Political Globalization PDF

Political Globalization By Prof. Jet T. Castillo This is a long lesson, let’s divide it in 4 parts: 1. From Patriarchy to Monarchy 2. From Monarchy to the Rise of Democracy and Communism 3. The Great Rivalry: Democracy vs Communism 4. The Post-Cold War World Part 1: From Patriarchy...

Political Globalization By Prof. Jet T. Castillo This is a long lesson, let’s divide it in 4 parts: 1. From Patriarchy to Monarchy 2. From Monarchy to the Rise of Democracy and Communism 3. The Great Rivalry: Democracy vs Communism 4. The Post-Cold War World Part 1: From Patriarchy to Monarchy How the Nomadic Societies evolved into City-States, Kingdoms, and Empires PRIMITIVE TIMES Image from pexels.com In the beginning… Nomadic families and clans Hunting and gathering Decisions made by head of the clan Patriarchy Image from https://papik.pro/en/drawings/drawings-of-people/16147-drawing-hunting- ancient-people-48-photos.html AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION Image from en.wikipedia.org Then the people learned AGRICULTURE Agricultural Revolution Domestication of animals (instead of hunting) Cultivation of crops (instead of gathering) Then the people learned AGRICULTURE Clans settled beside rivers Mesopotamia, Nile, Indus, Huang-Ho Permanent settlements (no longer nomadic) People built cities beside the great rivers Image from https://www.sutori.com/en/item/map-of-the-four-river-valley-civilizations ANCIENT TIMES Rise of City-States, Kingdoms, and Empires Image from Britannica.com Rise of “City-States” Cities governed by a powerful person whom the people acknowledge as their political leader Leaders protect their people and the city-state from raiders and rival city-states The Leader is a strong man-of-war Rise of Kingdoms City-states evolved into kingdoms Formation of social classes Leader’s clan became the top class, the nobility Monarchy established: inherited leadership Taxation began Rise of Empires Kingdoms invade other kingdoms One emperor ruling several kingdoms Vassal-kings and governors under the emperor Examples of Ancient Empires In the Middle East: In Central Asia : In the Americas: Babylonian Empire Mongol Empire Maya Empire Persian Empire Aztec Empire Greek Empire Inca Empire Roman Empire In Southeast Asia: Khmer Empire Srivijaya Empire Examples of Empires during the Middle Ages In the Middle East: In Europe: Islamic Empire Byzantine Empire Holy Roman Empire AGE OF MERCANTILISM Image from pexels.com Age of Mercantilism Quest for gold and spices The more gold, the more powerful Spices for food preservation Led to the exploration and discovery of new lands Western European kingdoms built overseas empires Examples of Empires during the Age of Mercantilism In Europe: Spanish Empire Portuguese Empire Dutch Empire French Empire British Empire Belgian Empire Age of Mercantilism Monarchy continued to be the political order Emperors ruled their motherland in Europe, plus their colonies in other continents World Order: Europe- the seat of power Asia, Africa, Americas- subdued people and territories Australia- penal colony of the British Part 2: The Birth of Democracy and Communism How the Monarchy gave birth to Democracy and How The Industrial Revolution gave birth to Communism RISE OF DEMOCRACY Rise of Democracy Monarchs and Emperors were mostly despotic due to their absolute powers In France, this resulted to a revolution The French Revolution- the First Revolution that led to democracy Image from en.wikipedia.org Rise of Democracy The French king was killed by the peasants No more monarchy A parliament was formed to run the country People elect representatives to the parliament Image from en.wikipedia.org Rise of Democracy Other European countries followed the French model Kings lost their absolute powers Parliaments took care of the governance of their countries Concept of equality of people More liberties for citizens Industrial Revolution Image from pexels.com Industrial Revolution European countries developed machines for mass production Factories established Mechanized farming, mechanized transportation Industrial Revolution Coal-powered factories and vehicles Great damage to environment Poor labor practices Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution made the Western European empires more powerful economically and politically England, France, Spain, Germany, Belgium, Holland The United States of America (USA) also became like the Western European powers Birth of Communism Image from en.wikipedia.org Birth of Communism Because of the Industrial Revolution… Two social classes became more defined The capitalists and the masses The