markers Pyramid or cone shaped More markers on the four corners Certified – painted in alternate stripes of international orange and white Non-certified are often all orange Evergreen trees can also be used for the perimeter of snow- covered landing strips  WIND INDICATOR Runway in use is determined by wind direction Wind sock or wind cone Flutter for gusts Runways greater than 4,000’ will have one at either end Less than 4,000’ will be Wind Speed Wind indicator angle centrally located 15 kts Horizontal 10 kts 5 deg. below horizontal 6 kts 30 deg. below horizontal AERODROME LIGHTING Operation at night Runway 2 parallel lines of lights visible at least 2 miles in all directions Taxiway Not more than 200’ apart between adjacent light Apron Can have retroreflectors at registered aerodromes (2nm) Approach Fixed white light/strobe at either runway end for identification End Double at intersections Lights can always be on, by request, by schedule, or ARCAL ARCAL – K (7 clicks 5 sec, 7,5,3) J (5 clicks 5 sec) 15 min duration ARCAL- Aircraft Control of Aerodrome Lighting  AERODROME LIGHTING Beacon light: rotating white light (2- 3 sec/rotation) visible 10nm Approach lights: Variety of types depending on airport operations, runway size, instrument approaches etc.  VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE INDICATOR SYSTEM VASIS: visible approx. 4nm, usually for a 3 deg. slope Safe obstruction – usually within 6 deg. either side of centreline to 4.1nm from threshold Should not descend via VASIS until aligned with the centerline Eye-to-wheel-height (EWH) VASI Sartor’s Pro Tip: AV 0-10’, V110-25’, V2 25-45’ VA in VASI has 4 points, 2 on top and 2 on the bottom PAPI P is like an arrow in a straight line to the second P in PAPI AP 0-10’, P1 0-10’, P2 10-25’, P3 25-45’ VA PAPI  At select uncontrolled airports – no tower Can be controlled airspace Usually have an instrument approach + FSS or Community Aerodrome Radio (CARS) Both provide advisory services MANDATORY Remote Communications Outlet (RCO) – remote FREQUENCY - advisories MF Can also be MF when a controlled airport does not have active ATC Aircraft are required to be radio equipped and report position + intentions  At select uncontrolled airports that do not meet MF requirements Usually also uncontrolled airspace Usually a UNICOM – 122.8 MHz AERODROME 123.2 MHz if a frequency is not listed TRAFFIC Using these are “requested” not mandatory FREQUENCY Can have NORDO aircraft – NO RADIO Pilots responsibility to visually ascertain runway conditions TRAFFIC CIRCUIT Downwind Leg Base Leg Crosswind Leg Departure Leg  TRAFFIC PROCEDURES UNCONTROLLED AIRPORT Uncontrolled airport – no tower 123.2 MHz for broadcast Same radio calls should be made – but are allowed NORDO Specific information is provided for all aerodromes in CFS (MF and ATF) Left (standard) or right-hand circuits  Normally 5nm to 3,000’ AGL for MF Call 5 min prior to entering, joining circuit, final, and clear of runway TRAFFIC PROCEDURE RCO – remote communications outlet UNCONTROLLED AIRPORT - MF Can only advise you of information No MF: normally join from upwind side but if traffic is clear can also join from downwind leg (previous slide) With MF: Can also join: straight in or 45 deg to downwind, straight in base or final Cross over at 500’ above circuit – descent on upwind side Depart straight out  TRAFFIC PROCEDURES – UNCONTROLLED AERODROMES: HTTPS://TC.CANADA.CA/SITES/DEFAULT/FILES/MIGRA TED/TP11541E_ACCESSIBLE_VFR_PROCEDURES_AT_ UNCONTROLLED_AERODROMES_EN.PDF TRAFFIC PROCEDURES CONTROLLED AIRPORT Control tower in operation Standard left-hand circuit (all turns to the left) Can also have right-hand circuit 1,000’ AGL Must establish radio communications with the tower Can also have RONLY aircraft – Receiver Only  Similar to uncontrolled airport procedures Circuit is the same Requires prior contact and permission to enter TRAFFIC airspace PROCEDURES When cleaned, you can join downwind leg or as CONTROLLED directed AIRPORT Must be cleared to land Similar dimensions to uncontrolled Always check CFS for specifics SEQUENTIAL & SIMULTANEOUS OPERATIONS LAHSO –Land and Hold Short Operations Operations with intersecting runways Strict operational requirements Land and hold short operations: pilot requirement to accept clearance and stop before intersection Must be adhered to once accepted Good weather conditions AIM RAC 4.4.9 for more information  LIGHT SIGNALS Light Signal Air Ground Flashing Green Recall