Anatomy of the Pharynx and Thorax (101.pdf)

## Snøremusklerne - Snøremusklerne ligner _stratum circulare_ i spiserør og tarm, but they do not form a full ring due to the large openings in the front wall of the pharynx. - The muscles originate near the edge of the openings, and they attach to the tendon, _raphe pharyngis_. ## M. constrict...

## Snøremusklerne - Snøremusklerne ligner _stratum circulare_ i spiserør og tarm, but they do not form a full ring due to the large openings in the front wall of the pharynx. - The muscles originate near the edge of the openings, and they attach to the tendon, _raphe pharyngis_. ## M. constrictor pharyngis superior - Consists of 4 sections, originating from: - _Lamina medialis processus pterygoidei_ (P) (pars pterygopharyngea) (1a) - _Raphe pterygomandibularis_ (R) (pars buccopharyngea) - _Mandible_ (M) (pars mylopharyngea) - _Tongue_ (T) (pars glossopharyngea) (1d) ## Raphe pterygomandibularis (R) - Runs from _hamulus pterygoideus_ (H) to the mandible (m) behind the last molar. - This is the common origin of the _m. buccinator_ (B) and _m. constrictor pharyngis superior_ (1b). ## Plica pterygomandibularis - (fig. 59 a Mu.) (1) is the mucosal fold over _raphe pterygomandibularis_. ## Removing mucous membrane from the pharynx - Shows the _raphe pterygomandibularis_ (fig. 59 b) (2) and the two muscles that originate from it: - the _m. buccinator_ (1) (anterior) - the _pars buccopharyngea_ (3) (posterior) ## Plica pterygomandibularis (fig. 69 Mu.) - Is always identified before anesthesia of the _n. alveolaris inferior_ (8) using a mandibular foramen anesthesia. - The needle is guided laterally along the plica and _raphe pterygomandibularis_ (1) to pierce the _m. buccinator_ (4). - If the needle accidentally goes through the mucous membrane medially of the _raphe_, it pierces the _pars buccopharyngea_ (19). ## M. constrictor pharyngis medius (2a and b) - Originates from the hyoid bone (HY). ## M. constrictor pharyngis inferior (3a and b) - Originates from the larynx, specifically the thyroid cartilage (S) and cricoid cartilage (C). ## M. constrictor pharyngis medius (fig. 33 J) (2) - Is larger than the illustration implies. - Its lower fibers extend far down, but they are hidden by the _m. constrictor pharyngis inferior_ (3). - The fibers of all three constrictors attach to the _raphe pharyngis_ (4). ## M. palatopharyngeus (3) - This is part of the "levatores pharyngis" muscles. - Located in the posterior soft palate. - Described alongside the palatal muscles. ## M. stylopharyngeus (5) - It originates from the _processus styloideus_ (8). - It travels through the _spatium lateropharyngeum_ between the carotid arteries, with the _m. styloglossus_ and the _n. glossopharyngeus_. - It then passes between the _m. constrictor pharyngis superior_ (1) and the _medius_ (2) and attaches to the inside of the pharyngeal wall. - The fibers act as "lifters". ## Thorax - _Cavitas thoracis_ is bounded by the _vertebral column_, the _ribs_, and the _sternum_. - It is closed off from the abdominal cavity by the _diaphragm_ (5). ## Thoracic wall - The posterior wall is formed by the vertebral column and ribs. - The lateral walls are formed by the ribs. - The anterior wall is formed by the sternum and ribs. - The floor is formed by the diaphragm. - The roof is the _apertura thoracis superior_ (1).