Aerodrome Quiz 2 Reviewer PDF

CLEARWAY The surface below a clearway must not A clearway, consisting of an project above a plane with an upward slope obstruction-free rectangular plane, may be of 1.25%, the lower limit of which is a provided at the end o...

CLEARWAY The surface below a clearway must not A clearway, consisting of an project above a plane with an upward slope obstruction-free rectangular plane, may be of 1.25%, the lower limit of which is a provided at the end of a runway so that an horizontal line that: aeroplane taking off may make a portion of its initial climb to 35 ft. (10.7 m) above the ✔ is perpendicular to the vertical clearway, some of which may lie beyond the plane containing the runway centerline; and end of the runway. ✔ passes through a point located on the runway centerline at the end of the A clearway must start at the end of the take-off run available. take-off run available on the runway. DIMENSIONS OF CLEARWAY The length of a clearway must not be more than half the length of the take-off run available on the runway. The width of a clearway must not be less OBJECTS ON CLEARWAY than: A clearway must be free of fixed or mobile ✔ 150 m If the runway code number objects other than visual or navigational is 3 or 4; aids for the guidance of aeroplanes or ✔ 80 m If the runway code number vehicles. is 2 ; and ✔ 60 m If the runway code number All fixed objects permitted on the clearway is 1. must be of low mass and frangibly mounted. NOTE: For code 3 or 4 runways used by STOPWAY aeroplanes having a maximum takeoff mass less than 22,700 kg, the width of the clearway A stopway may be provided at the end of a may be reduced to 90 m. runway on which an aeroplane may be stopped in the case of an aborted take-off. SLOPES ON CLEARWAY DIMENSIONS AND SURFACE OF STRENGTH OF STOPWAY STOPWAY The bearing strength of a stopway must be Any decision to provide a length of able to support at least one single pass of stopway is an economic decision for the the critical aircraft without causing structural aerodrome operator, but any stopway damage to the aircraft. provided must be located so that it is contained in, and finishes at least 60 m If the stopway does not meet the strength before the end of the runway strip. criteria, then: The width of a stopway must be equal to ✔ for aircraft having a maximum the width of the associated runway. take-off mass in excess of 68,000 kg, any unsealed stopway distance may not be The surface of a paved stopway shall be included in the published accelerate stop so constructed or resurfaced as to provide distance available; surface friction characteristics at or above ✔ for aircraft having a maximum those of the associated runway. take-off mass between 36,300 kg and 68,000 kg, a maximum length of 60 m of The friction characteristics of an unpaved stopway may be included in the published stopway shall not be substantially less than accelerate stop that of the runway with which the stopway is distance available; and associated. ✔ for aircraft having a maximum take-off mass not exceeding 36,300 kg, a maximum length of stopway not exceeding SLOPES ON STOPWAY 13% of the runway length may be included in the Where practicable, slope and slope published accelerate stop distance changes on a stopway must be the same as available. those for the associated runway, except that: TAXIWAY ✔ the limitation of a 0.8% slope for Taxiways shall be provided to permit the the first and last quarter of the length of a safe and expeditious surface movement of runway aircraft. need not be applied to the stopway; and ✔ at the junction of the stopway and runway and along the stopway the maximum rate of slope change may be increased to 0.3% per 30 m. WIDTH OF TAXIWAYS The width of a straight section of a taxiway must not be less than the width determined in this table. Changes in direction of taxiways shall be as few and small as possible. The radii of the curves shall be compatible with the maneuvering capability and normal taxiing speeds of the aeroplanes for which the taxiway is intended. The design of the curve TAXIWAY EDGE CLEARANCE shall be such that, when the cockpit of the aeroplane remains over the taxiway The design of a taxiway shall be such that, centerline markings, the clearance distance when the cockpit of the aeroplane for which between the outer main wheels of the the taxiway is intended remains over the aeroplane and the edge of the taxiway shall taxiway centerline markings, the clearance not be less than those specified in the table. distance between the outer main wheel of the aeroplane and the edge of the taxiway To facilitate the movement of aeroplanes, shall be not less than the distance fillets shall be provided at junctions and determined in this table. intersections of taxiways with runways, aprons, and other taxiways. The design of the fillets shall ensure that the minimum wheel clearances specified in the previous table are maintained when aeroplanes are maneuvering through the junctions or intersections. TAXIWAY CURVES Any change in the direction of a taxiway must be accomplished by a curve whose minimum radius, determined by the taxiway design speed, must not be less than that determined in this table. RAPID EXIT TAXIWAYS (RET) The radius of the fillet on the inside of the curve at a rapid exit taxiway shall be A taxiway connected to a runway