bourgeoisie and the proletariat Capitalists- the rich, the factory owners Masses- the working class, the laborers, the factory workers 1800s in Europe Birth of Communism The capitalists oftentimes exploit the laborers No more “equality of men” Karl Marx, a German philosopher living in England, observed this. He hated the exploitation of the masses by the elites Dreamt of a class-less society He hatched the idea of communism Wrote 2 books: Das Kapital, and The Communist Manifesto Spread of Communism Communism was never applied in Marx’s lifetime 1917- Russia, the first country to apply communism Russian Revolution Led by Vladimir Lenin Ended the monarchy Start of the Soviet Era Image from britannica.com Birth of Communism Lenin confiscated all the wealth of Russia and distributed it equally among the people He set up a communist government which is iron-fisted Communist Russia invaded 14 neighboring countries and integrated them in the Soviet Union Also called USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) Spread of Communism In 1950, China followed the Russian model Mao Tse Tung drove away Chiang Kai Shek to Taiwan Mao set up a communist government in mainland China Image from en.wikipedia.org Part 3: The World Wars and the Cold War The Great Rivalry of Democracy and Communism Review: This is a long lesson, let’s divide it in 4 parts: 1. From Patriarchy to Monarchy 2. From Monarchy to the Rise of Democracy and Communism 3. The Great Rivalry: Democracy vs Communism 4. The Post-Cold War World World War 1 and World War 2 Image from en.wikipedia.org World War 1 and World War 2 Caused the powerful nations to polarize Grouped together and fought each other WW1 Axis Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire WW1 Allied Powers- US, GB, France, USSR (The Big 4), Japan, Italy WW2 Axis Powers- Germany, Italy, Japan WW2 Allied Powers- US, GB, France, USSR (The Big 4) Axis (Fascism, Monarchy) vs Allied (Democracy, Communism) World War 1 and World War 2 The Axis Powers lost in both wars After World war 2, the Big Four became even more known as “the undisputed world powers” The Big 4 US, France, GB – democratic USSR - communist The League of Nations and the UN After World War 1, The League of Nations was formed (1920). Its objective is to preserve world peace At its peak, it had 58 members Disagreement among members and withdrawal of membership happened It failed to prevent World War 2 The League of Nations and the UN At the end of World War 2, the League of Nations was abolished It was replaced by the United Nations From 51 member states in 1945, today the UN has 193 members Purpose: peace-keeping Later, health, food security, environmentalism, and the likes, became additional objectives Post-World War 2 Release of the colonies (the UN calls this “Decolonization”) Economic losses during World War 2 caused GB, France and other European powers to give independence to their colonies The Philippines became independent Also India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and many African and Middle East countries Post World War 2 The New World Order: 1st World, 2nd World, 3rd World 1st World- rich democratic countries (USA, GB, France) 2nd World- big, powerful communist countries (USSR, China) 3rd World- the rest of the world The Cold War Image from en.wikipedia.org The Cold War Competition of the 1st World and the 2nd World to convert/keep the 3rd World countries under their respective fence Communism vs Democracy Non-shooting war, just a war of ideologies Spy vs spy James Bond vs the KGB The Cold War USSR and China fund communist rebels in democratic 3rd World countries To overthrow the democratic government and replace it with a communist one USA and GB fund the democratic 3rd World to prevent a communist take-over Examples: Cuba, North Vietnam, many African countries The Cold War Korean stand-off After World War 2, Korea was partitioned by the USA and USSR North Korea – became communist, because of USSR South Korea – became democratic, because of USA The Cold War The Korean War, 1950-1953 North Korea vs South Korea Communism vs Democracy USSR and China helped North Korea USA helped South Korea Image from britannica.com Ended with a stale mate, a draw, a tie The Cold War The Vietnam War After World War 2, Vietnam was partitioned Image from britannica.com North Vietnam became communist because of the USSR South Vietnam became democratic because of the USA In 1965-1975, North Vietnam invaded South Vietnam USSR and China funded the North Vietnamese, USA helped South Vietnam South Vietnam and the USA lost the war. The Cold War The 1st World countries in North America and Europe formed the NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) If one member gets attacked by the communist bloc, the other NATO members would come to the rescue. Fortunately, this didn’t happen. The Cold War The United Nations had a hard time doing its job during the cold war. Both the US and the USSR were UN members For the record, the UN deployed peacekeeping forces only on 2 occasions during the Cold War: During the Korean War in the 1950s In Congo in the 1960s to aid the government against rebel forces The End of the Cold War After World War 2, Germany was also partitioned. Also the capital city of Berlin. Image from en.wikipedia.org West Germany and West Berlin became democratic because of the USA East Germany and East Berlin became communist because of the USSR The End of the Cold War End of the Cold War Image from britannica.com In 1989, the East Germans had a “people power revolution” They gave up communism and wanted to be democratic They destroyed the Berlin Wall, the barrier that divided the two Germanies. (where did the East Germans got the idea of a people power revolution?) EDSA People Power Revolution of 1986 The End of the Cold War After the German experience, many communist countries in Europe followed suit. Democracy-hungry people toppled the communist governments in their countries Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, and even the USSR By the end of the 1990s, communism was almost dead Part 4: The Post-Cold War World What the World Looks Like Politically Today Post-Cold War Era Post-Cold War Era Germany became a united democratic country The other small communist countries in Europe became democratic The USSR disintegrated Russia gave independence to the 14 Soviet republics- Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Lithuania, Ukraine, etc Parliaments replaced the communist governments there Post-Cold War Era China opened itself to US capitalists China allowed US companies to operate in their land Image from pexels.com Nike, Apple, McDonalds, etc Now, almost everything in the world is made in China Vietnam followed China’s example Communist government, but open to Western capitalists Post-Cold War Era Communism evolved into Socialism Socialism – Image from https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/economics/socialism-vs-capitalism/ Politically, they look like communism because it only has one political party, and nobody can oppose it, the people still do not have rights of speech, press, etc. But economically, not all businesses are state- owned. Many companies are owned by entrepreneur citizens and even foreigners. There is no longer “equal distribution of wealth” Post-Cold War Era Today, only 2 countries remain as “pure communists” Cuba and North Korea But lately, Cuban leader Fidel Castro died. His successor is open-minded to US partnership Also, new North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, is having exploratory talks on the unification of Korea. Experts claim that sooner or later, communism will be a thing of the past Where is Globalization in our story? Breaking down of barriers between the communism and democracy The trend: The world is becoming capitalistic and democratic Postlude: War on Terror Image from en.wikipedia.org Postlude: War on Terror Now, in the contemporary times, the 1st World has a new enemy- Terrorism Islamic Extremist groups (Taliban, Al Qaeda, ISIS) have launched attacks in the 1st World Postlude: War on Terror The US and its allies have invaded countries that they think are “cuddling” these extremist groups Afghanistan and Iraq The US put up “democratic governments” in these invaded countries to replace the Islamic extremist governments Postlude: War on Terror Question: Is this Globalization? The Role of the UN The United Nations still exists and has grown even bigger Recognizes and respects the sovereignty of states Arbitrates conflict between member states diplomatically (But the implementation of their rulings is up to the states involved, like the case of the PH and China over the South China Sea) Sends out peace-keeping forces (not combat troops) in hot spots Aids in calamities SYNTHESIS The trend: The world started with simple nomadic groups here and there They polarized into settlements, nations, kingdoms, and empires Through time, borders separated them. Borders may be physical walls, borderlines, ideologies (like communism and democracy), despotic leaders, wars, economic systems, religion, and the likes In the contemporary world, these barriers are crumbling down. The breaking down of these barriers and the unification of the world is GLOBALIZATION unfolding before our eyes.