Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources PDF

 Title: Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources Objectives At the end of the lesson, students should be able to: 1. Analyze the events and circumstances leading to the Spanish discovery and conquest of the Philippines 2. Determine the contribution of different...

 Title: Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources Objectives At the end of the lesson, students should be able to: 1. Analyze the events and circumstances leading to the Spanish discovery and conquest of the Philippines 2. Determine the contribution of different kinds of primary sources in understanding Philippine history. THE 3GS OF COLONIAL HISTORY When the Philippines is under the Imperial Spain, its discovery was propelled by God, Gold and Glory. During the 15th and 16th centuries, Europe saw an age of exploration and expansion brought about by various factors. 1. First, there was the quest to explore unknown and distant lands and also involved the religious mission of spreading the Christian faith. 2. The economic motive of finding a direct access to the profitable Oriental trade of luxury goods such as silk and spices. 3. Scientific and technological progress specifically in shipbuilding ,cartography, and navigational instruments significantly contributed to the success of the exploratory expeditions. GOD The Power of Faith Spanish missionaries and friars were able to spread Christianity in Luzon and Visayas but Mindanao was very resistant during that time. Friars became people with high political positions and social classes were implemented. Aside from the Catholic faith the Spaniards influence, there are certain things and customs that were carried up to this generation. One of those traditions is the belief in relics, idols and images of the saints. Today, The Philippines is approximately 85 percent Christian (mostly Roman Catholic), 10 percent Muslim, and 5 percent 'other' religions, including the Taoist-Buddhist religious beliefs of Chinese and the 'indigenous' animistic  beliefs of some peoples in upland areas that resisted 300 years of Spanish colonial rule. GOLD Trade under Colonialism The Inclusion of Asian trade to that of Europe led not only to the flow of economic products and the wealth of Asia to European societies but also to the dynamic interaction of cultures. The tremendous profits European trade brought to nation states particularly Portugal and Spain, intensified European rivalries for the fabled source of Oriental products On March 16, 1521 the European ships reached the Philippines and soon after the Spice Islands, effectively establishing the first westward spice trade route to Asia. Making the food more palatable to the most discriminating medieval tastes triggered the search for spices of all sorts: pepper, cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg and ginger which were indigenous to the East. Paete woodcarvers stood out during the 19th century for products they produced. Along with these Filipinos are wealthy of native products produced all over the country, The Spaniards closed the ports of Manila to all countries except Mexico. Thus, the Manila–Acapulco Trade, better known as the "Galleon Trade" was born. And because the Spaniards were so engrossed in making profits from the Galleon Trade, they hardly had any time to further exploit our natural resources. GLORY Trace of Colonization Construction of the defensive walls was started by the Spanish colonial government in the late 16th century to protect the city from foreign invasions. Intramuros (walled city) served as the capital of the Spanish East Indies the center of commerce, education, government, and religion in Spain's most distant imperial possession. One of the most popular paintings in the Philippines is the masterpiece Spolarium by Juan Luna. It depicts the 19th century horror experience by Filipinos. It emphasized the violation of Human Rights, Forced Labor and how the Spaniards terrorize Filipinos in their own land. THE VOYAGE OF MAGELLAN TO THE PHILIPPINES Magellan was a Portuguese sailor who defected and served under the flag and the King of Spain; began travelling in 1519 from Spain to make the first voyage around the world. Magellan's exploration consists of five ships called San Antonio, Santiago, Concepcion, Victoria, and Trinidad with 264 sailors. Ferdinand Magellan’s voyage to the Philippines was one of the accomplishments of Spain in early modern times; it was  an event during the reign of Charles I (1516-1556). It ranks in historical importance with Columbus’ voyage to the New World in 1492 and Vasco da Gama’s voyage in India in 1498. These voyages were the prelude to the great event of early modern times which history writers refer to as the Commercial Revolution. From the standpoint of Spanish national history, the voyages of Columbus and Magellan were the sequel of important event which took place in Spanish Peninsula in the later Middle Ages. This was the union through marriage of two