at an sufficient to provide a widened taxiway acute angle and designed to allow landing throat in order to facilitate early recognition aircraft to turn off at higher speeds than are of the entrance and turn-off onto the achieved on other exit taxiways thereby taxiway. minimizing runway occupancy times. A rapid exit taxiway shall include a straight distance after the turn-off curve sufficient for an exiting aircraft to come to a full stop clear of any intersecting taxiway. The intersection angle of a rapid exit taxiway with the runway shall not be greater than 45° nor less than 25° and preferably should be 30°. A rapid exit taxiway shall be designed with a radius of turn-off curve of at least: TAXIWAY LONGITUDINAL SLOPE ✔ 550 m where the code number is The longitudinal slope along any part of a 3 or 4; and taxiway must not be more than: ✔ 275 m where the code number is 1 or 2; ✔ 1.5%; if the taxiway’s code letter is C, D, E or F; and to enable exit speeds under wet conditions ✔ 3.0%; if the taxiway’s code letter of: is A or B. ✔ 93 km/h where the code number If slope changes cannot be avoided, the is 3 or 4; and transition from one longitudinal slope to ✔ 65 km/h where the code number another musT be accomplished by a curved is 1 or 2. surface, with a rate of change not more than: ✔ 1.0% per 30 m if the taxiway’s code letter is C, D, E or F; and ✔ 1.0% per 25 m if the taxiway’s code letter is A or B.  The surface of a taxiway shall not have irregularities that cause damage to TAXIWAY TRANSVERSE SLOPE aeroplane structures. The transverse slope on any part of a The surface of a paved taxiway shall be so taxiway must be adequate to prevent the constructed or resurfaced as to provide accumulation of water and must not be less suitable surface friction characteristics. than 1.0% and not more than: ✔ 1.5%; if the taxiway’s code letter TAXIWAY SHOULDERS is C, D, E or F; and ✔ 2.0%; if the taxiway’s code letter If the taxiway code letter is C, D, E or F is A or B. and it is used by jet propelled aeroplanes it must be provided with shoulders. TAXIWAY SIGHT DISTANCE Straight portions of a taxiway where the code letter is C, D, E or F shall be provided The unobstructed line of sight along the with shoulders which extend symmetrically surface of a taxiway, from a point above the on each side of the taxiway so that the taxiway, must not be less than the distance overall width of the taxiway and its determined in this table. shoulders on straight portions is not less than: ✔ 44 m if the taxiway’s code letter is F; ✔ 38 m if the taxiway’s code letter is E; BEARING STRENGTH AND SURFACE OF ✔ 34 m if the taxiway’s code letter is TAXIWAYS D; and ✔ 25 m if the taxiway’s code letter is CAAP does not specify a standard for C. taxiway bearing strength, however the bearing strength must be such that it does not cause any safety problems to the WIDTH OF TAXIWAY SHOULDERS operating aircraft. The strength of a taxiway shall be at least equal to that of the runway it serves, due consideration being given to the fact that a taxiway will be subjected to a greater density of traffic and, as a result of slow moving and stationary aeroplanes, to higher stresses than the runway it serves. SURFACE OF TAXIWAY SHOULDERS WIDTH OF GRADED AREA OF TAXIWAY STRIPS The taxiway shoulders must be: The width of the graded area of a taxiway ✔ resistant to engine blast erosion strip on each side of the centerline of the and ingestion of the surface material by taxiway of not be less than that given by the aeroplane engines if the taxiway is used by following tabulation: jet-propelled aircraft ; and ✔ 10.25 m where the OMGWS is up ✔ sealed to a width of at least 3 to but not including 4.5 m; meters on both sides of the taxiway if the ✔ 11 m where the OMGWS is 4.5 m taxiway is intended to serve a wide body jet, up to but not including 6 m; such as a Boeing 747, Airbus A340 or A380 ✔ 12.50 m where the OMGWS is 6 or similar aeroplane, whose engines m up to but not including 9 m; overhang the shoulders. ✔ 18.50 m where the OMGWS is 9 m up to but not including 15 m, where the code letter is D; TAXIWAY STRIPS ✔ 19 m where the OMGWS is 9 m up to but not including 15 m, where the A taxiway, other than an aircraft stand code letter is E; or taxilane, must be located in a taxiway strip, ✔ 22 m where the OMGWS is 9 m the inner part of which is a graded area. up to but not including 15 m, where the code letter is F. The width of the taxiway strip along the length of the taxiway on each side of the centerline of the taxiway must not be less SLOPE OF TAXIWAY STRIP than: ✔ 51 m if the taxiway’s code letter is The surface of the strip shall be flush at F; or the edge of the taxiway or shoulder, if ✔ 43.5 m if the taxiway’s code letter provided, and the graded area of a taxiway is E; or strip must not have an upward transverse slope that is more than: ✔ 37 m if the taxiway’s code letter is D; or ✔ 2.5% if the taxiway’s code letter is ✔ 26 m if the taxiway’s code letter is C, D, E or F; or C; or ✔ 3% if the taxiway’s code letter is ✔ 20 m if the taxiway’s code letter is A or B; B; or ✔ 15.5 m if the taxiway’s code letter measured relative to the transverse slope of is A. the adjacent taxiway surface and not the horizontal. SLOPE OF TAXIWAY STRIP or significantly affect the regularity of operations of aeroplanes. The downward transverse slope of the graded