signal. Return for Clear to taxi landing While in the air (day or night): Solid Green Cleared to land Cleared for take-off Red Pyrotechnical light indicates – Do not land for the time being Flashing Red Airport unsafe. Do not Taxi clear of runway in land use Solid Red Do not land. Continue Stop circling Alternating green and red in the air: Danger. Be on alert (U.S) Flashing White Return to starting point on airport Acknowledge by rocking wings or Blinking Runway Lights NA Vehicles and flashing landing light pedestrians are to vacate runway immediately GROUND SIGNALS TO AIRCRAFT CANADIAN AIRSPACE SYSTEM Air traffic control Separation and control IFR vs VFR National Defense Research and rescue etc. Why do we need it? Why do we need to understand it? CANADIAN DOMESTIC AIRSPACE CDA includes all airspace over the Canadian land mass, the Canadian Arctic and Archipelago, and certain areas over the high seas Northern & Southern Domestic Airspace NORTHERN DOMESTIC AIRSPACE NDA Close to the north pole where magnetic dip is most significant Compass acts erratic Navigation challenges Flight altitude/flight level based on TRUE tracks Runway numbering based on TRUE track Surface winds are indicated in TRUE SOUTHERN DOMESTIC AIRSPACE SDA Flight altitude/flight level based on MAGNETIC tracks Airways and air routes based on MAGNETIC tracks Runways and surface winds reported in MAGNETIC TRACKS Recall all tracks are magnetic in SDA and true in NDA ALTIMETER SETTING REGION Southern Domestic Airspace Actual Pressure Altimeter is regularly adjusted to current altimeter setting Set Prior to departure: Set current altimeter 29.97” 29.98” Altimeter setting or elevation 29.95” Pressure Cruise: Adjust altimeter to nearest reported altimeter setting along route, or where such 29.97” station is more than 150nm apart, to the 29.95” 29.98” nearest station to route of flight 29.95” Approach: Set current altimeter setting for intended airport Includes airspace up to 17,999’ 29.95” STANDARD PRESSURE REGION Northern Domestic Airspace Altimeter is set to standard pressure, 29.92” Hg Prior to departure: Set current altimeter setting or elevation 29.98” Prior to TOC: Set 29.92” Hg 29.95” Cruise: Keep 29.92” Hg Prior to final descent: Set altimeter setting for 29.92” 29.98” airport of intended landing 29.95” 29.92” Includes airspace up to 18,000’ and above (Called Flight Level FL ex. FL240) Altimeters must be reset after entering and prior 29.95” to leaving SPR AIR DEFENCE IDENTIFICATION ZONE ADIZ Canada and USA established an ADIZ for security around the continent Denoted in the Canada Air Pilot and various charts Defence flight plan Deviations no more than +/- 20nm and +/- 5 min to flight plan from centerline entry point Requires radio contact Notify ATC immediately of any changes to flight plan  AIRSPACE UNCONTROLLED CONTROLLED Operate free from ATC control ATC services are provided Must still follow CARs Some and/or all aircraft are subject to ATC Monitor/broadcast on 126.7 MHz High and Low Level Airspace (FL180 divide) Specific frequencies may be published (MF/ATF) “Wild west” HIGH LEVEL AIRSPACE Above FL180 Further divided into: Southern Control Area (Controlled) Same as SDA boundaries, FL180 Norther Control Area (Controlled) FL230 Arctic Control Area (Controlled) FL270 HIGH LEVEL AIRSPACE Controlled High Level Airspace High Level Airways, Control Area Extensions, Transition Areas, Class F Airspace above FL180 In high level airspace – High Level Air Routes – uncontrolled Exist only in NDA and between FL180 and base of SCA and ACA LOW LEVEL AIRSPACE All airspace below FL180 Airspace is depicted on charts with different shades & lines Controlled: low level airways, control area extensions, control zones, transition areas, terminal control areas, military areas, class F airspace  LOW LEVEL AIRSPACE Low Level Airways (AIM RAC 2.7) – Controlled: 2,200’ AGL – 17,999’ ASL NDB- Non-directional Beacon Base – 12,499’ ASL is “E” VOR- Very High Frequency Omni-Directional Range 12,500’ ASL – 17,999’ ASL is “B” VHF/UHF Airway VHF/UHF Airway based on VOR and NDB LF/MF Airway  LOW LEVEL AIRSPACE T Routes (AIM RAC 2.7) – Controlled RNAV (Area Navigation) routes- 4nm primary obstacle protection, plus 2nm secondary obstacle protection on either side of centreline. Area associated with T route is 10nm either side of centreline. Plan view Cross Section LOW LEVEL AIRSPACE Control Area Extensions – Controlled: Additional controlled airspace for IFR traffic management