of the leading states in the Peninsula. Under Ferdinand and Isabella (1474-1516), frequently referred to by the Spanish writers as Los Reyes Catholics,; the new Spain, following the example of Portugal, embarked upon the task of finding a new trade route to the countries of the Far East. The need for such route was keenly felt at that time throughout Western Europe. THE MAGELLAN EXPEDITION The Treaty of Tordesillas gave Spain the right to venture into the unexplored regions of the South Seas as the Pacific Ocean was then called. Spain, however, did not make use of this right until many years later. In 1519, Spain launched their expedition to the East. That year, Ferdinand Magellan left the port of San Lucar de Barrameda on a voyage of discovery which eventually took him to the Philippines. The story of Magellan’s expedition is told into two important source documents: Pigafetta’s account that was published in Italian in 1800 under the title, “Primo viaggio intorno al globo terracqueo”; and a letter written in Latin in 1522 by Maximilianus Transylvanus entitled, “De Moluccis Insulis”. The following is an excerpt of the story of Magellan’s expedition as told by Pigafetta: On Monday mornig, August X, St. Lawrence’s Day, in the year abovesaid, the fleet, having been supplied with all the things necessary to the sea, (and counting those of every nationality, we were two hundred and thirty-seven men), made ready to leave the harbour of Siviglia... From 17 to 20 leagues by river. Some days after the captain-general, with his other captains, descended the river in the small boats belonging to their ships. We remained there for a considerable number of days in order to finish (providing) the fleet with some things that it needed. Every day we went ashore to hear mass in a village called Nostra Dona de Baremeda (our Lady of Barrameda) near San Lucar. Befor the departure, the captain-general wished all the men to confess, and would not allow any woman to sail in the fleet for the best of considerations”.  “We left that village, by name San Luchar, on Tuesday, September XX of the same year, and took a southwest course. On the 26th of the said month, we reached an island of the Great Canaria, called Teneriphe, which lies in a latitude of 23 degrees (landing there) in order to get flesh, water, and wood..” The Voyage across the Pacific “Wednesday, November 28, 1520, we debouched from that strait, engulfing ourselves in the the Pacific Sea. We were three months and twenty days without getting any kind of fresh food. We ate biscuit, which was no longer biscuit, but powder of biscuits swarming with worm. It stank strongly of the urine of rats. We drank yellow water that had been putrid for many days. We also mainyard to prevent the yard from chafting the shrouds, and which had become exceedingly hard because of the sun, rain, and wind..”. “...We saw no land except two desert islets, where we found nothing but birds and trees, which we called them the Ysolle Infortunate (i.e. Unfortunate Isles). They are two hundred leguas apart. We found no anchorage, (bu) near them saw many sharks. The first islet lies fifteen degrees of south latitude and the other nine... Had not God and His blessed mother given us so good weather we would all have died of hunger in that exceeding vast sea. Of a verity I believe no such voyage will ever be made (again).” 16th march 1521 Magellan arrived at the Archipelago of San Lazaro or Islas de San Lazaro (a term given by Magellan to the Philippines). Since the Spaniards did not yet know that they had crossed the International Date Line, the date was extended by one day and made March 17th. Arrival at the Philippines “At dawn on Saturday, March 16, 1521, we came upon a high land at a distance of three hundred leguas from the island of Latroni, an island named Zamal (Samar). The following day the captain-general desired to land on another island which was uninhibited and lay to the right of the above mentioned island order to be more secure and get water and have some rest...  On Monday afternoon, March 18, we saw a boat coming toward us with nine men in it. Therefore, the captain-general ordered that no one should move or say a word without his permission. When those men reached the shore, their chief went immediately to the captain-general giving signs of joy because of our arrival... The captain-general seeing that they were reasonable men, ordered food to be set before them, and gave them red caps, mirrors, combs, bells, ivory, bocasine, and other things. When they saw the captain’s courtesy, they presented fish, a jar of palm wine, which they call uraca (arrack), figs more than one palmo long (bananas), and others which were smaller and more delicate, and two coconuts..” Homonhon Magellan first went to the island of Homonhon in Samar. Meanwhile, Magellan was able to talk to the natives through Enrique, a Malay who served as an interpreter who was said to be Magellan's slave. Enrique had been with Magellan since 1511 after the Portuguese conquered Malacca. Pegaffeta