area of a taxiway strip must not exceed 5.0%, measured relative to the horizontal. The transverse slopes on any portion of a taxiway strip beyond that to be graded shall not exceed an upward or downward slope of 5.0% as measured in the direction away from the taxiway. OBJECTS ON TAXIWAY STRIP The taxiway strip must provide an area clear of objects which may endanger taxiing aeroplanes. A taxiway strip must be free of fixed objects other than visual or navigational aids used for the guidance of aircraft or vehicles. Holding Bays, Runway-Holding Positions, Visual aids located within a taxiway strip Intermediate Holding Positions, and must be sited at such a height that they Road-Holding Positions cannot be struck by propellers, engine pods and wings of aircraft using the taxiway. A holding bay is defined as an area offset from the taxiway where aircraft can be held; TAXIWAY MINIMUM SEPARATION A runway-holding position is a designated DISTANCES position on a taxiway entering a runway; The separation distance between the centerline of a taxiway and the centerline of An intermediate holding position is a a runway, the centerline of a parallel taxiway designated position on a taxiway other than or an object shall not be less than the at a runway holding position; and appropriate dimension specified in table, except that it may be permissible to operate A road-holding position is a designated with lower separation distances at an position at which vehicles may be required existing aerodrome if an aeronautical study to hold before crossing a runway or taxiway. indicates that such lower separation distances will not adversely affect the safety  alignment of the taxiway is such that a taxiing aircraft or vehicle can infringe an obstacle limitation surface or interfere with the operation of radio navigation aids. Except for an exit taxiway, an intermediate holding position or positions must be established on a taxiway, if the air traffic control requires the aeroplane to hold at that position. A road-holding position must be established at an intersection of a road with a runway. Distance from Runway-Holding Position, Intermediate Holding Position, and Road-Holding Position to Runway Centerline Provisions of a Holding Bay, Runway-Holding Position, Intermediate A runway-holding position, intermediate Holding Position, and Road-Holding Position holding position, holding bay or a road-holding position must not be located The provision of a holding bay is the closer to the centerline of the runway than prerogative of the aerodrome operator, the distance in the table. however if it is provided, it must be located such that any aeroplane on it will not infringe the inner transitional surface. Holding bay(s) shall be provided when the traffic density is medium or heavy. A runway-holding position or positions must be established: APRON ✔ on a taxiway, at the intersection of a taxiway and a runway; or An apron must be located so that ✔ at an intersection of a runway aeroplanes parked on it do not infringe an with another runway when the former obstacle limitation surface, and in particular, runway is part of a standard taxi-route. the transitional surface. A runway-holding position shall be Aprons shall be provided where necessary established on a taxiway if the location or to permit the on- and off-loading of passengers, cargo or mail as well as the causing water to accumulate on the surface servicing of aircraft without interfering with of the apron, but must not be more than 2%. the aerodrome traffic. The grading of an apron must be such that The total apron area shall be adequate to it does not slope down towards the terminal permit expeditious handling of the building. aerodrome traffic at its maximum anticipated density Where a slope down towards the terminal building cannot be avoided, apron drainage CLEAR DISTANCES ON AIRCRAFT must be provided to direct spilled fuel away STANDS from buildings and other structures adjoining the apron. An aircraft stand shall be provided the following minimum clearances between an Where storm-water drains can also serve aircraft entering or exiting the stand and any to collect spilt fuel from the apron area, adjacent building, aircraft on another stand flame traps or interceptor pits must be and other objects. provided to isolate and prevent the spread of fuel into other areas. APRON BEARING STRENGTH CAAP does not specify a standard for apron bearing strength, however the bearing strength must be such that it does not cause any safety problems to the operating aircraft. Each part of an apron shall be capable of withstanding the traffic of the aircraft it is intended to serve, due consideration being given to the fact that some portions of the apron will be subjected to a higher density of traffic and, as a result of slow moving or stationary aircraft, to higher stresses than a runway. SLOPES ON APRONS APRON ROAD On an apron where a marked roadway is The slope on an aircraft parking position to be provided for surface vehicles, the (aircraft stand) must not be more than 1%. location of the apron road must be such that, where practicable, vehicles traveling The slope on any other part of an apron, on it will be at least 3 m from any aircraft including those on an aircraft stand taxilane parked at the aircraft parking position. must be as level as practicable, without