Usually defined radius Usually 2,200’ AGL – 17,999’ ASL E below 12,500’, B above Transition Area – Controlled: Below CAE 700’ AGL – 2,200’ AGL (or overlying airspace) 15nm LOW LEVEL AIRSPACE Control Zone: Keep IFR traffic within controlled airspace Facilitate VFR and IFR traffic Surface – 3,000’ AGL usually, 7nm (3 or 5nm also) B, C, D, or E airspace Higher weather minima to enter LOW LEVEL AIRSPACE Terminal Control Area: High volume of traffic Arrival and departure control A, B, C, D or E airspace Upside-down wedding cake shape VFR can operate underneath AIRSPACE CLASSIFICATION 7 classifications: A, B, C, D, E, F, and G Most countries have the same classification with small differences Rules are based on this classification – not the generic name (Control Zone, TCA etc.) CLASS G AIRSPACE Not designated A, B, C, D, E, or F (we will get to F in a second!) ATC has neither authority nor responsibility for providing control Uncontrolled airspace Low level/high level air routes, aerodrome traffic zones, any other area not controlled ATC and flight service stations do provide altering services and flight information IFR flight is permitted Air Routes – surface to 17,999’ ASL (base of A), 9 nm wide CLASS E AIRSPACE Operational need for controlled airspace but not to the extent of A, B, C, or D IFR and VFR Separation only between IFR VFR don’t require permission to enter and no radio required (except MF) Traffic information workload permitting upon request to VFR aircraft Pilot is responsible for all aspects of flight (traffic, terrain, etc.) Low level airways, control zones (no tower), transition zones, and control area extensions May be specified as transponder airspace  Controlled airspace – IFR and VFR VFR must establish 2-way radio communication with ATC prior to entering ATC separation to only IFR Other traffic provided traffic information CLASS D Conflict resolution upon request depending on equipment and workload permitting AIRSPACE TCAs, Control Zones Becomes class E when ATC is not operating 2-way radio communication/listening watch Certain D airspace is specified as a transponder area NORDO under day and VFR weather with prior permission CLASS C AIRSPACE Controlled airspace – IFR and VFR ATC clearance for VFR to enter ATC separation provided between IFR and as necessary, to resolve conflict between VFR and IFR, and upon request for VFR aircraft TCAs and Control Zones Becomes E when ATC is not operating 2-way radio communication/listening watch Mode C transponder Loss of radio – land at any suitable aerodrome NORDO with prior permission and VFR weather Pilot is not relieved of aircraft avoidance, terrain, obstruction clearance CLASS B AIRSPACE Operational need for IFR and CVFR control All aircraft subject to ATC clearances and instructions ATC separation for all aircraft TC AIM 2.8.2: “All low-level controlled Low level airspace between +12,500’ to 17,999’ airspace above 12 500 ft ASL or at and Airways, control zones, TCAs above the MEA, whichever is higher, up to but not including 18 000 ft ASL, will be Flight plan required Class B airspace. “ ATC clearance prior to entering 2-way radio communication/listening watch Special VFR permitted Functioning altimeter (2 years)  Only IFR All controlled high level airspace between FL180-FL600 inclusive Includes SCA, NCA & ACA CLASS A Require clearance to enter AIRSPACE ATC separation is provided to all aircraft Pilots require instrument rating & IFR equipped aircraft + Mode C transponder Standard Pressure on altimeters CLASS F AIRSPACE Defined dimensions with confined activities Advisory (A), Restricted (R), Military (M), Danger (D) CYA, CRR, CYM, CYD (+ 3 digit code for identification, and letter for activity Ex. CYA785(H) Controlled or uncontrolled or combination When inactive, they assume the rules of surrounding airspace Advisory – allowed to enter but must be aware/on alert Restricted – not allowed to enter unless obtaining prior permission Can have a temporary restricted area for fires, disaster areas etc. by NOTAM FLIGHT INFORMATION REGION Canadian airspace is further divided into 7 flight information regions Flight information services and alternating services  The back of FTGU has a chart! Let’s look at it and discuss the airspace structure and some chart symbols What type of airspace is around CYOO, CYPQ, CYYZ, CYBN? FTGU ACTIVITY Find Class E airspace Any Class F? What type is it? How would CYYZ look vertically? CYPQ to CYQA (partially blocked on chart) airspace?