called him Hinrich (in Portuguese). According to Pegaffeta, Hinrich or Enrique was a native of Sumatra. At Limasawa “On Thursday morning, March twenty eight, as we had seen a fire on an island the night before, we anchored near it. We saw a small boat which natives call boloto with eight men in it, approaching the flagship. A slave belonging to the captain-general, who was a native of Zamatra (Sumatra); which was formerly called Trapobana spoke them. They immediately understood him, came alongside the ships, unwilling to enter but taking a position at some little distance. The captain seeing that they would not trust us, threw them out a red cap and other things tied to a bit of wood. They received them very gladly and went away quickly to advise their king 31st March 1521 The Spaniards reached Limasawa in Leyte and held the first mass in the archipelago led by Father Pedro de Valderrama. The incident is based, according to Antonio Pegaffeta, but based on another group, it is said to have been held in Masao, Butuan. which was in Agusan del Norte in Mindanao. After the mass, the Spaniards built a cross on top of a hill. It was witnessed by Rajah Kolambu, leader of Limasawa and his brother Rajah Siaui, leader of Butuan. Easter Sunday Mass at Limasawa  “Early on the morning of Sunday, the last of March, and Easter day, the captain-general sent the Easter day, the captain-general sent the priest with some men to prepare the place where mass was to be said; together with the interpreter to tell the king that we were not going to land in order to dine with him, but to say mass. Therefore the king sent us two swine that he had killed. When the hour for mass arrived, we landed with about fifty men, without body armor, but carrying our other arms; and cressed in our best clothes... Before we reached the shore with our boats, six pieces were discharged as a sign of peace.” 5th April 1521 When Magellan arrived in Cebu, they built a cross on the shore, which means that they claimed the territory on behalf of Spain. 7th April 1521 The Spaniards came to Cebu. They were accepted by Rajah Humabon, the leader of Cebu. Arrival at Cebu “At noon on April seven, we entered the port of Zubu passing many villages, where 1ve saw many houses built upon logs. On approaching the city, the captain-general ordered the ships to fling their banners. The sails were lowered and arranged as if for battle and all the artillery was fired, and action which caused ereat fear to those people. The captain-general sent a foster-son of his as ambassador to the king of Zubo and an interpreter. The king told him that he was welcome.” 14th April 1521 The baptism of the natives of Cebu was performed. Rajah Humabon and his wife Hara Amihan were also baptized. Magellan gave the image of Santo Ninio as a gift to Hara Amihan. After his baptism, Rajah Humabon was given a new name, Carlos, in honor of King Charle V of Spain while Hara Amihan was named Juana, the wife of Charles V. 27th April 1521 The battle took place in Mactan where Magellan was killed. Lapu-Lapu, the leader of Mactan, refused to recognize the power of Spain. The Spaniards were defeated in battle because Magellan did not plan well in the invasion this is probably because they underestimated the ability of the natives to fight. They also did not think that their cannons would not be useful because they could not get close to the shore because of the coral reefs.  When Magellan died, Duarte Barbosa and Juan Serrao succeeded him as head of the expedition, but were later assassinated by Rajah Humabon, who had doubts about his alliance with foreigners. ALVARO DE SAAVEDRA CERON Was one of the Spanish explorer in the Pacific Ocean. The next ecpedition to the Far East was fitted to the East was lifted out in Mexico by Hernando Cortes on orders from the Spanish colonizer, King Charles I. Cortes, fa,ous as the conqueror of the Aztec Empire in Mexico, was the viceroy of that Spanish colony. HE appointed a cousin of his, Alvaro de Saavedra, to command the expedition. The first to the Far East to be lifted out on Mexican soil consisted of the three ships: the Florida, the Santiago, the Espiritu Santo and it had 120 men. The Saavedra Expedition’s Goal The expedition has four (4) goals. First, is to see what mighthave happened to the survivor of the Magellan expedition. Second, is to look for Trinidad which had not been heard from. Third, is to inquire about what became of the Cabot expedition; and lastly, to see what happened to the Loaisa Expedition. The Saavedra Expedition The expedition left port of Zihuatanejo, Mexico on November 1 1527. Saavedra carried a letter from Cortes addressed to the King of Cebu. In his letter, Cortes solicited friendship of the Cebuanos, asked to be allowed to trade with them, offered pay a ransom for any Spaniard who might be a prisoner in Cebu. In his expedition, a violent storm in mid-pacific sank two of the ships. With only one ship remaining, the expedition reached Guam on December 29 and took possession of Yap Island