Unit 1 Defining Globalization PDF

**UNIT 1. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION** **Globalization:** refers to the increasing interconnectedness of countries and cultures around the world. It involves the exchange of goods, services, information and even cultural practices across national borders creating a more integrated global community. **...

**UNIT 1. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION** **Globalization:** refers to the increasing interconnectedness of countries and cultures around the world. It involves the exchange of goods, services, information and even cultural practices across national borders creating a more integrated global community. **Globalization** is a river that flows through every country, shaping their landscapes and blending their waters into one. **[Origin of the history ]** Metaphors originated in ancient rhetoric, with Aristotle being one of the earliest to formally study them in Poetics, where he describe metaphors as tools for understanding one thing in terms of another. **[Origins and History ]** **FIVE DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES** 1\) **Hardwired** - is something that is in need or it happen eventually. 2\) **Cyles** - there is no single point of origin in globalization but it is a long-term cyclical process. 3\) **Epochs**-there are waves of globalization that took place in the past and each of them has its own origin. ***[6 Sequential list of the occurence]*** 1\. Globalization of Religions 4. Heyday of European Imperialism 2\. European Colonial Conquests 5. Post-World War Period 3\. Intra-European Wars 6. Post-Cold War Period 4\) **Events** - Specific the events that is somehow responsible for the origin of globalization. 5\) **Broader**- The origin of globalization has taken place during the recent changes thất happened in the 2nd half of the 20th century. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **8 THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION** | | +===================================+===================================+ | **1. Theory of LIBERALISM** | is a political and moral | | | philosophy based on the rights of | | | the individual, liberty, consent | | | of the governed, political | | | equality, right to private | | | property and equality before the | | | law. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2\. **Theory of POLITICAL | is a theory of political | | REALISM** | philosophy that attempts to | | | explain, model, and prescribe | | | political relations. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3\. **Theory of MARXISM** | is an economic and political | | | theory that examines the flaws | | | inherent in capitalism. It\'s | | | primarily based on the work of | | | German philosopher and economist | | | Karl Marx. | | | | | | 1\. Marxist were influential in | | | the development of socialism, | | | which advocates for the shared | | | ownership of the means of | | | production by workers. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 4**. Theory of CONSTRUCTIVISM** | is the theory that says learner | | | construct knowledge rather than | | | just passively take in | | | information. As people experience | | | the world and reflect upon those | | | experiences, they build their own | | | representations and incorporate | | | new information into their | | | pre-existing knowledge (sl) | | | schemas. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 5\. **Theory of POSTMODERNISM** | in Western philosophy, a late | | | 20th-century movement | | | characterized by broad skepticism | | | subjectivism, or relativism: a | | | general suspicion of reason and | | | an acute sensitivity to the role | | | of ideology in asserting, and | | | maintaining political economic | | | power. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 6\. **Theory of FEMINISM** | feminist theory of globalization | | | examines how global processes | | | impact gender relations and the | | | structural subordination of | | | women. It emphasizes the social | | | construction of gender, | | | particularly how traditional | | | global dynamics often | | | marginalize, silence, or violate | | | woman. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 7\. **Theory of | The transformationalist | | TRANS-FORMATIONALISM** | perspective, as proposed by | | | scholars like David Held, sees | | | globalization as a complex and | | | dynamic process that profoundly | | | transforms political, economic, | | | and cultural systems. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 8\. **Theory of ECLECTICISM** | \- in globalization theory | | | synthesizes multiple | | | perspectives, integrating | | | insights from liberalism realism, | | | Marxism, feminism, and other | | | schools of thought. | | | | | | -this theory sees globalization | | | as a multifaceted process, | | | influenced by competing forces | | | such as market expansion, class | | | struggle, and governance | | | mechanisms. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **UNIT 2. SOCIO-CULTURAL SYSTEMS** ***[DYNAMICS OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL CULTURE]*** **Dynamics**- process that produce change inside a group or system. **Culture**- the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs of a particular group of people at a particular time. → **Culture** is dynamic thus complex → **Culture** is fluid rather than static. → **Culture** is diffuse. **[LOCAL AND GLOBAL CULTURE]** **Local Culture**- is everything that we create and share as part of our lives in the place where we live or work. **Global Culture-** is a set of shared experiences, norms, symbols and ideas that unite people at the global level. **[THREE PERPECTIVES ON GLOBAL CULTURAL FLOWS]** 1 **[Cultural Differentialism]** -emphasizes the fact that culture are essentially different and are only superficially affected by global Flows. The interaction of cultures is deemed to contain the potential for **catastrophic collisions**. 2\. **[Cultural Hybridization]** - the process by which a cultural elements blends into another culture by modifying the element to fit cultural norms. 3\. **[Cultural Convergence -]** are deemed to be radically altered by strong flows, while cultural imperialism happens when one culture imposes itself on and tends to destroy atleast parts of another culture. **[Global Population]** entire number of people living in all ages, all countries throughout the world **[Global Demography ]** **Demo** - people study of population **Graphy**-measurement **study of population** - death rate, birth rate, population density **[Our Growing Population ]** China (1.44 billion) and India (1.39 billion) → most populous countries **[The World in 2100 ]** projected to reach 8.5 billion in 2030, and increase to 9.7 billion in 2050 and 11.2 billion by 2100 ***[Factors Influencing The Population Growth]*** 1\. **Fertility Rates** - global fertility is projected to fall from 2.5 children per woman in 2019 to 2.2 in 2050. 2. **Increasing longevity** - life expectancy at birth is expected to rise from 72.6 years in 2019 to 77.1 years in 2050 3\. **International migration**- countries that send or receive large numbers of economic migrants and those affected by refugee flows ***[The Globalization of Religion]*** **[Defining Religion]** -system of socially, shared symbols beliefs and rituals that is directed toward a sacred supernatural realm and addresses the ultimate meaning of existance. The English word **religion** is from the latin verb ***relagre*** which means to '***to tie***" or 'to "***bind fast**"* **[Types of Religous Organization ]** **Church**-a religous organization that claims to possess the truth about salvation exclusively. **Sect**-perceives itself as a unique owner of the truth. **Denomination**-is oriented toward cooperation at least as it relates to the other similar denomination. **Cult-**was introduced in 1932 by sociologist **Howard Becker**. **[Major Religion of the World ]** **Hinduism**-origanating on the indian subcontinent and comprising several and varied systems of philosophy, belief and ritual. **Buddhism** religion and philosophy that developed from the teachings of the Buddha (Sanskirt Awakened One) **Christianity**-stemming from the life, teachings, and death of Jesus of Nazareth (the Christ, or the Anointed One of God in the 1st Century AD. **Islam**-promulgated by the Prophet Muhammad in Arabia in 7th century CE ***[IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON RELIGION]*** **Globalization** implicates religion in several ways. **[PERSPECTIVE ON THE ROLE OF RELIGION IN THE GLOBALIZATION PROCESS ]** 1\. THE MODERNIST PERSPECTIVE 2\. THE POST-MODERNIST PERSPECTIVE 3\. THE PRE-MODERNIST PERSPECTIVE **[TRANSNATIONAL RELIGION AND MULTIPLE GLOCALIZATION ]** Throughout the 20th century migration of faiths across the globe has been a major feature. ***[FORM OF GLOCALIZATION]*** -**Indigenization** is connected with the specific faiths with ethnic groups. -**Vernacularization** involved the rive of vernacular language endowed. -**Nationalization** connected the consolidation of specific nations with particular. **-Transnationalization** complemented religious nationalization by forcing.