in the name of the King of Spain. Early in 1528, the ship reached Mindanao, where the men rescued two survivors of the Magellan expedition. Saavedra ransomed the 70 dollars in Mexican gold. From Mindanao, Saavedra steered his ship to Cebu, but unfavourable winds drove it to Tidore, in present day Indonesia, where they found the survivors of the Loaisa expedition. Saavedra tried to return to Mexico twice but failed. He died in the ea on October 9, 1529. Before his death, he instructed his men to return to Tidore in case the weather did not permit them to sail for Mexico. The survivors of his expedition together with Loaisa’s men landed at tidore bute were captured there by the Portuguese. A few excape and the others returned to Europe on board Portuguese ships. THE VILLALOBOS EXPEDITION  On November 1, 1542, Ruy Lopez de Villalobos started his expedition to the Philippines from Barra de Navidad, New Spain or Nueva España (now Mexico). He was the brother-in-law of Antonio de Mendoza, then viceroy of New Spain, who appointed him to commander the expedition. Villalobos reached Mindanao on February 2 of the following year, the first Spaniard to make explorations in that Island. It was he who bestowed upon these islands the name "Felipinas" in honor of the Crown-prince, Don Felipe of Spain, who later became King Felipe II. He conferred this appellation sometime in 1543. Dr. Jose Rizal in his annotation to Morga's 1609 Philippine History, said that Villalobos initially gave the name "Felipinas" to one of the southern islands, Tandaya, now perhaps Leyte, and this name later was extended to the entire archipelago. Pablo Pastells, S.J., said that the name "Felipinas" was confirmed by King Felipe II in a decree dated at Villadolid, Spain and directed to the (by now) viceroy of Nueva España, Don Luis de Velasco, on September 24, 1559. Meanwhile, the Portuguese, then already established in the Moluccas, opposed any attempt of the Spaniards to settle in the neighboring islands and treated Villalobos as an enemy. After two years of hardships and struggles, he was obliged to place himself in the hands of the Portuguese. He departed for Spain in one of their ships and was seized by a malignant fever which terminated his life at Amboina (Maluku) on Good Friday of 1546. “If I should try to write to your lordship in detail of the hunger, need, hardships, disease and the deaths that we suffered at Sarragan, I would fill a book... In that island we found a little rice andsago, few hens and hogs, and three deer. This was eaten in a few days, together with what remained of the ship food. A number of cocoa-palms were discovered; and because hunger cannot suffer delay, the buds which are the shoots of the palms were eaten. There were some figs and fruits. Finally we ate all the dog, cats and rats we could find, besides horrid grubs and unknown plants, which all together caused the deaths, and much of the prevalent disease. And especially they ate large numbers of a certain large variety of gray lizard, which emits considerable glow; very few who ate them are living. Land crabs also were eaten which cause some to go mad for a day after partaking of them, especially if they had eaten the vitals. At the end of seven months, the hunger that had caused us to go to Sarragan withdrew us thence.” A Letter of Fray Geronimo Santisteban to the Viceroy of Spain THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION The failure of Villalobos expedition had quite a sobering effect upon Charles I’s colonial ambitions. Since none of the expedition after Magellan from Loaisa to Villalobos had succeeded in taking over the Philippines, King Charles I stopped sending colonizers to the Islands. However, when Philip II succeeded his father to the throne in 1556, he instructed Luis de Velasco, the viceroy of Mexico, to prepare a new expedition – to be headed by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, who would be accompanied by Andres de Urdaneta, a priest who had survived the Loaisa mission. 13th February 1565 Legaspi's expedition landed in Cebu island. After a short struggle with the natives, he proceeded to Leyte, then to Camiguin and to Bohol. There Legaspi made a blood compact with the chieftain, Datu Sikatuna as a sign of friendship. Legaspi was able to obtain spices and gold in Bohol due to his friendship with Sikatuna. 27th April 1565 Legaspi returned to Cebu; destroyed the town of Raja Tupas and establish a settlement. On orders of the King Philip II, 2,100 men arrived from Mexico. They built the the port of Fuerza de San Pedro which became the Spanish trading outpost and stronghold for the region. 8th May 1565 Martin de Goiti arrived at Manila and they were welcomed by the natives and formed an alliance with Rajah Suliman, their Muslim king but as the locals sensed the true objectives of the Spaniards, a battle between the troops of Suliman and the Spaniards erupted. Because the Spaniards are more heavily armed, the Spaniards were able to conquer Manila. Soon after Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived to join Goiti in Manila. Legaspi built alliances and made peace with Rajahs Suliman, Lakandula and Matanda. In 1571, Legaspi ordered the construction of the walled city of Intramuros and proclaimed it as the seat of government of the colony and the capital of the islands. In 1572, Legaspi died and was buried at the San Agustin Church in Intramuros. In 1574, Manila was bestowed the title "Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad de España" (Distinguished and ever loyal city of Spain) by King Philip II of Spain. Juan de Plasencia, Customs of the Tagalogs About the Author Juan de Plasencia, a Spanish priest of the Franciscan Order, spent most of his missionary life in the Philippines, where he founded numerous towns in Luzon and wrote several religious and linguistic books. Plasencia is reported to have arrived in the Philippines in 1578 and joined forces with another missionary, Fray Diego de Oropesa. They both started preaching around Laguna de Bay and Tayabas, Quezon where he founded several towns. The following years, they also put up a large number of towns in the provinces of Bulacan, Laguna and Rizal including Caliraya, Majayjay, Nagcarlan, Lilio (Liliw), Pila, Santa Cruz, Lumban, Pangil, Siniloan. He wrote number of books intended to promote the understanding of both the Spanish language among the natives, and the local languages among the missionaries, to facilitate the task of spreading Christianity.  Plasencia is believed to have authored the first book printed in the Philippines, the Doctrina Cristiana, which was not only printed in Spanish but also in Tagalog, in both Latin script, and the commonly used Baybayin script of the natives of the time, and it even had a version in Chinese. After receiving your Lordship’s letter, I wished to reply immediately; but I postponed my answer in order that I might first thoroughly inform myself in regard to your request, and to avoid discussing the conflicting reports of the Indians, who are wont to tell what suits their purpose. Therefore, to this end, I collected Indians from the different districts - old men, and those of most capacity, all known to me; and from them, I have obtained the simple truth, after weeding out much foolishness in regard to their government administration of justice, inheritances, slaves, dowries. Read the excerpt below from “Customs of the Tagalogs” written by Fr. Juan de Plasencia as he described the people and their social statues in a time when Spaniards were utterly unaware of our pre-colonial background. “These people always had chiefs, called by them datos, who governed them and were captains in their wars, and whom they obeyed and reverenced…. These chiefs ruled over but few people; sometimes as many as a hundred houses, sometimes even less than thirty. This tribal gathering is called in Tagalog a barangay. It was inferred that the reason for giving themselves this name arose from the fact… that when they came to this land, the head of the barangay, which is a boat, thus called… became a dato. And so, even at the present day, it is ascertained that this barangay in its origin was a family of parents and children, relations and slaves. In addition to the chiefs… there were three castes; nobles, commoners, and slaves. The nobles were the free-born whom they call maharlica. They did not pay tax or tribute to the dato, but must accompany him in war, at their own expense… Moreover, when the dato went upon the water those whom he summoned rowed for him. If he built a house, they helped him and had to be fed for it. The same was true when the whole barangay went to clear up his lands for tillage. The lands which they inhabited were divided among the whole barangay, especially the irrigated portion. and thus each one knew his own…. The chiefs in some villages also had fisheries, with established limits, and sections of the rivers for markets. At these, no one could fish, or trade in the markets, without paying for the privilege, unless he belonged to the chief’s barangay or village. The commoners were called aliping namamahay. They are married, and serve their master, whether he is a dato or not, with half of their cultivated lands…. They accompanied him whenever he went beyond the island and rowed for him. They live in their own houses and are lords of their property and gold. Their children inherit it, and enjoy their property and lands….  The slaves are called aliping saguiguilid. They serve their master in his house and on his cultivated lands and may be sold. The master grant them, should he see fit, and providing that he has profited through their industry, a portion of their harvests, so that they may work faithfully. For this reason, servants who are born in the house of their master are rarely, if ever, sold. That is the lot of captives in war, and those brought up in the harvest fields.” Source: Juan de Plasencia, 1589, “Customs of the Tagalogs” on Blair and Robertson, the Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, Vol. XVI